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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



HANDBOOK OF HISTORY, 
DIPLOMACY, AND GOYEUNMENT 



HANDBOOK 



OF THE 



HISTORY, DIPLOMACY, AND GOVERNMENT 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES 
for Cla0)3 mt 



BY 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART 

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN HAKVAKD UNIVKRSITY 



CAMBRIDGE 

PRINTED FOR THE UNIVERSITY 

1901 






Copyright, 1902, 
By Harvard University. 



THE UrBHARY OF 
0ONG«ESS, 

Two COCIW IIECCIVS9 

iVlAR. 1902 

CflPVRHJMT 6NTHY 

CLASS a/ XXa N». 

-2. 8- / »/■•) 

COPY a. 



UNIVERSITY PRESS • JOHN WILSON 
AND SON • CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. 



PREFACE 



This book is intended to form a groundwork for three 
lecture courses given in Harvard University. It contains 
such apparatus of lists of authorities, materials, and lec- 
tures, and such suggestion for reading, written work, and 
examination, as may set the student on the road ; how far, 
how swiftly, and how safely he goes, must then depend 
upon his own abilities and resolution. 

The book is founded on several previous publications 
of a similar kind, published under the titles " Outlines," 
" Suggestions for Students," and " Revised Suggestions," 
but the material has been carefully worked over for the 
present book. The important j)art which relates to the 
weekly papers in United States history has been thoroughly 
revised, recast, and verified by Mr. W. E. Dorman, for 
several years the efficient assistant in that work. The 
subjects for special reports in History 13 have been also 
culled and restated by Dr. Elliot H. Goodwin and Mr. 
W. H. Gushing. Mr. D. M. Matteson has verified and 
enlarged manv of the references. 



ALBER;r BusHNELL Hart. 



Cambridge, 
November 12, 1901. 



C N T E X T S 



PART I. PRELIMINARY SUGGESTIONS 

PAGE 

§ 1. The Three Courses in American History, Diplomacy, and Gov- 
ernment 9 

§ 2. Ground of the Courses 10 

§ 3. Choice and Suctiession of Courses 12 

§ 4. Previous Preparation 14 

§ 5. Time necessary for the Courses 15 

§ 6. Methods employed in the Courses 15 

PART II. MATERIALS 

§ 7. Use of Books 17 

§ 8. Libraries available 17 

§ 9. Text-books 19 

§ 10. Essential Reference Books 21 

§11. Special Collections in History 22 

§ 12. Special Collections in Diplomacy 25 

§ 13. Special Collections in Government 27 

PART III. LECTURES 

§ 14. Character of the Lectures .^0 

§ 15. Attendance 31 

§ 16. Note-taking 31 

§ 17. Historical Geography 31 

§ 18. Personality 32 



2 CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§ 19. List of Lectures in History 13. (Constitutional and Political 

History of the United States, 1781-1865) 34 

§ 19a. Elements of United States History 35 

§196. (1775-1788) First Federal Government 36 

§ 19c. (1786-1793) The Federal Constitution 38 

§ 19c?. (1793-1801) Federalist Supremacy 40 

§ 19e. (1801-1815) Foreign Complications 41 

§19/. (1815-1829) Growth of National Sentiment 43 

§ 19^. (1829-1841) Democratization of the National Government 45 

§ 19A. (1841-1860) Territory and Slavery 48 

§ 19j. (1860-1861) Coming on of the Civil War .50 

§19;. (1861-1865) The Civil War .52 

§ 20. List of Lectures in History 14 (American Diplomacy, 1492-1902) . 53 

§ 20a. (1492-1607) European Claims to America 54 

§206. (1607-1689) Rival Colonial Systems 56 

§ 20c. (1689-1775) Struggle for Supremacy in America ... 57 
§ 20d. (1775-1788) Diplomacy of the Revolution and the Con- 
federation 5g 

§20e. (1789-1815) Complications of the Napoleonic Wars . . 60 
§20/ (1815-1829) Latin-American Diplomacy and the Monroe 

Doctrine 65 

§20^. (1829-1861) Aggressive Foreign Policy 67 

§ 20A. (1861-1865) Diplomacy of the Civil War 70 

§20/. (186.5-1890) Period of Peaceful Influence 72 

§20/. (1890-1901) United States as a World Power 75 

§21. List of Lectures in Government 12 (American Political System) . 77 

§ 21a. Fundamental Basis of American Government .... 78 

§ 216. Memhership in the Community 81 

§ 21c. Written Constitutions 83 

%2\d. Machinery of Popular Government 85 

§ 21e. Government of the Commonwealths 87 

§ 21/. Government of the Localities 90 

§ 2I7. National Executive 93 

§ 2\h. Congress 95 

§ 21('. National Judiciary 97 

§ 21/. Territorial Functions in the United States 98 

§ 2lA- Financial Functions in the United States 100 

§ 21/. Commercial Functions in the United States 103 



LECTURES, READINGS 3 

PAGE 

§ 21 m. Foreign aud Military I'owers 107 

§ 2 In. General Welfare and Police Towers 108 

PART IV. PARALLEL READINGS 

§22. Requirement of Heading 110 

§ 23. Consecutive Readings 1 1 1 

§24. General Readings Ill 

§ 25. Topical Readings 112 

PART V. WEEKLY PAPERS 

§26. Purpose of the Exercise 114 

§27. Preparation for the Papers 115 

§28. Special Directions for the Weekly Papers in History 13 . 116 

§ 29. Special Directions for the Weekly Papers in History 14 . 117 

§30. Special Directions for Weekly Papers in Government 12 . 117 

§31. Materials for the Weekly Papers in History 13 117 

§ 31a. List of Historical Discussions 118 

§316. List of Select Constitutional Treatises 120 

§ 31c. Reports of Judicial Cases 123 

§ 31rf. Historical Sources 130 

§32. No. 1. Use of Constitutional Authorities 131 

§ 33. No. 2. English Control and Colonial Government . . . 133 

§34. No. 3. Is the Union older than the States 134 

§ 35. No. 4. Powers and Functions of the Confederation . . 136 

§ 36. No. 5. Making and Amendment of Constitutions . . . 137 

§ 37. No. 6. Doctrine of Separation of Powers 139 

§38. No. 7. Implied Powers and the General Welfare . . . 141 

§ 39. No. 8. Extent of the Powers of Taxation and Protection . 143 

§40. No. 9. Riglits of Citizens 146 

§41. No. 10. Jeffersonian Democracy 149 

§42. No. 11. Government of Dependent Territories .... 1.51 

§ 43. No. 12. Impairment of Contracts 155 

§44. No. 13. Regulation of Commerce 157 

§45. No. 14. Internal Improvements lOO 

§46. No. 15. Application of the Monroe Doctrine 163 

§47. No. 16. Social and Economic Status of Slavery .... 165 

§48. No. 17. Jacksonian Democracy 166 



4 CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§49. No. 18. Civil Service 168 

§50. iS'o. 19. Interposition and Nullification 170 

§ 51. No. 20. Constitutional Status of Slavery 172 

§ 52. No. 21. Kight of Expression of Opinion 174 

§53. No. 22. Ethics of the Mexican War 176 

§ 54. No. 23. Popular Sovereignty 177 

§ 55. No. 24. Rights of Indians, Aliens, Chinese, and Negroes . 179 

§56. No. 25. Ethics of John Brown's Career 181 

§ 57. No. 26. Secession 182 

§ 58. No. 27. Responsibility for the Civil War 184 

§ 59. No. 28. Lincoln's Democracy 1 86 

§ 60. No. 29. Military Powers of the President 1 88 

§61. No. 30. Reconstruction 191 

§ 62. Materials for the Weekly Papers in History 14 193 

§63. No, 1. Principles of European Claims to Wild Territory 194 

§64. No. 2. Foundations of English Claims to America . . . 195 

§65. No. 3. Theory of Indian Land-holding 196 

§66. No. 4. Execution of tlie Acts of Trade 197 

§ 67. No. 5. Execution of tlie Spanish Colonial Policy . . . 197 

§68. No, 6. Rule of 1756 199 

§ 69. No. 7. Territorial I'olicy of tiie Continental Congress . 199 

§ 70. No. 8. Breaking the Instructions of Congress at Paris . 200 

§ 71. No. 9. Navigation of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence . 201 

§ 72. No. 10. Policy of American Isolation 202 

§ 73. No. 11. Was France entitled to complain of tlie Jay Treaty 202 

§ 74. No. 12. Allegiance and Impressment 203 

§ 75. No. 13. Status of Territory annexed but not yet organized 204 
§ 76. No. 14. Legal ()])jectiuns to tlie (Orders in Council and 

Decrees 206 

§ 77. No. 15. Fishing Rights in and about the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence 206 

§ 78. No. 16. Doctrine of Recognition of New States .... 208 

§ 79. No. 17. Extent of the Monroe Doctrine 209 

§ 80. No. 18. Application of Personal Status in a Foreign Coun- 
try 210 

§ 81. No. 19. Responsibility of a Government for not carrying 

out a Treaty 211 

§ 82. No. 20. Government of Military Conquests, previous to 

Cession 211 



WEEKLY PAPERS 5 

PAGE 

§ 83. No. 21. The Mosquito Question 213 

§ 84. No. 22. Responsibility for Filibusters 213 

§ 85. No. 23. Effect of Lincoln's Blockade Proclamatious . . 214 

§ 86. No. 24. Doctrine of Continuous Voyages 215 

§ 87. No. 25. Right of Expatriation 216 

§ 88. No. 26. Consequential Damages 218 

§ 89. No. 27. Questions of the Isthmus Canal 219 

§ 90. No. 28. Control of Seal Catching 220 

§ 91. No. 29. Protectorate of Cuba 221 

§ 92. No. 30. The Policy of the Open Door 222 

93. Materials for the Weekly Papers in Government 12 222 

§ 94. No. 1. Growth of Urban Population 223 

§ 95. No. 2. Theory of the Social Compact ....... 224 

§ 96. No. 3. Theory of Religious Liberty 225 

§ 97. No. 4. Citizenship by Annexation 225 

§ 98. No. 5. Rights of Indians 226 

§ 99. No. 6. Limitations on Constitutional Conventions . . . 227 

§ 100. No. 7. Question of Limiting the Suffrage 228 

§ 101. No. 8. Question of Popular Nomination Machinery . . 229 

§ 102. No. 9. How to Secure Good State and Local Legislation 230 

§103. No. 10. Question of Executive Boards 231 

§104. No. 11. Improvement of County Governments .... 231 

§105. No. 12. Effect of Foreigners on City Governments . . . 232 

§ 106. No. 13. Question of Responsible Mayoralty 232 

§ 107. No. 14. Development of the Cabinet 233 

§108. No. 15. Needs of Civil Service Reform 234 

§109. No. 16. Choice of Senators by Popular Vote 235 

§110. No. 17. Defects of the Committee System 236 

§111. No. 18. Influences on the Legislation of Congress . . . 236 

§ 112. No. 19. Administrative Decisions 237 

§113. No. 20. Principle of Declaring Acts Void 238 

§114. No. 21. Status of Territory Conquered but not yet Ceded 241 

§ 115. No. 22. Status of Territory Ceded but not yet Organized 241 

§116. No. 23. Difficulties in Assessing Personal Taxes . . . 241 

§117. No. 24. Difficulties of Tariff Administration 242 

§118. No. 25. City Ownership of Traction Lines 243 

§ 119. No. 26. Limitation of Immigration 244 

§ 120. No. 27. Status of Consuls 245 



6 CONTENTS 

PAGK 

§121. No. 28. The Pension System 245 

§122. No. 29. Best Uegulatiuu of the Liquor Traffic .... 246 

§ 123. No. 30. Injunctions against Rioters 246 

PART VI. SPECIAL REPORTS 

§ 124. Purpose of the Exercise 249 

§ 125. Constitutional and Political Reports, in History 13 . . 250 

§ 126. Diplomatic Reports, in History 14 251 

§ 127. Government Reports, in Government 12 252 

§ 128. General Directions for Special Reports in History 13 ... . 253 

§ 129. Bibliographical Special Reports 256 

§ 130. Bibliographical Subjects 258 

§ 130«. Alphabetical List of Public Men 259 

§ 130/;. List of Public Men arranged by States and 

Countries 268 

§ 131. Constitutional Special Reports 273 

§ l."2. Subjects for Constitutional Special Reports 275 

§ 132o. Genesis and Nature of the Union 276 

§ 1326. Membership in the Community 278 

§ 132c. Personal Rights 281 

§ 132c?. The Electoral System . 284 

§ 132e. Status of the States 285 

§ 132/. National Letrislative Department 288 

§ 1329. National Executive Department 293 

§ 132/i. National Judiciary 298 

§ 132/. Territorial Functions 302 

§ 132y. Financial Questions 310 

§ 132/t. Commercial Questions 318 

§ 132/. War Powers 326 

§ 132/«. Foreign Relations 329 

§ 132«. Uplifting of the Community 331 

§ 132o. Enforcement 336 

§ 133. Special Reports on Slavery 338 

§ 134. Subjects for Reports on Slavery 339 

§ 134«. Genesis of Slavery in America 339 

§ 134?;. The Master Race 341 

§ 134c. Free Negroes 343 

§ 134c?. Property in Slaves 345 



SPECIAL REPORTS 7 

PAGE 

§ 134c. Slave Life 347 

§134/: Control of Slaves 351 

§ 134*7. Fugitive Slaves 353 

§ 134A. National Status of Slavery 356 

§ 134/. Interstate Status of Slavery 359 

§ 134j. International Status of Slavery 360 

§ 134^-. The Arguments for and against Slavery . . . 362 

§ 134/. Effects of Slavery 364 

§ 1347n. Public Emancipation of Slaves 366 

§ 134n. Abolition and Abolitionists 369 

§ 1.340. Contemporary Judgment of Abolition .... 372 

§135. General Directions for Special Reports in History 14 ... . 375 

§ 136. Special Reports on Pre-Coustitutional Diplomacy . . . 376 

§ 136a. Discovery and Title 376 

§ 136/>. Trade and Sea-faring 377 

§ 136c. Revolutionary Diplomacy 378 

§ 136f/. Diplomacy of the Confederation 379 

§ 137. Special Reports on Federal Diplomacy 379 

§ 137«. First Period of the Napoleonic Wars .... 379 

§ 1376. Second Napoleonic Period 380 

§ 137c. Monroe Doctrine 380 

§ I37(/. Diplomacy from 1829 to 1861 381 

§ 137e. Diplomacy of the Civil War 381 

§ 137/ Post-bellum Diplomacy 382 

§ 137g. Diplomacy of the Spanish War 383 

§ 137A. Diplomacy in the Orient 383 

§138. General Directions for Special Reports in Government 12. . . 383 

§139. Special Reports on Political Theory 384 

§ 140. Special Reports on Citizenship and Fundamental Rights 386 

§ 141. Special Reports on Constitution Making 388 

§ 142. Special Reports on Political Methods 390 

§ 143. Special Reports on State Government 394 

§ 144. Special Reports on Local Government 398 

§ 145. Special Reports on the National Legislature 402 

§ 146. Special Reports on the National Executive 405 

§147. Special Reports on the National Judiciary 408 

§148. Special Reports on Territorial Functions 411 

§ 149. Special Reports on Financial Functions 416 



g CONTENTS 

PAGE 

§ 150. Special Reports on Commercial Functions 421 

§ 151. Special Reports on Foreign Relations 426 

§ 152. Special Reports on War Powers 428 

§ 153. Special Reports on General Welfare 431 



PART VII. EXAMINATIONS 

§ 154. Purposes and Methods of the Examination.s 436 

§ 155. Specimen Mid-year Papers in History 13 438 

§ 156. Specimen Mid-year Paper in Diplomacy 440 

§ 157. Specimen Mid-year Paper in Government 441 

§ 158. Specimen Final Paper in History 13 443 

§ 159. Specimen Final Paper in Diplomacy 446 

§ 160. Specimen Final Paper in Government 447 

Index ... 450 



HANDBOOK 

OF 

HISTORY, DIPLOMACY, AND 
GOVERNMENT 

Part I 
PRELIMINARY SUGGESTIONS 

§ I. The Three Courses in American History, Diplo- 
macy, and Government. 

This book has been prepared as an aid to three courses 
which are offered by the Department of History and Govern- 
ment at Harvard University: (1) History 13, Constitutional 
and Political History of the United States, 1783-1865; (2) His- 
tory 14, History of American Diplomacy ; (S) Govp:rnment 12, 
The American Political System, National, State, and Municipal. 

Brief descriptions of these courses in their relation to the 
other offerings of the department, and a tabular view of exer- 
cises, will be found in the annual descriptive pamphlet, entitled 
Division of History and Political Science^ to be had on applica- 
tion at the Publication Office, 2 University Hall. 

The three courses include work of two very different kinds. 
The history courses attempt to follow out in narrative form the 
development of American diplomatic history throughout, and 
of American political history since the Revolution. For this 
purpose it is necessary to dwell upon the succession of events, 
and the relations of one period to another; and the present con- 
dition of American government is referred to only by way of 
illustration and comparison. In the course on government, on 
the other hand, the attempt is made to show what the institu- 

9 



10 PRELIMINARIES [§§ 

tions of the United States now are ; and narrative history is 
brought in only to throw light upon present conditions. The 
historical courses include the personal element, the interplay of 
parties, and the rise and disappearance of political and inter- 
national questions; the government course deals with the 
present practice of government, and does not include questions 
of motive ; persons are treated only as illustrating variations in 
practice. In the first group judgment may be passed on ques- 
tions long since obsolete ; in the second group, the constant 
inquiry is, How is governmeut now administered, and how 
may it be improved? 

§ 2. Ground of the Courses. 

History 13, the general narrative course, aims to describe 
the conditions under which the nation of the United States has 
developed into its present form, .and the causes, motives, and 
standards which have directed the political policy of the coun- 
try. At the same time, students are expected to learn the 
methods of ascertaining historical truth, and to acquire the 
habit of reasoning on political and constitutional questions, so 
that they may apply the material of the course to current events 
and future questions. The lectures begin at the close of the 
Revolution, and go down through the Civil War. See List 
of Lectures. Handbook, § I'J. 

History 14, on American diplomatic history, covers the whole 
field from the discovery of America to the present time. It 
includes negotiations and treaties between European powers 
relative to America, the diplomacy of the Revolution and 
Confederation, and of the United States under the Federal 
Constitution. The course includes not only the history of 
negotiations and treaties, but the gradual growth of the prin- 
ciples of international law which have been invoked in these 
controversies. 



1,2] GROUND OF THE COURSES 11 

The main topics to be taken up are as follows : European 
colonial systems ; early principles of trade ; territorial claims ; 
treaties between various countries relative to American com- 
mercial relations ; piracy ; colonial embassies and agencies ; 
relations of the English colonies with each other ; questions of 
prize and admiralty; Indian treaties ; foundation of a national 
foreign system in 1775; Committee on Foreign Relations; 
embassies to P^urope ; French alliance ; early commercial 
treaties ; Barbary powers ; neutrality ; Spanish territorial 
diplomacy ; annexation of Louisiana, Oregon, and West Horida ; 
capture of neutral vessels; foreign cruisers in American ports; 
orders in council and decrees; embargo; Russia and Bering 
Sea; Monroe Doctrine; Panama Congress; early Cuban ques- 
tion; slave-trade; French spoliation claims; boundary disputes 
and settlements of 1842 and 1846; Mexican diplomacy and 
peace of 1848; policy of annexation from 1848 to 1860; 
Cuban diplomacy ; Clayton-Bulwer treaty ; filibusters ; Hun- 
gary and Kossuth ; Trent affair ; diplomacy of the Civil War ; 
Alabama claims; Mexican intervention; purchase of Alaska; 
treaty of Washington: first Cuban War (18G8-1878); Virginius 
episode ; naturalization treaties ; Panama and Nicaragua canals ; 
Canadian fisheries ; Venezuela question ; Cuban intervention ; 
arbitrations; Spanish War of 1898; annexation of Hawaii; 
Samoa ; Hague treaty of arbitration ; the Philippines ; status 
of colonies. See List of Lectures, Handbook, § 20. 

Government 12 is an advanced course, intended primarily for 
graduates, limited in number. It is open only to those who have 
already a knowledge of the annals of American history and a 
considerable training in history and government. It is intended 
to discuss the practical workings of the American system of 
government as it now exists, with constant reference, how- 
ever, to the historical growth of the institutions described ; 
hence the course goes beyond the text of constitutions and 



12 PREIJMINARTES [§§ 

statutes, and seeks to learn the actual practice of officials, 
legislative bodies, and political parties and organizations. 

Among the subjects to be discussed are : the historical and 
legal basis of government in the United .States ; the American 
people, races, numbers, elements, distribution ; personal rights, 
citizenship, privileges and duties of citizens; status of negroes, 
Chinese, and Indians; formation and amendment of constitu- 
tions, both state and national ; the suffrage, and the degree 
and manner of its exercise; political parties and party ma- 
chinery ; state and local government ; problems of city govern- 
ment; the functions of the tiu-ee departments of government, 
executive, legislative, judiciary, — especially the civil service, 
procedure of legislative bodies, and jurisdiction of the courts; 
territorial powers, including the growth of territory, and the 
status of colonies and dependencies ; (inancial and connnercial 
powers, including the administration of the tariff, public lands, 
internal improvements, public buildings, and shipping; foreign 
powers and treaties ; the military system, including the militia 
and pensions; education, religion, and general welfare; enforce- 
ment of law and maintenance of order. See List of Lectures, 
Ha in/ book, § 21. 

§ 3. Choice and Succession of Courses. 

History 13 is perhaps better taken in the Junior or Senior 
year, when tlie mind has a store of facts and conclusions on 
current politics and history ; though qualified Sophomores and 
even Freshmen may be admitted. It is not expected that the 
iiistory course will be taken by the same student in the same 
year as the diplomacy or goverinnent course, inasmuch as the 
former, or its equivalent, is a preparation for the two latter. 
History 13 is adapted to future journalists, active business men, 
public men, and lawyers ; it may be advantageously taken at 
the same time as Iiistory 12 (English Iiistory since 1689), His- 



2,3] CHOICE OF COURSES 13 

tory 16 (Continental Europe since 1713), History 10 (Colonial 
History), Government 4 (International Law), or Economics 6 
(Economic History of the United States). It is introductory 
to History 24''^ (United States since the Civil War), Govern- 
ment 12 (American Political System), and to History 20e 
(Seminary in American History and Institutions). 

HiSTOKY 14 is intended to be a Senior course, following 
courses in International Law and narrative American history. 
It should be useful to students of American territorial and 
commercial questions. It is not a course in International Law, 
the general {)iMnciplcs of which are assumed to be familiar to 
the students who elect History 14. This work is of graduate 
grade, though not limited to graduates. Tlie course fits in 
well with advanced courses in later European history and with 
Government 15 (Advanced Internatioiuil Law). 

GovEKNMKNT 1 2 is intended for future teachers of history, 
investigators and writers upon constitutional questions ; it is 
also adapted for men who are to study politics and law. A 
small number of qualified Seniors may be admitted, especially 
if they expect to follow up this line of study in tlie Graduate 
School. The course in government expects a previous knowl- 
edge of the annals of American history, for wiiich History 13 
would be a suitable preparation. History 10 (Colonial History) 
is also very desirable. Government 1 (Constitutional Govern- 
ment) and Government 7 (Leading Principles of Constitutional 
Law), are more elementary courses on similar lines; and His- 
tory 23 (Select Topics in American Institutions) and Govern- 
ment 10 (Modern Governments) are parallel in degree of 
advancement, and work in with the general subject of (Govern- 
ment 12. The course in government is often taken in con- 
nection with History 20e (Seminary in American History and 
Institutions). The most useful parallel course is Government 
14 (Constitutional Law). 



14 PRELIMINARIES [§§ 

For students who expect to come up for higher degrees in 
history or political science it is desirable to take narrative 
courses (such as History 10 or 13) not later than the Junior 
year; (iovernniont courses (as Government 10, 11, 12) not 
later than the Senior year ; and the Seminary in the Graduate 
School. 

§ 4. Previous Preparation. 

HisTouY 13 is intended for students who have already taken 
some narrative or descriptive work, such as Government 1 
(Elementary Constitutional Government) or History 10 (Colonial 
History). Those who have had neither of these courses will 
do well before entering the course to read at least one of the 
following selections : (1) Reuben G.Thwaites, The Colonies; (2) 
Jolni T. Morse, dr., Benjamin Franklin, and Henry Cabot 
Lodge, Oeonje ]Va!<hin(fton, Vol. 1; (3) Albert Bushnell Hart, 
American Ilistor;/ told />// Contonporaries, Vol. II. History 1 
(IVIedia'val and jModern) or FA'onomics 1 (Principles) may be 
accepted as a surticient preliminary training. Mature students, 
especially those coming from other colleges, will be admitted 
on showing that they have had such previous training as will 
enable them to protit by the course and to do the written 
work. 

HisTOHY 11 is a special course, in its nature available only 
for stuilents wlio have already stu^lied the narrative background 
of American history, and are familar with the general principles 
of International Law. For good preliminary reading, which 
will take olf part of the parallel reading of the course, students 
should go through: J. H. Latane, Diplomatic Relations of 
the United States and Spanish America; Eugene Schuyler, 
American Diplomact/ ; Albert Bushnell Hart, Foundations of 
American Foreign Polici/. 

To enter Government 12 it is expected that the student 



3-6] TIME NECESSARY 15 

shall have had thorough previous training in Ameriean history, 
and shall be well acquainted with some other contemporary 
field of history. History 10 (Colonies), History 13 (United 
States), History 2^^ (United States since the Civil War), 
Government 1 (Elementary Constitutional Government), Gov- 
ernment 10 (Modern Government) are obvious preparatory 
courses. The Ijcst prelinuiiary reading and the backbone of 
the course is James liryce, American Commonwealth (2-volume 
edition). 

§ 5. Time Necessary for the Courses. 

It will not be i)Ossible to do the work expected in either of 
these courses in less than about one-quarter of the time annually 
given to his whole group of studies by an industrious student. 
Of this time most students probably spend about one-half 
upon the preparation for the written work ; the other half 
upon the general reading parallel with the course. 

§ 6. Methods employed in the Courses. 

Neither the course in the United States political history nor 
that in diplomatic history is intended to be a complete survey of 
the whole field. The object of the instruction is not so much 
to furnish a body of information as to train students to apply 
what they learn, and to compare that knowledge with the new 
ideas which come to them. Since they are meant to be training 
courses rather than information courses, neither of them forms 
a complete chronological sequence ; they suggest the essential 
elements of American history and diplomacy, and discuss the 
things which have really made a difference in the development 
of the country. The instructor in his lectures suggests pro- 
portions and arrangements of facts, and endeavors to show the 
connection of events with each other; and he lays much stress 
upon historical geography, especially the territorial growth of 



16 PRK/JMINARIES [§§6-8] 

the country and the sjeogiapliy of the slavery question. Details 
are to be tilled iu by the student from his own reading parallel 
with the course. Since listening to lectures and reading both 
tend to become mechanical, students are expected in preparing 
the " special reports " to acquire practice iu the use of mate- 
rials and in the application to constitutional or international 
questions of principles which they have already learned. A 
special weekly exercise, the so-called " weekly papers," is also 
introduced, to train the reasoning powers upon the questions 
discussed. Finally, examinations are intended to test the 
judgment and the sense of proportion on the part of the stu- 
dent. Students in either of the tliree courses will therefore 
be expected to show proficiency in each of the following fields^ 
more detailed accounts of which will be found below : 

(1) The facts and principles set forth in the lectures and 
recorded in note-books, including the historical geography of 
the United States ; the results to be tested in the " weekly 
papers" and by the examinations. See flcvidbook, §§ 14-21. 

(2) Facts and principles derived from reading, in many 
cases on topics not discussed in detail in the lectures ; results 
also tested by the examinations. See IlatxJbook, §§ 22-25. 

(3) Ability to reason on brief unfamiliar questions within 
recognized fields, as shown by the '* weekly papers." See 
Handbook, §§ 26-123. 

(4) Such knowledge of sources, and ability to combine facts 
derived from them into a statement useful for other people, as 
may be shown in the special reports. See Handbook, §§ 124- 
153. 

(5) An ability to retain and to apply the principles gained 
from the work of the course, including the parallel reading, as 
tested in examinations. See Handbook, §§ 154-160. 



Part II 

MATERIALS 

§ 7. Use of Books. 

Inasmuch as the value of both the historical and narrative 
courses lies chiefly in the use of one's own powers, it is ex- 
pected that all students will acquire the habit of using books, 
and many books. Brief text-books will be required, but must 
be supplemented by wide reading in the general literature on 
the subject; and the courses are so arranged that students may 
often read the most important chapters of several books rather 
than the whole of any elaborate work. The use of biblio- 
graphical helps will be enforced at the beginning of the narra- 
tive course (History 13) by a bibliographical report (Handbook^ 
§ 129) ; and constitutional or international treatises are to be 
examined as a beginning for the work on "papers" {Hand- 
hook, §§ 26-31). The sources will be used for most of the 
special reports in all the courses (Handbook, §§ 124-153). 
Throughout the courses, students will be expected to acquire 
their knowledge of facts and their foundation for conclusionB 
from a variety of material. 

§ 8. Libraries Available. 

To make it possible to do work of the kind just described, 
generous library facilities are necessary. In the Harvard 
College Library will be found three special collections of books 
intended respectively for the three courses. 
2 17 



18 MATERIALS [§§ 

For History 13 the old Art lioora in the College Library is 
practically an alcove of reserved books on Colonial and United 
States history. It contains most of the standard books neces- 
sary for the course, arranged alphabetically by ranges, many 
of them in duplicate or triplicate copies. 

For History 14 there is a special case of reserved books in 
the Library Reading Room, in connection with which should 
also be used the adjacent case on International Law. 

In another place are the books for Government 12, arranged 
with the reserved books for several other college courses on 
government, under the rubric " Government," alphabetically 
by authors, in one alphabetization. 

In the Library Reading Room are catalogues and other biblio- 
graphical aids, and at the desk are deposited special copies of 
tiie Handbook; Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of 
Ainerican History ; A. B. Hart, Foundations of American For- 
eign Policy ; and A. B. Hart, Actual Government ; each bear- 
ing in the margin the library numbers of the books cited. 
The valuable collection of government documents, records, and 
debates of Congress, including a set of the opinions of the 
Attorneys General and of the decisions of the Supreme Court, 
are in the old Art Room. 

In the Delivery Room of the Library is the card catalogue, 
a practical knowledge of which will be one of the earliest 
requirements of the courses. 

Several other collections of books are available in Cambridge. 
Full sets of the decisions of State Courts, and of the United 
States District, Circuit, and Supreme Courts, and also the 
digests, are in the Law School Library, which is not accessible 
for ordinary use by college students. The library of the Har- 
vard Union is expected to include books commonly used for 
reference in college courses ; and several of the clubs have a 
like provision. The Cambridge Public Library on Broadway, 



8, 9] LIBRARIES 19 

not far from the College Yard, may be used by any continuiug 
resident of Cambridge. 

In Boston, the magnificent collections of the Boston Public 
Library (Copley Square) are generously open for use in the 
building to all comers. A remarkable set of United States 
Public Documents will be found convenient for work on special 
reports by students who live in Boston, or have not the use of 
the College Library. Within the Public Library is Bates Hall, 
with a large select collection, open in the evening. The Massa- 
chusetts State Library (State House) has a valuable set 
of documents and State statutes. The Social Law Library 
(Suffolk County Court House) can be consulted through law- 
yers who are members. The Massachusetts Historical Society 
(Boylston Street and the Fenway) has a special collection on 
early Colonial history, of great value ; it can be used by intro- 
duction from the instructor in the courses. The Boston Athe- 
naeum (old building on Beacon Hill, new building on Arlington 
Street) has important files of newspapers, and is rich in mate- 
rials for diplomatic history. It is a private library, from which 
books may be drawn only by shareholders ; but in case of 
necessity, it is courteously open to qualified students who 
have a definite purpose. 

One of the necessities for training men in history and gov- 
ernment is that they understand how to use libraries, through 
catalogues, check-lists, bibliographies, footnotes to secondary 
writers, and such aids. The special report work {Handbook, 
§§ 124-153) will both train and test such knowledge. 

§ g. Text-books. 

Each of the three courses will be backed up by a brief general 
book or set of books, intended to give to the student early in 
his study a connected view of the whole subject, and to furnish 
an essential body of facts. Students are expected to own 



20 MATERIALS [§§ 

these books, including this Handbook, or to have constant 
access to them. 



In History 13 no single volume or set of books has yet 
been published which covers the whole field in convenient 
form. The basal text-books will therefore be thi-ee, costing 
together about $4 : 

Handbook of the History s Diplomacy, and Government of 
the United States (Cambridge, Harvard University, 1901). 

Epochs of American History, Vols. II, III (rev. ed., N. Y., 
Longmans, Green & Co., 1897). 

Alexander Johnston, History of American Politics (rev. ed., 
N. Y., Holt, 1892). 

For History 14 the text-book will be: John B. Moore, 
American Foreign Policy (in preparation, to be published by 
Longmans, Green & Co., N. Y.). Until that book is issued, 
the text-books will be the three following, and should cost 
about $4 : 

John W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy, 1776- 
1876 (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900). 

Albert Bushnell Hart, The Foundations of American Foreign 
Policy (N. Y., Macmillan, 1901). 

Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy and the Furtherance 
of Commerce (N. Y., Scribner, 1886). 

For Government 12 the main text-books will be two, costing 
about $5 : 

James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (2 vols., rev. 
ed., N. Y., Macmillan, 1893-1895). 

Albert Bushnell Hsirt, Actual Government (N. Y., Longmans, 
Green & Co., 1902). 



9, 10] TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS 21 

§ 10. Essential Reference Books. 

In addition to the text-books, for each course there will be 
necessary a small number of books which all students will be 
expected to use, and to which they should have constant access. 

In FIiSTORY 13 the essential reference books are as follows; 
the set of six vohnnes and one pamphlet costs about $19 : 

Channiug and Hart, Guide to the Study of Americayi History 
(Boston, 1896). — A classified and topical bibliography of Colo- 
nial and Federal history to 1865, especially useful in the work 
on special reports. Special copy with library numbers in the 
Reading Room. 

Text of the Constitution of the United States. The most 
convenient verbatim text is in American History Leaflets, No. 8. 

Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Law 
in the United States (3d. ed., McLaughlin's, Boston, 1898). — 
The standard brief treatise on Constitutional Law. 

Albert Bushnell Hart, American History told by Contem- 
poraries, Vols. Ill, IV (N. Y., 1901). — This is a set of related 
extracts, prepared with special view to the needs of classes 
in United States History. 

James Bradley Thayer, Select Coses in Constitutional Law, 
with Notes (2 vols., Cambridge, 1895). — The standard collec- 
tion of cases, almost indispensable for the "weekly papers" 
and available for later use in the Law School. Emlin McClain's 
one-volume collection to some degree serves the same purpose. 

In History 14 the essential books, besides the text-books, are 
as follows. They should cost about $8 : 

William Edward Hall, Liternational Law (4th ed., Oxford, 
1895). — The best single-volume treatise, with many references 
to American precedent. 

John H. Latane, The Dij)lomatic Relations of the United 



22 .yATFRIALS [§§ 

States a7id Spanish America (Baltimore, 1900). — The best ac- 
count of that subject, with good footnotes. 

United States, Treaties and Conventions concluded beticeen the 
United States and Other Powers (Washington, 1889). 

Francis Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the 
United States (3 vols., Washington, 1886). — Invaluable ex- 
tracts from official instructions, opinions, and dispatches ; can 
be picked up at second-hand for about S3 ; new edition in 
preparation by J. B. Moore. 

Government 12. The books most used in the course, 
besides the text-books, are as follows. They should cost 
about $10: 

M. P. FoUet, The Speaker of the House of Bepresentatives 
(N. Y., 1896). — The best study of the workings of Congres- 
sional government. 

Frank J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law (2 
vols., N. Y., 1893). — To a large degree a treatise on Ameri- 
can practical government, as established by court decisions ; 
valuable on State and local government as well as national. 

B. A. Hinsdale, The American Government, National and 
State (rev. ed., Chicago, 1895). — A sane and comprehensive 
book, with special interest in actual precedent. 

Clara Hannah Kerr, The Origin and Development of the 
United States Senate (^Ithaca, 1895V 

Delos F.Wilcox, The Studi/ of City Government : an Outline 
of the Problem of Municipal Functions, Control, and Organiza- 
tion (N. Y^, 1897V — A statement in a single volume of the diffi- 
culties and solutions of municipal government. 

§ II. Special Collections in History. 
Every college student ought to be laying the foundations for 
his own library. In the field of American history, diplomacy, 



10.111 SPKCIAL COLLECTIOXS IX HISTORY 2o 

aud governinont there is a considerable literature of permanent 
interest and value. For purposes of study an excellent plan 
is for several stuitents to join together, each contributing a 
share to a small collection which may be used by all ia com- 
mon during their college course, dividing them at the end or 
presenting them to the College Library. 

In United States history three special bibliographies will aid 
in the intelligent purchase of books. 

Chauning and Hart, Guide to the Stucb/ of American Histoi-i/ 
(Boston. 189(3), ^§ lo-oO. — Has select lists of writers, witliout 
critical notes. 

Josephus N. Larned, 'The Literature of American Histort/, 
A Bibliographical Guide (N. Y.. 1902). — A list of several 
thousand books on American history, each Avith a critical note 
by an expert. 

New England History Teachers' Association, Historical 
Sources in Schools (N, Y., 1902). — Alphabetical and topical 
lists on various fields of history. 

For nisT<iKY l-'i. 820 will buy the text-books and essential 
reference books. 

For S30 may be purchased the text-books, essential refer- 
ence books, and the following : 

The following volumes of the American Statesmen series; all 
these volumes were issued in revised editions from 1898 to 
1900. — Henry Cabot Lodge, Geonje Washington (2 vols.), and 
Alexander Hamilton. — John T. Morse, Thomas Jeferson, and 
Abraha77i Lincoln {2 vols.). — Carl Schurz, Henry Clay (2 
vols.). — H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhoun. 

Edward Stanwood, History of the Presidency (Boston, 1898) 
(a revision of the author's earlier History of Presidential 
Elections). 



J 4 MATERIALS [§§ 

For SoO the best choice will be the text-books and essential 
reference books, the additional volnmes in the S30 set. and the 
following : 

Davis R. Dewey. Financial Histori/ of the L'nited States 
(N.Y., 1902). 

Alexander Johnston, American Orations i^Woodburn's ed. , 4 
vols., X. Y.. 1896-1897). — Short select orations by the most 
eminent Americans, with notes. 

William MacDouald, Select Documents illustrative of the His- 
tory of the United States (S. Y., 1898). — This volume covers 
the period 1 776-1861. 

"William MacDonald, Select Statutes (^1902). — On the period 
1861-1900. 

James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States since the 
Compromise of ISoO ^4 vols., down to 1865, N. Y., 1893-1899). 

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United 
States {S vols, or 2 vols. : best edition is Cooley's, Boston, 1873). 

F. W. Taussig. Tariff History of the United States. 17S9- 
1SS7 v4th ed.. X. Y., 1898). 

For SI 00 the best choice will be the text-books, essential 
reference books, and the following : 

Henry Adams, History of the United States during the 
Administrations of Jefferson and Madison (9 vols.. X. Y.. 
1889-1891). 

American Statesmen {SI vols, and 1 vol. of index. Boston. 
1898-1900). 

Edward Channing. The United States, 1765-lS6o (^N. Y.. 
1896). 

George Tieknor Curtis. Constitutional History of the United 
States {'2 vols., X. Y.. 1889-1896). 

Judson S. Landon. TJie Constitutional History and Govern- 
vtent of the United States (rex. ed., Boston, 1900). 



11,12] SPECIAL COLLKCTIOXS IX DIPLOMACY 25 

John Bach 31c3Iaster, Jliatory of the People of the United 
States (^0 vols, published, comiug dowu to 1830, X.Y., 1883-). 

.lames Ford Khodes, Jlistori/ of the United States since the 
Compromise of ISoO (^4 vols., down to 18lu"), N. Y. , 1893- 
1809). 

James Sehouler, Histori/ of the United States (^6 vols,, rev. 
ed., N. Y.. 1895-1899). 

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitutio7iofthe United 
States (2 vols., Cooley's ed., Bostou, 1873). 

H. Vou Hoist, Constitutional History of the United States (7 
vols, iuid index vol., Chicago, 1877-1892). 

H. Vou Ilolst, Constitutional Laic of the United States 
(Masou's translatiou, Chicago, 1887). 

§ 12. Special Collections in Diplomacy. 

In the selection of handy books for the study of American 
diplomacy, help may be found in A. B. Hart, Tlie Foundations 
of American Foreign Folici/. ch. viii, which is a brief clas- 
sified bibliography ; and in J. N. Lamed, The Literature of 
Aynerican Histori/, A Bibliographical Guide, which is an ex- 
tensive annotated list of books. There will also be topical 
bibliographies in J. B. ^loore, American Foreign Folicf/, when 
published. 

For Bl2 the text-books and essential reference books may 
be obtained. 

For S20 may be purchased the text-books, essential refer- 
ence books, and the following : 

American Histonj Leafets, Xos. 2. 3. 6, 7. 14, 19, 34 (X. Y.. 
1892-). 

William Eleroy Curtis. The United States and Foreign 
Powers (S. Y.,1899). 



26 MATERIALS [§§ 

Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Poiver upon His- 
tory, 1660-178S (Boston, 1890).— A very important book. 

Freeman Snow, Cases and Opinions in International Law 
(Boston, 1893). 

Ira Dudley Travis, The History of the Clayton- Buliver Treaty 
(Ann Arbor, 1900). 

Theodore D. Woolsey, The Study of International Law (6th 
ed., N. Y., 1891). — An excellent treatise with a conspectus 
of treaties. 

For S30 may be bought the $20 set and (when the pur- 
poses of the government printing office are perfected) James 
D. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the 
Presidents, 1789-1897 (10 vols., Washington, 1896-1899). 

For $50 may be bought the $30 set and the following : 

Frederic Bancroft, Life of William H. Seward (2 vols., 
N. Y., 1900). 

James Morton Callahan, American Helations in the Pacific 
and Far East, 1784-1900 (Baltimore, 1901). 

James Morton Callahan, Cuba and International Relations 
(Baltimore, 1899). 

Lindley Miller Keasbey, The Nicaragua Canal and the 
Monroe Doctrine (N. Y''., 1896). 

Lowrie and Clarke, American State Papers, Foreign (6 
vols., "Washington, 1832-1859). — Only at second-hand. 

Alfred T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Poicersy 
Present and Future (Boston, 1897). 

Freeman Snow, Treaties and Topics in American Diplomacy 
(Boston, 1894). 

For $100 the collector should seek, in addition to the $50 set, 
for the collected works of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 



12, 13] SPECIAL COLLECTIONS IN GOVERNMENT 27 

John Jay, Abraham Lincoln, William H. Seward, and Daniel 
Webster ; for Wharton, Correspondence of the American Revo- 
hction, and for any volumes of the Foreign Relations (since 

1861). 

§ 13. Special Collections in Government. 

The materials on government in the United States are as yet 
very little systematized, and there is no formal bibliography. 
In A. B. Hart, Actual Government (N. Y., 1902), will be 
found a brief list of general books, and some topical bibliogra- 
phies. In J. N. Larned, The Literature of American History, 
A Bibliographical Guide (N. Y., 1902), will be found com- 
ment, criticism, and descriptions of treatises and discussions 
of American government. Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for 
Debate (N. Y. , 1896), has seventy-five briefs, with detailed 
references, chiefly on governmental subjects. 

For about $13 may be bought the text-books and essential 
reference books. 

For $20 should be purchased the text-books, essential refer- 
ence books, and the following : 

Edward Channing, Town and County Government in the 
English Colonies of North America (Baltimore, 1884). 

Henry Jones Ford, The Rise and Groivth of American Poli- 
tics (N. Y., 1898). 

J. Franklin Jameson, Introduction to the Study of the Con- 
stitutional and Political History of the States (Baltimore, 
1886). 

Theodore Roosevelt, Essays on Practical Politics (N. Y., 
1888). 

II. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law of the United States 
(Mason's translation, Chicago, 1887). 



28 MATERIALS [§ 

Westel W. Willoughby, Rights and Duties of American Citi- 
zenhip (N. Y., 1898). 

For S30, the S20 set and the following books : 

Frederick W. Dallinger, Nominations for Elective Office 
(N. Y., 1897). 

Albert Bushnell Hart, Practical Essays in American Govern- 
ment (N. Y., 1893). 

George E. Howard, Introduction to the Local Constitutional 
History of the United States (Baltimore, 1889). 

J. Franklin Jameson, Essays in the Constituiioiial History 
of the United States (Boston, 1889). 

A. Lawrence Lowell, Essays on Government (Boston, 1889). 

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (2 vols., 1835- 
1840; several translations). 

For S50, the S30 set and the following works : 

Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on Const itxdional Limita- 
tions (6th ed., Boston, 1890). 

Davis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States 
(1902). 

John Dean Goss, The History of Tariff Administration in 
the United States (N. Y., 1891). 

John Alexander Jameson, A Treatise on Constitutional Con- 
ventions (4th ed., Chicago, 1887). 

James D. Richardson, xi Compilation of the Messages and 
Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (10 vols., Washington, 
1896-1899V — It is expected that this set will be sold at cost 
(about $10) by the government. 

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution (2 vols., 
Cooley's ed., Boston, 1873). 

Westel W. Willoughby, The Supreme Court (^Baltimore, 
1890). 



13] SPECIAL COLLECTIONS IN GOVERNMENT 29 

Woodrow Wilson, The State, Elements of Historical and 
Practical Politics (ve\. ed., Boston, 1898). 

For 1100, the $50 set and the following : 

George Ticknor Curtis, Constitutio/ud History of the United 
States i,2 vols., N. Y., 1889-1896). 

Judson S. Landon, TJie Constitutional History and Govern- 
ment of the United States (rev. ed., Boston, 1900). 

Henry Cabot Lodge, Historical and Political Essays (Boston, 
1892). 

James Bradley Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law (2 vols., 
Cambridge, 1895). 

The best treatises on constitutional law (for list see Hand- 
book, § 31b), especially Burgess, Cooley, Foster, Hare, Miller, 
Ordronaux, Tucker, Wharton. 

For further titles, see A. B. Hart, Actual Government, 
Introduction. 



Pakt hi 
LECTURES 

§ 14. Character of the Lectures. 

The historical lectures in History lo are not intended to form 
a continuous narrative, or to present detailed statements of fact, 
except in cases where information in books is scanty or inac- 
cessible ; they are designed to show the relation between facts, 
to point out causes and effects, to set in relief the principal 
public men, and to develop principles. Every student will be 
expected to take his own notes, and to add to them from his 
reading. The lectures will be illustrated by special maps and 
charts. The lecturer will always welcome requests from stu- 
dents for a clearer statement of any point, or for the treatment 
of omitted subjects. The topics proposed to be taken up in 
each lecture may be seen below (IlandbooTc, § 19). 

In IIisTouv 14 the lectures will form a closer and more 
specific body of material, but must be diligently supplemented 
by reading. For the list of lectures, see below (Handbook, 
§20). 

In GovEUNMENT 12 the lectures are indispensable to an 
understanding of the subject, since they are based upon 
materials little accessible in books, and contain much illustra- 
tion taken from the current practice of government in the 
United States. The lectures will be illustrated by maps and 
charts. A list of the topics treated will be found below {Hand- 
hook, § 21). 

30 



[§§ 14-17] ATTENDANCE 31 

§ 15. Attendance. 

Siuce the lectures iu both narrative and descriptive courses 
are intended to group facts and to show relations not brought 
out by single books, to make up an omitted lecture by reading 
outside is often impossible. Absence, therefore, beyond what 
might naturally be caused by sickness and other accidental 
reasons, creates a presumption that a student is not doing the 
work of the course. 

§ 16. Note-taking. 

Every student will find it to his advantage to take careful 
notes on the lectures, and on all authorities which he reads. 
The practice trains the mind to condense and to grasp ma- 
terials ; and the note-book should cement the parts of the 
course together, and should receive additions from the read- 
mg. Methods and results in note-taking are considered in 
Channing and Hart, Guide^ §§ 62, 63. Students are con- 
stantly advised to summarize their notes by headings and 
marginal catchwords, for the practice is very helpful for fix- 
ing principles in the mind. 

§ 17. Historical Geography. 

An essential part of the work in all the courses, particularly 
in the historical and diplomatic, will be a study of the histor- 
ical geography of the United States. This will include a 
sketch of the physical characteristics of the country and 
their influence on its history ; a general knowledge of the ter- 
ritorial growth of the United States ; the more important polit- 
ical subdivisions ; an understanding of the relations between 
the slavery question and historical geography ; and a know- 
ledge of the geography of our dependencies. The data will be 
furnished in lectures, illustrated by maps. The things to be 
remembered are few and simple, but they are very important. 



32 LECTURES [§§ 

In History 13 the instructor usually reviews the geo- 
graphical questions in an extra lecture at the end of each 
half-year. 

In History 14 all the territorial negotiations, treaties, and 
controversies need geographical illustration. 

In Government 12 the geography is brought out particu- 
larly in the description of the elements of American govern- 
ment, and in the discussion of territorial, war, and foreign 
powers. 

The authorities on the historical geography of the United 
States are enumerated and described in Channing-and Hart, 
Guide to the Study of American History, § 21. R. H. Lab- 
berton, Historical Atlas, contains some historical maps, not 
entirely accurate, which have been republished, with corrections 
and additions, in Townsend MacCoun, Historical Geography of 
the United States. The Epochs of American History contains 
a series of maps, which are gathered together and republished 
in A. B. Hart, Epoch Maps illustrating American History. 
B. A. Hinsdale, Hoio to Study and Teach History, has the 
best discussion of the relations of American geography to 
history. The best school text- books in American history — 
as Chanuing, Gordy, Johnston (MacDonald's ed.), McLaugh- 
lin, Mowry, Thomas — have good and abundant historical 
maps. 

§ i8. Personality. 

All history is the record of the activity of men, and neither 
narrative nor description is complete unless we can feel the 
personality of those who have most affected the course of 
events. Throughout all the courses, therefore, the attempt 
will be made to bring out the human side, to portray indi- 
viduality, to show the marvelous effect of leadership. 

In History 13 the great Americans will be taken up from 



17, 18] PERSONALITY 33 

time to time in connection with the events and policies which 
best illustrate their character and services ; and suitable read- 
ings on this phase of the course are indicated in the list of 
lectures {Handbook, § 19). 

In History 14 the personal side is rather less evident; but 
the diplomats, American and foreign, who have most affected 
negotiations and treaties, and have done most to establish prin- 
ciples of international law, will be discussed as they come 
(Handbook, § 20). 

In Government 12 the force of individuality is less marked, 
because we deal with general practice established by millions of 
separate individuals in localities, municipalities, and States ; 
nevertheless, a few men who have set their mark on the theories 
and workings of our governments will be mentioned (Handbook, 
§21). 

For the characterization of public men the most convenient 
books are the various biographies; select list in Channing and 
Hart, Guide, § 25. The aids and collections for a study of 
biography are described below (Handbook, § 129). For a list 
of encyclopedias and biographical dictionaries, Channing and 
Hart, Guide, § 17. There are several series of handy col- 
lected biographies, of which the following is a list: 

Jared Sparks, editor, American Biographies (25 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1834-1848). — Written by Sparks and others under his 
editorship, often very well done. 

John T. Morse, Jr., editor, American Statesmen (31 vols, 
and index vol., Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1898-1900). 
— All the volumes of this series, begun about 1880, have 
been recently revised, and a new edition issued; but the older 
editions are almost equally desirable. 

Beacon Biographies (25 vols, to 1901, Boston, Small, ]\[ay- 
nard & Co., 1899-). — Brief and pungent biographies, espe- 
cially aimed to bring out character and public services. 
.3 



34 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

Makers of America (18 vols., N. Y., Dodd, Mead & Co., 
1890-1892). 

liiverside Biographies (9 vols, to 1901, Boston, Houghton, 
Mifflin & Co., 19 00-). 

Biographical History of the United States {N. Y., Doubleday, 
Page & Co., 1902-). 

The " True" Biographies (Pbila., Lippincott). 

§ 19. List of Lectures in History 13. Constitutional 
and Political History of the United States, 1781-1865. 

History 13 will hereafter cover the period from the end of 
the Revolution to the end of the Civil War. The first half- 
year will include the period 1781 to 1829; the second half- 
year will continue from 1829 to 1865. 

Whenever a statesman is mentioned in connection with a 
lecture, he is chosen as typifying the general topic of the 
lecture. 

In connection with the groups of lectures will be found sug- 
gestions for parallel readings ; and on most of the lectures a 
few special significant references appear. These readings do 
not include references to the text-books, acquaintance with 
which is taken for granted. The list also shows the relation 
of the weekly papers to the lectures. 

Exact titles of the books to which reference is made will be 
found elsewhere in the Handbook (use the index), or in the 
Guide (use the asterisks in the index). 

The abbreviated references in the List of Lectures are as 
follows : 

Contemporaries — Albert Bushnell Hart, American History 
told by Contemporaries (4 vols., N. Y., 1897-1901). 

Guide — Edward Channing and Albert Bushnell Hart, Guide 
to the Study of American History (Boston, 1896). 

Htnidbook — this book (Cambridge, 1901). 



18-19a] ELEMENTS OF UNITED STATES HISTORY 35 

§ iga. Elements of United States History. 

Readings Parallel to the Group of Lectures : 

Bibliography in Guide^ §§ 56a (p. 181), 566 (pp. 186-188). 

B. A. Hinsdale, American Government^ 25-50. 

Judson S. Landon, Constitutional History, 1-56. 

W. E. H. Lecky, Eiigland m the Eighteenth Century, ch. xii 
(reprinted in W. E. H. Lecky, The A^nerican Revolution^ 
176o^l783, 1-46). 

Joseph Story, Commentaries, §§ 40-197. 

Weekly Papers in the Group of Lectures : 

No. 1. Use of constitutional authorities : Handbook, § 32. 
No. 2. English control and Colonial government : Hand- 
book, § 33. 

Lect. 1. Aims and methods of the course: Handbook, §§ 
1-6. 

Lect. 2. Authorities and how to use them: Handbook, §§ 
7-13, 32; Guide, §§ 15-35, 44, 55; Contemporaries, 
III, §§ 1-9, lY, §§ 1-6; J. N. Larned, Literature of 
American History; W. E. Foster, References to 
Presidential Administrations ; New England His- 
tory Teachers' Association, Historical Sources in 
Schools. 

Lect. 3. (1492-1900) Territorial elements of United States 
history: Handbook, §§ 17, 63-65; Guide, §§ 77, 
78, 144; B. A. Hinsdale, Hoiv to Study and Teach 
History. 

Lect. 4. (1607-1900) The people of the United States: Hand- 
book, §§ 55, 87, 94, 97, 98, 105, 119; Guide, § 145; 
Contemporaries, H, §§ 80-108, IN, §§ 10-36, 151- 
157, IV, §§ 75-83, 203-209 ; E. E. Sparks, E.rjKinsion 
of the American People, 17-47 ; C. D. Wright, Prac- 
tical Sociology, §§ 9-32, 60-71. 



36 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

Lect. 5. (1607-1775) Inheritance of English political insti- 
tutions ; and Thomas Hutchinson : Handbook, § 33 ; 
Guide, § 146; M. Hill, Liberty Doatments, chs. i- 
xii; J. B. Thayer, Select Cases, I, 1-47; J. Story, 
Commentaries, §§ 146-197; J. K. Hosmer, TJiomas 
Hutchinson. 

Lect. 6. (1607-1775) Colonial system of government; and 
Benjamin Franklin : Handbook, § 33 ; Guide, § 147 ; 
Contemporaries, II, §§ 45-79; J. Story, Commen- 
taries, §§ 159-182 ; J. T. Morse, Benjamin Franklin ; 
Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography. 

§ igb. (1775-1788) First Federal Government. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in G^lide, § 56a (p. 182), § 56& (p. 190). 

Sources in Contemporaries, II, §§ 102-108, 184-190, 205- 
210, III, §§ 37-53; Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, chs. xiii- 
xvi; American History Leaflets, Nos. 11, 14, 20, 28. 

George Ticknor Curtis, Constitutional History of the United 
States, I, chs. i-xv. 

John Fiske, The Critical Period of American History. 

Richard Hildreth, United States, III, chs. xliv-xlviii. 

B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, chs. iv-vi (pp. 
64-86). 

Judson S. Laudou, Constitutional History, b7-76. 

Francis A. Walker, Making of the Nation, ch. i. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 3. Is the Union older than the States? Handbook, § 34. 
No. 4. Powers and functions of the Confederation : Hand- 
book, § 35. 

Lect. 7. (1750-1776) Union and independence; and Samuel 



19a, 19bJ FIRST FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 37 

Adams: Handbook, § 34; Guide. §§ 136, 137; 
Contemporaries^ II, §§ 184-190; American History 
Leaflets, Nos. 7, 11, 14; J. K. Hosmer, Samuel 
Adams. 

Lect. 8. (1775-1781) The Articles of Confederation ; and John 
Dickinson: Handbook, § 35; Guide, §§ 142, 149; 
Contemporaries, II, §§ 189, 205, 209, III, §§ 37-41; 
compared text, American History Leaflets, No. 20; 
C. J. Stille, John Dickinson. 

Lect. 9. (1780-1788) First national territories; and Rufus 
Putnam: Handbook, §§ 63-65, 69; Guide, ^§ 150, 161; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 42-47 ; American History 
Leaflets, Nos. 22, 32 ; M. Hill, Liberty Documerits, 
ch. xvi ; Cutlers, Life, Journals, and Correspond- 
ence of Manasseh Cutler ; M. Cone, Rufus Putnam ; 
T. Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, chs. x-xii, 
III, chs. i-vi; T. Roosevelt, Episodes from the Win- 
ning of the West, chs. xiv-xix ; A. B. Hart, Founda- 
tions of American Foreign Policy, §§ 42-44; B. A. 
Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xi-xvi. 

Lectio. (1781-1788) Finances and commerce; and Robert 
Morris: Handbook, § 35; Guide, § 151; Contem- 
poraries, II, §§ 206-208, 210, III, §§ 48, 50; W. 
G. Sumner, Financier and Finances of the Revolu- 
tion. 

Lect. 11. (1619-1788) The slavery question; and Samuel 
Sewall : Guide, §§ 148, 152; Contemporaries, I, 
§§ 86, 87, 154, II, §§ 102-108; M. S. Locke. Anti- 
slavery in America, §§ 124-142, 168-170. 

Lect. 12. (1783-1788) State and foreign relations; and John 
Jay: Handbook, §§ 70, 71; Guide, § 153; Contem- 
poraries, III, §§ 51-53; T. Lyman, American Di- 
plomacy I, chs. v-vii, xi ; G. Pellew, Joh^i Jay. 



38 HISTORY LECTURES [§ 

§ igc. (1786-1793) The Federal Constitution. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (pp. 182, 183), § 565 (p. 190), 
§§ 154, 156. 

Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 54-82 ; Mabel Hill, 
Liberty Documents, ch. xvii ; American History Leaflets, Nos. 
8, 18, 28, 30. 

Geoi-ge Ticknor Curtis, Constitutional History, I, chs. xvi- 
xxxvi (pp. 257-697), II, chs. i-vii (pp. 1-191). 

Richard Hildreth, United States, III, chs. xlvii, xlviii, IV, 
chs. i-vii. 

B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, chs. vii-xi (pp. 
87-116). 

Judson S. Landon, Constitutional History, 76-146. 

Francis A. Walker, Making of the Nation, chs. ii-vi. 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 5. Making and amendment of constitutions : Hand- 
book, § 36. 

No. 6. Doctrine of the separation of powers : Handbook, 
§37. 

No. 7. Doctrine of implied powers and the general welfare : 
Handbook, § 38. 

No. 8. Extent of the power of taxation and protection : 
Handbook, § 39. 

Lect. 13. (1781-1786) Movement for a constitutional conven- 
tion : Guide, §§ 153, 154; Contemporaries, III, §§ 
54-59 ; text of propositions, American History Leaf- 
lets, No. 28 ; II. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 
ch. vi. 

Lect. 14. (1787) The Federal Convention; and James Madi- 
son: Handbook, §§ 36, 99; Guide, § 154; Con- 



19c] THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 39 

temporaries, III, §§ 60-67; compared text of Con- 
stitution, American History Leaflets, No. 8 ; H. C. 
Lodge, George Washington, II, ch. i ; J. A. Stevens, 
James Madison. 

Lect. 15. (1787-1790) Ratification of the Constitution; and 
Patrick Henry: Handbook, § 36; Guide, § 155; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 68 75 ; M. C. TyXev, Patrick 
Henry. 

Lect. 16. (1787-1900) Theories of the Constitution: Hand- 
book, §§ 38, 50, 57, 61, 95; Guide, § 156; Ameri- 
can History Leaflets, Nos. 12, 15, 18, 30; J. Story, 
Commentaries, §§ 308-372; P. C. Centz, RejmhUc 
of Republics; J. C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, 
I, ch. i. 

Lect. 17. (1789-1793) Organization of Congress : Handbook, 
§§ 109-111; Guide, § 157; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 76-80 ; M. P. Follett, Speaker of the House, chs. 
i, xi; W. Maclay, Journal, 1-43. 

Lect. 18. (1789-1793) Organization of the executive; and 
George Washington: Handbook, §§ 37, 107, 108; 
Guide, § 157; Contemporaries, III, §§ 79, 81; E. 
C. Mason, Veto Poiver, chs. iii, vi ; P. L. Ford, 
The Real George Washington ; H. C. Lodge, George 
Washinyto)i. 

Lect. 19. (1789-1800) Organization of the judiciary: Hand- 
book, §§ 37, 112, 113; Guide, § 157; W. W. 
AVilloughby, Supreme Court. 

Lect. 20. (1789-1793) Organization of a financial system; 
and Alexander Hamilton : Handbook, § 39 ; Guide, 
§ 158; Contemporaries, III, §§ S'2, 85; D. R. Dewey, 
Financial History ; A. Hamilton, Report on the 
Public Credit ; H. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton. 

Lect. 21. 0789-1793) Organization of a commercial system; 



40 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

early protectiou : Handbook, § 39 ; Guide, § 158 ; 
Contemjyoran'es, III, § 78 ; D. R. Dewey, Financial 
History ; A. Hamilton, Report on Manufactures. 

Leet. 22. (1791-1000) Question of a national bank: Hand- 
book, § 38 ; Guide, § 159 ; Contemporaries, III, 
§ 82 ; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1259-1271 ; A. 
Hamilton, Report on a National Bank. 

Lect. 23. (1790-1797) National questions of slavery: Hand- 
book, §§ 19/i, 21b, 47, 51, 53, 55, 132c'; Guide, § 161; 
M. S. Locke, Anti-slavery in America, §§ 107-123, 
171-204; M. G. McDougall, Fugitice Slaves, §§ 16- 
19; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the Slave-Trade, 
ch. vii. 

§ igd. (1793-1801) Federalist Supremacy. 

Parallel Readings on the Period ;_ 
Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 183), § 566 (p. 190). 
Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 10-36, 83-105; William 
MacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 13-23. 

Henry Cabot Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, chs. vii-ix. 

John T. Morse, John Adams, chs. x, xi. 

John T. Morse, Thomas Jefferson, chs. viii-xii. 

Weekly Paper in the Group: 

No. 9. Rights of citizens: Handbook, § 40. 

Lect. 24. (1780-1800) Social and economic conditions of the 
Americans: Guide, ^ 148; Contemporaries, III, §§ 
10-36; H. Adams, United States, I, chs. i, ii; J. B. 
McMaster, People of the United States, I, 1-101, 
II, 1-24, 538-582 ; E. E. Sparks, E.ipansion of the 
American People, chs. viii-xvi. 



19c-19e] FEDERAL SUPREMACY 41 

Lect. 25. (1780-1800J Political theories of the Americans: 
Handbook, §§ 40, 95, 96 ; H. Adams, United States, 
I, chs. iii-vi. 

Lect. 26. (1789-1801) Development of political parties; and 
Aaron Burr: Guide, § 160; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 83-91 ; A. D. Morse, Party History (in prepara- 
tion) ; H. Adams, United States, I, chs. iii-v ; Jabez 
Hammond, Political Parties in the State of New 
York, I, chs. i-A^ 

Lect. 27. (1789-1796) Foreign policy ; and P^dmund Randolph : 
Handbook, §§ 72, 73; Guide, §§ 162, 163; Contem- 
poraries, III, §§ 92-97 ; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, 
ch. xviii ; J. W. Foster, American Foreign Policy, 
chs. iv, V ; M. D. Conway, Edmund Randolph. 

Lect. 28. (1797-1801) Decline of the P'ederals; and John 
Adams: Guide, §§ 164-166; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 98-105 ; J. T. Morse, John Adams. 

Lect. 29. (1798-1800) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: 
Handbook, §§ 50, 57 ; Guide, § 165 ; Contempo- 
raries, III, § 101 ; texts, American History Leaflets, 
No. 15; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, 142-167, 

§ ige. (1801-1815) Foreign Complications. 

Parallel Readings on the Period: 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 183), § 565 (p. 191). 

Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 106-129 ; William Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents, Nos. 24-32. 

Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Ad- 
ministrations of Jefferson and Madison. 

John T. Morse, Thomas Jefferson, chs. xiii-xviii. 

John Austin Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 176-337. 



42 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 
No. 10. Jeffersouian deniocraey : Handbook^ § 41. 
No. 11. Government of dependent territories: Handbook, 
§ 42. 

Lect. 30. (1801-1809) Tliomas Jefferson: his principles and 
policy: Handbook, § 41 ; Guide, §§ 167, 169; Con- 
temporaries, III, §§ 25-30, 86, 104-110; H. Adams, 
United States, I, 143-148, 185-217, 247-203; J. T. 
Morse, Thomas Jefferson; H. C. Merwin, Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Lect. 31. (1800-1803) Annexation of Louisiana; and Napo- 
leon Bonaparte : Handbook, § 75 ; Guide, § 168 ; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 111-115; H. Adams, United 
States I, II; T. Roosevelt, Winning of the West, IV, 
eh. vi ; W. M. Sloane, Napoleon, II, chs. xviii, xxi, 
XXV, xxvi, IV, 247-248. 

Lect. 32. (1780-1900) Administration of dependent territory: 
Handbook, §§ 42, 75, 82; Contemporaries, 1\ , §§ 
186-191 ; A. B. Hart, Foundations of American For- 
eign Policy, chs. v, vi. 

Lect. 33. (1801-1812) Economic development; and Albert 
Gallatin: D. R. Dewey, Financial History ; C. D. 
Wright, Industrial Evolution, chs. x, xi; H. Adams, 
Albert Gallatin, book iii; J. A. Stevens, Albert 
Gallatin, chs. vi, vii. 

Lect. 34. (1803-1809) Neutral trade and the Embargo; and 
John Randolph: Handbook, §§ 74, 76; Guide, §§ 
170, 171; Contemporaries, III, §§ 116-122; H. 
Adams, John Randolph. 

Lect. 35. (1809-1815) War of 1812 ; and David Porter : 
Gxdde, § 172; Co7>temporaries, III, §§ 123-129; 
T. Roosevelt, Natml War of 1813 ; I. N. Hollis, 



19e, 19fl GROWTH OF NATIONAL SENTIMENT 43 

The Constitution ; D. D. Porter, Commodore David 
Porter. 
Lect. 36. (1811-1815) Internal opposition to the war; and 
Josiah Quincy : Guide, §173; Contemporaries, 111, 
§ 123 ; T. Dwight, Hartford Convention j E. Quincy, 
Josiah Quincy, chs. ix-xiv. 

§ igf. (1815-1829) Growth of National Sentiment. 
Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 183), § 566 (pp. 191, 192). 

Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 130-150. 

John W. Burgess, The Middle Period, chs. i-vii. 

John Bach McMaster, People of the United States, IV, V. 

James Schouler, History of the United States, III. 

Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, I, chs. vii-xi. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 
No. 12. Impairment of contracts : Handbook, § 43. 
No. 13. Regulation of commerce : Handbook, § 44. 
No. 14. Internal improvements : Handbook, § 45. 
No. 15. Application of the Monroe Doctrine: Handbook, 
§ 46. 

Lect. 37. (1800-1830) Social regeneration and the West; and 
Thomas H. Benton: Guide, §§ 174, 180; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 137-141 ; T. H. Benton, Tliirty Years' 
View ; J. B. McMaster, United States, IV, chs. xxxiii, 
xxxvii, V, chs. xliii, xliv, xlix , E. E. Sparks, Expan- 
sion of the American People, chs. xvii-xxv ; B. A. 
Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xvi-xix; T. Roosevelt, 
Thomas H. Benton. 

Lect. 38. (1815-1819) Financial and commercial reorgani- 
zation ; and .James Monroe: Guide, §§ 174, 176; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 130-134; D. R. Dewey, 



44 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

Financial History • F. W. Taussig, Tariff History, 
17-24, 68-74; D. C. Gilman, James Monroe. 

Lect. 39. (1802-1819) The great constitutioual decisions; 
and John Marshall: Handbook, §§ 43, 44; Guide^ 
§ 175; Contemporaries, III, § 133; M. Hill, Lib- 
erty Documents, ch. xix ; J. B. Thayer, John Mar- 
shall ; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, ch. iii; Boyd, 
McClain and Thayer, Cases in Constitutional Laio. 

Lect. 40. (1808-1829) Slavery and anti-slavery : Handbook, 
§§ 47, 51-53; B. Lundy, Journal; W. E. B. DuBois, 
Suppression of the Slave Trade, chs. viii-x; J. H. T. 
McPherson, Liberia. 

Lect. 41. (1819-1821) The Missouri struggle ; and James Tall- 
madge : Guide, § 177; Contemporaries, 111, §§ 135, 
136 ; R. Hildreth, United States, VI, chs. xxxi, 
xxxii ; C. Schurz, Henry Clay, ch. viii. 

Lect. 42. (1815-1829) Internal improvements ; and DeWitt 
Clinton: Handbook, §§ 38, 45; Guide, §§ 174, 179, 
180 ; Contemporaries, III, § 131 ; J. Renwick, DeWitt 
Clinton. 

Lect. 43. (1808-1819) Disintegration of Spanish America; 
and San Martin : Handbook, §§ 67, 78 : Guide, § 178 ; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 142-146. 

Lect. 44. (1819-1820) The Monroe Doctrine ; and John 
Quincy Adams : Handbook, §§ 46, 79 ; Guide, § 178 ; 
Co^itemjioraries, III, §§ 147-150; American His- 
tory Leaflets, Nos. 4, 34 ; M. Hill, Liberty Docu- 
ments, ch. XX ; A. B. Hart, Foundations of AmeHcan 
Foreign Policy, ch. vii ; J. T. Morse, John Quincy 
Adam.s ; D. C. Gilman, James Monroe. 

Lect. 45. (1825-1829) Decline of the presidency: Guide, § 
179; J. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, ch. ii; 
C. Schurz, Henry Clay, chs. x, xi. 



1 9f , 1 9g] DEMO CRA TIZA TION 45 

§ igg. (1829-1841) Democratization of the National 
Government. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56rt (p. 184), § 566 (pp. 192, 193). 

Sources in Contemporaries, 111, %% 151-184; William Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents, Nos. 46-68; American History 
Leaflets, Nos. 24, 30. 

Judson S. Landon, Constitutional History, ch. x (pp. 178- 
206). 

H. Von Hoist, United States, II, ch. i. 

C. Schurz, Henry Clay, II, chs. xiv-xxiii. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 16. Social and economic status of slavery: Hand- 
hook, § 47. 
No. 17. Jacksonian democracy: Handbook, § 48. 
No. 18. Civil service : Handbook, § 49. 
No. 19. Nullification : Handbook, § 50. 
No. 20. Constitutional status of slavery : Handbook, § 51. 
No. 21. Right of expression of opinion : Handbook, § 52. 

Lect. 46. (1830-1850) Economic and social conditions in the 
United States ; and Ralph Waldo Emerson : Guide, 
§ 180; Contemi^oraries, III, §§ 151-157 ; J. Schouler, 
United States, IV, 1-31 ; E. E. Sparks, Expansion 
of the United States, chs. xxvi-xxviii ; C. D. Wright, 
Industrial Evolution, chs. x, xi ; J. E. Cabot, Ualph 
Waldo Emerson. 

Lect. 47. (1830-1860) Negro slavery; and Frederick Douglass : 
Hayidhook, §§ 47, 51 ; Guide, § 186 ; Contemporai-ies, 
III, §§ 169-173; IV, §§ 23-28; E. L. Olmsted, 
Seaboard Slave States ; F. Douglass, 3Iy Bondage 
and Freedom ; C. W. Chesnutt, Frederick Douglass. 



46 HISTORY LECTURES [§ 

Lect. 48. (1830-1860) The slave power; and Robert Toombs: 
Guide, i 186; ximerican Ilislory Lcdjlets, No. 10; 
II. Von riolst, John C. Calhoun; II. Von Ilolst, 
United ^States, I, cli. ix ; P. A. Stovall, liobert 
Toombs. 

Lect. 49. (18;5O-1860) Effects of slavery; and James G. 
Biruey : Handbook, § 47; Guide, § 186; A. B. Hart, 
Salmon P. Chase, 44-102; E. A. Pollard, Black 
Diamonds ; J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, ch. iv; 
II. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, 270-332-, W. Birney, 
James G. JUrney. 

Lect. r)0. (1830-1810) State and local governments, and ttie 
development of political organizations ; and Martin 
\ixn Buren : M. Van Bureu, Political Parties; F. 
W. Dallinger, Nominations for Elective Office, ch. i; 
E. M. 8hepard, Martin Van Buren. 

Lect. 51. (1829-1837) Andrew Jackson and his principles of 

government: Handbook, § 48; Guide, § 181; Contem- 

2-)oraries, III, §§ 160, 162-164 ; H. Von Ilolst, United 

States, II, ch. 1; W. G. Brown, Andrew Jackson; 

W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson. 

Lect. 52. (1829-1900) The national civil service : Handbook^ 
§ 49 ; Guide, § 181 ; Contemporaries, III, § 158 ; 
L. M. Salmon, Appointing Power. 

Lect. 53. (1829-1837) War on the bank; and Nicholas Biddle : 
Guide, §§ 182, 184, 185; texts, American History 
Leaflets, No. 24 ; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 
Nos. 46, 50-52, 57-08. 

Lect. 54. (1824-1832) The protective tariff; and Henry Clay : 
Guide, § 183; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History, 74- 
110; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, chs. ix, xiii ; 
C. Schurz, Henry Clay, I, chs, ix, xi. 

Lect. 55. (1828-1833) Nullification; and John C. Calhoun: 



1 9g] DEMO CRA TIZA TION 47 

Handbook^ § 50 ; Guide, § 183 ; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 159, 161; American History Leaflets, No. 30; 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 47-49, 53, 
55, 56; D. F. Houston, Nullification ; H. Vou Hoist, 
John C. Calhoun. 

Lect. 56. (1789-1865) The Indians and Indian policy: Hand- 
hook, § 98 ; Guide, § 185; Contemporaries, III, § 139. 

Lect. 57. (1789-1865) Public lands and public land policj^ : 
Guide, § 185; A. B. llnvt, Practical Essays, No. x; 
Shosuke Sato, Public Lands. 

Lect. 58. (1829-1865) Internal improvements: jffawd&ooyt, § 45; 
Guide, § 185; Contemporaries, III, §§ 165, 168; 
A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. ix ; E. C. Mason, 
Veto Power, §§ 83-94. 

Lect. 59. (1836-1841) Economic difficulties and panic of 
1837 : Guide, § 190; E. G. Bourne, Surplus Revewie ; 
E. M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren, chs. viii, ix. 

Lect. 60. (1831-1860) The abolition movement; and William 
Lloyd Garrison: Grade, § 187; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 174-178; A. B. Hart, Salmon P. Chase, chs. iii, 
iv; O. Johnson, William Lloyd Garrison ; Garrisons, 
William Lloyd Garrison. 

Lect. 61. (1831-1841) National questions of slavery; and 
Joshua R. Giddings : Handbook, § 52 ; Guide, § 188 ; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 179-181, 184; H. Von 
Hoist, United States, II, 120-146, 235-291 ; G. W. 
Julian, Joshua R. Giddings. 

Lect. 62. (1820-1850) Interstate and international questions 
of slavery : Handbook, § 20gr, 55, 80 ; Guide, § 189 ; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 182, 183 ; H. Von Hoist, 
United States, II, 312-329; M. G. McDougall, Fugi- 
tive Slaves, §§ 22-28, 36-50, 77-79 ; A. C. McLaugh- 
lin, Leivis Cass, 176-190. 



48 HISTORY LECTURES [§ 

§ igh. (1841-1860) Territory and Slavery. 

Parallel Readings on the Period: 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 184), § 566 (pp. 192, 193). 

Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 185-189, IV, §§ 7-48; 
William MacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 89-92. 

Frederic Bancroft, William H. Seivard, I, chs. ix-xxiv. 

George T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, chs. viii, ix. 

John T, Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I. 

James Ford Rhodes, United States, I, II. 

H. Von Hoist, United States, II, chs. vi, vii, III- VI, VII, 
chs. i-vi. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 22. Ethics of the Mexican War : Handbook, § 53. 

No. 23. Popular sovereignty : Handbook, § 54. 

No. 24. Rights of Indians, aliens, Chinese, and negroes : 

Handbook, § 55. 
No. 25. Ethics of John Brown's career : Handbook, § 56. 

Lect. 63. (1840-1842) Whig policy; and John Tyler: Guides 
§ 191; C. Schurz, Henry Clay, I, chs. xxii, xxiii; 
L. G. Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, II, chs. 
i-vi. 

Lect. 64. (1783-1846) Northeastern and northwestern boun- 
daries : Handbook, §§ 20e, 2O.7; Guide, § 192; A. 
Gallatin, Northeastern Boundary ; J. B. Moore, 
Arbitrntions, I, 1-215. 

Lect. 65. (1836-1845) Annexation of Texas ; and Sam Hous- 
ton: Handbook, § 20^; Guide, § 193; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 185-189 ; H. Von Hoist, United States, 
II, ch. vii. III, ch. iii ; H. Bruce, Sam Houston. 

Lect. 66. (1846-1848) The Mexican War ; and James K. Polk : 
Handbook, § 53 ; Guide, § 194 ; Contemporaries, IV, 



19h] TERRITORY AND SLAVERY 49 

§§ 7-14; E. G. Bourne, Essays in Historical Criti- 
cism, No. ix ; H. Von Hoist, United States, III, chs. 
iv, vii-x, xii ; J. Lowell, Biglow Papers. 

Lect. 67. (1846-1849) Wiluiot Proviso and crisis over territo- 
rial slavery; and Lewis Cass: Hatidbook, §§ 20^, 
42, 115; Guide, § 196; Contemporaries, TV, §§ 15- 
18 ; A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass. 

Lect. 68. (1849-1850) Compromise of 1850; and Daniel Web- 
ster : Guide, § 197; Contemporaiies, IV, §§ 19-22; 
J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, ch. ii; A. Johnston, 
American Orations, II, 123-218; C. Schurz, Henry 
Clay, II, ch. xxvi; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster. 

Lect. 69. (1850-1860) Fugitive slaves, underground railroad, 
and Personal Liberty bills ; and Wendell Phillips : 
Guide, § 198 ; Contemp>oraries, IV, §§ 29-33 ; W. H. 
Siebert, Underground Railroad; M. G. McDougall, 
Fugitive Slaves, §§ 52-83; T. W. Higginson, Weyi- 
dell Phillips ; C. F. Adams, Richard H. Dana, 
1, chs. xiv, XV. 

Lect. 70. (1853-1854) Kansas Nebraska Bill and Cuba ; and 
Stephen A. Douglas : Handbook, §§ 54, 84 ; Guide, 
§ 199 ; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 34, 46 ; American 
History Leaflets, Nos. 2, 17 ; A. B. Hart, Salmon P. 
Chase, ch. v ; W. G. Brown, Stephen A. Douglas. 

Lect. 71. (1854-1857) The struggle for Kansas: Guide, § 
200: Contemporaries, IV, §§ 36-40; Nicolay and 
Hay, Abraham Lincoln, I, chs. xxii-xxv, II, chs. i, 
vi ; James F. Rhodes, United States, II, chs. vii-ix. 

Lect, 72. (1854-1859) The rise of the Republican Party; and 

Salmon P. Chase: Handbook, § 55; Guide, §§ 201, 

202 ; Contemporaries, IV, § 35 ; A. B. Hart, Salmon 

P. Chase. 

Lect. 73. (1857-1860) Dred- Scott decision and principles of 
4 



50 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

political anti-slavery ; and Roger B. Taney : Guide, 
§§ 201, 202; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 41-46; Amer- 
ican Histori/ Leaflets, No. 23 ; M. Hill, Liberty 
Documents, ch. xxi ; S. Tyler, Roger B. Taney, 
ch. V. 

Lect. 74, (1840-1860) Principles of radical abolition ; and John 
Brown : Handbook, § 56 ; Guide, § 202 ; Contem- 
poraries, IV, §§ 45-48 ; H. Von Hoist, John Brown ; 
F. Sanborn, John Brown ; J. Redpath, John Broicn. 

Lect. 75. (1859-1860) Presidential election of 1860; and 
Abraham Lincoln: Guide, § 203; Contemporaries, 
IV, §§ 49-52 ; F. Bancroft, William H. Seward, I, 
eh. xxiv; J. F'. Rhodes, United States, II, ch. xi ; 
C. Schurz, Abraham Lincoln; J. T. Morse, Abra- 
ham Lincoln. 

§ igi. (1860-1861) Coming on of the Civil 'Wax. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 184), § 566 (pp. 193, 194). 

Sources in Contemporaries, IV, §§ 49-74 ; William Mac- 
Donald, Select Documents, Nos. 93-97 ; American History 
Leaflets, Nos. 12, 18. 

Frederic Bancroft, William H. Seward, II, chs. xxv, xxviii, 
xxix. 

George Ticknor Curtis, Constitutional History, II, ch. x (pp. 
300-338). 

Judson S. Landon, Constitutional History, ch. xi (pp. 207- 
249). 

Abraham Lincoln, Works, I, 652-695, II, 1-33. 

John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, ch. vii. 

James Ford Rhodes, United States, III, chs. xiii, xiv. 

Alexander H. Stephens, War betiveen the States, II, chs. 
xviii-xx. 



19h, I9i] COMING ON OF CIVIL WAR 51 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 26. Docti'iue of secession : Handbook, § 57. 

No. 27. Responsibility for the Civil War : Handbook, § 58. 

Leet. 76. (1789-1861) Theory of secession; and Alexander H. 
Stephens : Handbook, § 57 ; Guide, § 205 ; Contem- 
poraries, IV, §§ 53-57; A. H. Stephens, War be- 
tiveen the States, I, ch. xi. 

Lect. 77. (1850-1861) Causes of secession; and Robert 
Toombs : Guide, § 205 ; Toombs in Stephen's War 
bettoeen the States, II, App. ; A. Johnston, American 
Orations, III, 235-274, 294-311 ; P. A. Stovall, 
Robert Toombs. 

Lect. 78. (1860-1861) Process of secession: Guide, § 206; 
Co7itemporaries, IV, §§ 58-62; texts, American 
History Leaflets, No. 12. 

Lect. 79. (1860-1861) Questions of coercion; and James 
Buchanan: Guide, § 207; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 
64, 67; J. Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Adminis- 
tration. 

Lect. 80. (1860-1861) Propositions of compromise ; and Wil- 
liam H. Seward : Guide, § 207 ; Contemporaries, IV, 
§§ 63-69; A. B. Hart, Salmon P. Chase, ch. viii ; 
A. Johnston, American Orations, III, 275-293, 312- 
319; F. Bancroft, W. H. Seward. 

Lect. 81. (1861) The status of Fort Sumter: Guide, § 208; 
Contemporaries, IV, § 70 ; Nicolay and Hay, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, III, chs. xxiii-xxvi, IV, chs. i, ii. 

Lect. 82. (1861) Outbreak of the war; and Robert E. Lee: 
Handbook, § 58; Guide, § 208; Contemporaries, IV, 
§§ 71-74; American History Leaflets, No. 18; 
Nicolay and Hay. Abraham Lincoln, IV ; W. P. 
Trent, Robert E. Lee. 



62 HISTORY LECTURES [§§ 

§ igj. (1861-1865) The Civil War. 
Parallel Readings on the Period: 
Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 184), § 565 (p. 194). 
Sources iu Contemporaries, IV, §§ 75-144 ; William Mac- 
Douakl, Select Statutes. 

John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, chs. viii-xii, II. 
James Ford Rhodes, United States, III, IV. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 28. Lincoln's democracy : Handbook, § 59. 

No. 29. Military powers of the President: Handbook, § 60. 

No. 30. Reconstruction: Handbook, § 61. 

Lect. 83. (1861-1865) The political problem; and Abraham 
Lincoln : Handbook, § 59 ; Guide, § 208 ; Contem- 
poraries, IV, §§ 75-79, 96, 97, 101 ; American His- 
tory Leaflets, Nos. 18, 26; N. Hapgood, Abraham 
Lincoln ; J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln ; C. Schurz, 
Abraham Lincol/i ; G. Welles, Lincoln and, Seward. 

Lect. 84. (1861-1865) The Southern Confederacy; and Jef- 
ferson Davis : Guide, § 209 ; Contemporaries, IV, 
§§ 80-83, 91-95; T. H. Alfriend, Jefferson Davis; 
J. Davis, Bise and Fall of the Confederate 
GotJernment. 

Lect. 85. (1861-1865) The military problem; and U. S. 
Grant: Guide, § 210; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 84- 
90, 102-123, 132-140; O. Wister, U. S. Grant; 
U. S. Grant, Memoirs. 

Lect. 86. (1861-1865) The diplomacy of the Civil War; 
and Charles Francis Adams : Handbook, §§ 20^, 85- 
88; Guide, %2\2\ Contemporaries, lY, %% 98-100; 
C. F. Adams, Jr., Charles Francis Adams. 

Lect. 87. (1861-1865) Social, economic, and financial con- 
ditions of the Civil War: Guide, §§ 204, 211, 213; 



19j, 20] THE CIVIL WAR 53 

Contemporaries, lY, §§ 75-101 ; A. B. Hart, Sal- 
mon P. Chase, chs. viii, ix, xi; D. R. Dewey, Finan- 
cial History. 

Lect. 88. (1861-1865) Abolition of slavery; and Abraham 
Lincoln: Guide j § 214; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 124- 
131 ; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxii ; A. B. 
Hart, Salmon P. Chase, ch. x ; Nicolay and Hay, 
Abraham Lincoln, especially VI, chs. v-viii, xvii, 
xix, X, ch. iv ; J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln ; II, 
chs. i, iv, xii; F. Carpenter, Six Months in the 
White House. 

Lect. 89. (1861-1865) Military government for civilians ; and 
Edwin M. Stanton: Handbook, § 60; G^iide, § 213; 
J. F. Rhodes, United States, IV, ch. xix; G. C. 
Gorham, Edwin M. Stanton. 

Lect. 90. (1865) Problems at the end of the war ; and Thad- 
deus Stevens: Handbook, % 61; Contemporaries, IV, 
§§ 141-157; W. MacDonald, Select Statutes; M. 
Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxiii ; W. A. Dunning, 
Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction ; A. B. 
Hart, Salmon P. Chase, chs. xiii, xiv; S. A. McCall, 
Thaddeus Stevens. 

§ 20. List of Lectures in History 14 (American Diplo- 
macy). 

The course covers the whole field of diplomacy respecting 
America. The first half-year will include the period 1492 to 
1815; the second half-year covers the time from 1815 to the 
present day. 

Abbreviated references in this list are as follows : 

Arbitrations — John Bassett Moore, History and Digest of 
the International Arbitrations to wJdch the United States has 
been a Party (6 vols., Washington, 1895). 



54 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Contemporaries — Albert Bushnell Ilart, American History 
told by Conte7)iporaries (4 vols., N. Y., 1897-1901). 

Digest — Frauds Wharton, A Digest of the International 
Law of the United States (3 vols., Washington, 1886). 

Fotindatio7is — Albert Bushnell Hart, The Foundations of 
American Foreign Policy (N. Y., 1901). 

Guide — Edward Channing and Albert Bushnell Hart, Guide 
to the Study of American History (Boston, 1896). 

HandbooJc — this book (Cambridge, 1901). 

Source-Book — Albert Bushnell Hart, Source-Book of 
American History (N. Y., 1899). 

The references appended to tlie separate lectures are to 
selected monographs or to special treatment in secondary 
works ; they do not in general include detailed references to 
books included in the "Parallel Readings" nor to sources, 
and they call attention to only a small part of the available 
literature. 

§ 2oa. (1492-1607) European Claims to America. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56« (p. 181), § 56& (pp. 185-186). 
J. R. Seeley, Fxpansioti of England, course i, lects. iii-vii. 
Justin Winsor, Christopher Columbus. 

Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, II, III, chs. 
i-iv, IV, chs. i, ii. 
Digest, §§ 2, 6, 209. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 1. Basis of European claims to wild territory: Hand- 
book, § 63. 

No. 2. Foundations of English claims to America: Hand- 
hook, § 64. 



20-20a] EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO AMERICA 55 

Lect. 1. Aims and methods of the course; and materials : Bib- 
liography and suggestions in Handbook^ §§ 1-10, 12, 
20, 62-92, 135-137; Foundations^ eh. viii ; Guide^ 
§§ 17, 21, 25, 28, 29, 32, 35. 

Lect. 2. Territorial and commercial conceptions : rivalries in 
Europe ; conditions of foreign trade ; Oriental trade : 
Contemporaries^ I, §§ 44-47 ; J. R. Seeley, Growth 
of British Policy, I, part i, ch. vi. 

Lect. 3. (1492-1500) Discovery of America and diplomatic 
adjustments : Bull of 1493 ; treaty of Tordesillas : 
Handbook, § 63; Guide, §§ 82-84; Contemporaries, 
I, §§ 17-20; Source-Book, § 1 ; J. Winsor, Colum- 
bus; E. G. Bourne, JEssays in Historical Criticism, 
Nos. vi-viii; H. Harrisse, Diplom,atic History of 
America. 

Lect. 4. (1500-1600) Spanish explorations and establishment 
of Spanish colonies : Handbook, § 67 ; Guide, §§ 85, 
86 ; Contemporaries, I, §§ 21-25 ; B. Moses, Spanish 
Rule ; R. G. Watson, Spa?iish and Portuguese in 
South America, I ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Crit- 
ical History, II, chs. iii-viii. 

Lect. 5. (1498-1600) English discoveries and claims ; Armada 
of 1588: Handbook, § 64; Guide, §§ 92-96; Con- 
temporaries, I, §§ 26-33,48; Source-Book, %% ^, ^i, 
5 ; J. A. Doyle, English Colo)des, I, ch. iv ; C. P. 
Lucas, Historical Geography, V, ch. i ; J. Winsor, 
Mississippi Basin, ch. xv. 

Lect. 6. (1536-1600) Erench discoveries and claims: Guide, 
§§ 87-89; Contemporaries, I. §§ 34-36; Source- 
Book, § 6 ; J. Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac, chs. 
i-iii, ix-xiii; J. A. Doyle, English Colonies, I, 82- 
100. 



56 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

§ 2ob. (1607-1689) Rival Colonial Systems. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 
Bibliography in Guide, §§ 90, 91, 97, 104. 
J. R. Seeley, Grov^th of British Policy, I, parts ii-iv. 
Justin Wiusor, Cartier to Frontenac. 

Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, III, chs. v, 
vi, IV, chs. iii, v, viii, ix. 

Weekly Paper in the Group : 

No. 3. Tlieory of Indian land-holding : Handbook, § 65. 

Lect. 7. (1600-1700) Treaties with the Indians: Handbook, 
§ 65 ; Contemporaries, I, §§ 60, 64, 91, 92, 113, 123, 
127, 133, 152. 

Lect. 8. (1600-1689) English-foreign relations in America: 
treaties of St. Germain (1632), Westphalia (1648), 
Breda (1667), Madrid (1670): Guide, §§ 90, 91, 
131; Contemporaries, I, §§ 37, 43; Source-Book, 
§36. 

Lect. 9. (1620-1664) The Dutch and the Swedes expelled: 
Guide, §§ 104, 107; Contemporaries, I, §§ 150-155, 
158, 159. 

Lect. 10. (1660-1690) The English Acts of Trade: piracy and 
smuggling ; and Edward Randolph : Handbook, 
§66; Guide, § 133; Contemporaries, I, §§ 83, 154, 
II, §§ 19, 45, 46, 85, 87; American History Leaf- 
lets, No. 19; W. MacDonald, Select Charters, Nos. 
22, 23, 25, 28, 34; E. Channing, Navigation Laws ; 
G. L. Beer, Commercial Policy of England toward 
the Colonies^ chs. i-iv ; W. J. Ashley, Surveys, 
Historic and Economic, 309-360 ; Edward Ran- 
dolph, Letters; P. S. Reinsch, Colonial Govern^ 
m,ent. 



20b, 20c] STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY 57 

§ 20C. (1689-1763) Struggle for Supremacy in America. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography iu Guide, § 56a (p. 181), § 5Gi (p. 188), §§ 131, 
132. 

Montagu Burrows, Foreign Policy of Great Britain, chs. iii-vi. 

W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, I-III. 

A. T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power on History, IGOd- 
1783. 

Francis Parkman, Fronienac and New France ; Salf- Cen- 
tury of Conflict ; Montcalm and Wolfe. 

Spencer Walpole, Forehjn Relations, ch. i. 

Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, IV, chs. iv, 
vii, V, chs. i, vii, viii. 

Justin Winsor, 3Iississippi Basin. 

Weekly Papers m the Group: 

No. 4. Execution of the Acts of Trade : Handbook, § 66. 

No. i). Execution of the Spanish colonial policy: Handbook, 

§ 67. 
No. 6. Rule of 17.56: Handbook, § 68. 

Lect. 11. (1689-1740) Intercolonial wars : Spanish Succession ; 
Louisiana; Indian allies; treaties of Ryswick (1697), 
Utrecht (1715), Assiento ; Boundaries of Florida; 
and Louis XIV : Guide, § 131 ; Contemporaries, II, 
§§ 117-121 ; J. W. Gerard, Peace of Utrecht. 

Lect. 12. (1740-1756) War renewed: claims on the Ohio; sea 
power; peace of Aix la Chapelle (1748) ; war in the 
West (1754); and Robert Walpole: Guide, § 132; 
Contemporaries, II, §§ 122-127; A. T. Mahan, Sea 
Power, chs. vii, viii. 

Lect. 13. (1756-1763) Seven Years' War: privateering; neu- 
tral trade and the Rule of 1756; treaty of Paris 
(1763); reconstruction of the map of America; and 



58 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

P2arl of Chatham: Handbook^ § 68; Guide, § 132; 
Contemporaries, II, §§ 128, 129; Source-Book, §§ 
38-40 ; Americcui History Leaflets, No. 5 ; F. 
Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe ; B. Feruow, Ohio 
Valley in Colonial Days, chs. iv-vii ; F. Snow, 
Cases, § 47; H. Wheaton, JJistory of the Law of 
Nations, 200-229. 

Lect. 14. (1689-1775) Intercolonial relations : judicial appeals ; 
representation in England; Proclamation of 1763; 
the Quebec Act: Guide, §§ 133, 135; Contem- 
poraries, II, § 73 ; T. Roosevelt, Winning of the 
West, I ; V. Coffin, Prurince of Quebec, chs. v, vi. 

Lect. 15. (1G89-1775) Foreign immigration : English ; Hugue- 
not; German; Scotch-Irish; Irish; AVest Indian; 
slave-trade ; naturalization and denization : Guide, 
§ 145; R. Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Lnmigra- 
tion, 12-15, 33-40; E. ¥j. Proper, Colonial Immigra- 
tion Laws. 

§ 2od. (1775-1788) Diplomacy of the Revolution and 
the Confederation. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Guide, § 56a (p. 182), § 566 (pp. 189, 190). 

George Bancroft, United States (last revision), IV-VI. 
X John W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, chs. i, ii. 

Foundations, §§ 1-5, 14, 23, 42-44, 57-61. 

W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, IV, 
chs. xiv, XV. 

Theodore Lyman, American Diplomacy, I, chs. i-vii, xi- 
xiii. 

Johu T. Morse, John Adams, chs. vii-ix. 

George Pellew, John. Jay, chs. vi-ix. 
, William Henry Trescot, Diplomacy of the Revolution. 



20c, :iOd] REVOLUTION 59 

Francis Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revo- 
lution, I, Introduction. 
, Henry Wheatou, History of the Lmn of N'atio)is, 290-309. 

Justin Wiusor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, chs. 
vii, viii, VJI, chs. i, ii, iii (Note A). 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 7. Territorial policy of the Continental Congress: 

Handbook, § 69. 
No. 8. Breaking instructions of Congress: Handbook, § 70. 
No. 9. Navigation of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence: 

Handbook, § 71. 

Lect. 16. (1774-1776) The new nation: formation; govern- 
ment; Declaration of Independence; question of rec- 
ognition : Guide, §§ 136, 137; Contemporaries, II, 
§§ 184-189. 

Lect. 17. (177.5-1781) Organization of a foreign office: com- 
mittees; re])resentatives abroad; superintendent; and 
Robert R. Livingston : Guide, § 153 ; Contempora- 
ries, II, § 199 ; Wharton, Diplomatic Correspond- 
ence, I. 

Lect. 18. (1775-1782) INIilitary and naval questions: belliger- 
ency; privateering; prize; spies; prisoners; conquests; 
and John Paul Jones: Contemporaries, II, §§ 177, 
178, 183, 194, 201, 213, 214; A. C.Buell, PaidJones. 

Lect. 19. (1776-1778) Negotiations with France: loans; Span- 
ish relations ; treaties of 1778; subsidies; and Silas 
Deane : Guide, § 139; New York Historical Society, 
Heane Papers ; Digest, § 148. 

Lect. 20. (1776-1788) National colonization : Northwest con- 
quests; early territories ; Indian wars; Indian treaties 
of 1778-1788 ; and George Rogers Clark : Handbook, 
§ 69; Guide, § 150; American Histor^j Leaflets, 



60 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Nos. 22, 32 ; T. Roosevelt, Winnintj of the West, 
II, III; J. Wiusor, Westward Movement. 

Lect. 21. (^1778-1782) Commercial uegotiations on the Conti- 
nent: Armed Neutrality of 1780: and John Adams: 
Guide, § 153 : John Adams, Works, VII 

Lect. 22. (1776-1782") Negotiations with England: peace ne- 
gotiations of 1778; instructions of 1778; instructions 
of 1781; and Lord North: Guide, $§ 130, 141; 
W. B. Donne, Correspondence of George III and 
Lord N^orth. 

Lect. 23. (1782-1783") Negotiations for peace: preliminary 
treaty of Paris (1782): definitive treaty (^1783); 
and Benjamin Franklin : Handbook, § 70 ; Guide, 
§ 141 ; Contanporaries, II, §§ 215-217, III, § 48 ; 
Digest, § 150. 

Lect. 24. (^1782-1788^ General commercial negotiations : Swed- 
ish treaty of 1783 ; Prussian treaty of 1785 ; Barbary 
powers : Spanish boundary ; Mississippi question and 
draft treat}' (1786) ; French consular convention 
(1788) ; and Thomas Jefferson : Handbook, § 71 ; 
Guide, § 153; H. S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, I, 
chs. xi-xiii ; Earl of Sheffield, Ohsercations. 

Lect. 25. (1783-1788) Relations with England: boundaries; 
West Indian trade ; commerce ; posts ; debts ; 
negroes; loyalists; and William Pitt: Guide, § 153; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 49-53, 92; Arbitrations. I, 
1-5, 90-118, 271-273; Earl Russell, Charles James 
F'ox : Earl Stiinhope, William Pitt. 

§ 2oe. (^1789-1815) Complications of the Napoleonic 
Wars. 

P.vrx.vi.LEL Rf.adin'os on the Period: 

Bibliography in Handbook, §§ 19(/, 19('; Guide, § 56'/ (p. 
183), § 566 (^pp. 190. 191). 



20d, 20e] PERIOD OF NAPOLEONIC WARS 61 

Sources in Contemporaries, 111, §§ 93-98, 111-129. 

Henry Adams, History of the United States ^during the 
Administrations of Jefferson and Madison. 

John W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, clis. 
iv-vii. 

Daniel C. Oilman, James Monroe, ebs. iii, iv. 

Theodore Lyman, American Diplomacy, I, chs. vi-x. 

A. T. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revo- 
hition etnd Empire. 

William Henry Trescot, Diplomatic History of the Admin- 
istrations of Washington and Adeims. 

Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VII, cb. vii. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 10. Policy of American isolation : Handbook, § 72. 

No. 11. Was France entitled to complain of the Jaj^ treaty? 
Handbook, § 73. 

No. 12. Allegiance and impressment: Handbook, § 74. 

No. 13. Status of territory annexed but not yet organized: 
Handbook, § 75. 

No. 14. Legal objections to the Orders in Council and 
Decrees : Handbook, § 76. 

No. 15. Fishery rights in and about the Oulf of St. Law- 
rence : Handbook, § 77. 

Lect. 26. (1789) Status of international law: neutral trade; 
tradition of isolation : Handbook, § 72 ; Contempo- 
raries, III, § 26; H. Wheaton, History of the Law 
of Nations, 78-88, 106-175; M. Hill, Ziberty Docu- 
ments, ch. xviii ; M. Burrows, Foreign Policy of 
Great Britain, chs. vii, viii. 

Lect. 27. (1789-1901) Organization and development of the 
Department of State : officials ; functions ; directing 



62 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§ 

minds: Guide, § 157; E. Schuyler, American Diplo- 
macy, chs. i-iii ; W. E. Curtis, United States and 
Foreign Powers, ch. i. 

Lect. 28. (1789-1794) Attempt to come to a settlement with 
England: execution of treaty of 1783; loyalists; 
posts ; debts ; negroes ; and Gouverneur Morris : 
Arbitrations, I, 273-274 ; T. Roosevelt, Gouverneur 
Morris, chs. vii-x. 

Lect. 29. (1689-1793) France and neutrality: Proclamation of 
1793; and Edmond Genet: Guide, § 162; Co?i- 
temporaries, III, §§ 92-95; Arbitrations, V, 4399- 
4414 ; H. C. Lodge, George Washington, II, 
ch. iv. 

Lect. 30. (1793-1796) Neutral trade and agreement with Eng- 
land : Jay treaty (1794); ratification (1796); and 
John Jay: Handbook, § 73; Guide, § 162; Con- 
temporaries, III, §§ 96, 97; Arbitrations, I, 299- 
316; E. Randolph, Vindication of Mr. RandolpKs 
Resignation ; G. Pellew, John Jay ' Digest, § 
150a. 

Lect. 31. (1789-1800) Adjustment with Spain: treaty of the 
Escurial (1795); Miranda project (1798); claims 
convention ; French influence ; draft convention of 
1802; and C. C. Pinckney : Guide, § 162; Arbitra- 
tions, II, 991-1005; Digest, §161; E. Schuyler, 
American Diplomacy, 271-281. 

Lect. 32. (1794-1800) Collision with France: Pinckney epi- 
sode (1796); X. Y. Z. episode (1797); informal 
war (1798); treaty of 1800; spoliation claims; 
and James Monroe : Guide, § 164; Co)demporaries, 
III, § 99 ; J. Monroe, View of the Conduct of the 
Executioe ; Arbitrations, Y, 4414-4432; D. C. Gil- 
man, James Monroe; Digest, §§ 148a, 265-281. 



20e] NAPOLEONIC PERIOD 63 

Lect. 33. (1796-1802) Adjustment with England : Henfield 
case ; neutral trade ; impressments ; debts ; boundary 
commissions of 1798 ; and Rufus King : Arbitni- 
t'lons, I, 5-43 (boundaries), 271-298 (debts), 316- 
349 (neutral trade) ; H. Wheaton, History of the Law 
of Nations, 345-401. 
Lect. 34, (1800-1815) Napoleon Bonaparte: influence on inter- 
national law ; on American diplomacy : W. M. Sloane, 
Napoleon Bonaparte ; H. Adams, United States. 
Lect. 35. (1800-1803) Annexation of Louisiana : treaty of 
1803 ; claims ; boundaries ; and Robert R. Livingston : 
Handbook, §75; Guide, ^ 168; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 111-114; /Source- Book, § 78; Arbitrations, \ , 
4432-4446 (claims) ; Foundations, §§ 7, 25, 46, 62- 
66 ; H. Adams, United States, I, II; Digest, § I486; 
T. Roosevelt, Winninr/ of the West, IV, 261-286. 
Lect. 36. (1803-1812) West Florida question: claims conven- 
tion (1802); annexations of 1810 and 1812 ; diplomatic 
relations : Guide, § 168 ; H. Adams, United States, 
II-V ; Arbitrations, V, 4487-4494, 4519-4524. 
Lect. 37. (1800-1815) Barbary wars : treaties of tribute (1795- 
1800); Tunis; Tripoli; Algiers: Contemporaries, 
III, § 108; I. N. HoUis, Tlie Constitution ; Digest, 
§ 141« ; E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy , ch. iv. 
Lect. 38. (1803-1807) Neutral trade: decisions; impress- 
ments ; draft treaty of 1807 ; embargo ; orders and 
decrees ; Chesapeake-Leopard ; and Thomas Jeffer- 
son : Handbook, % 1%', Guide, § 170; Contempora- 
ries, III, §§ 116-121; Source-Book, §§ 79, 81; 
Arbitrations, V, 4447-4452; Digest, §§ 150*, 319, 
320, 327, 331, 388; S. H. Gay, James Madison, 
ehs. XV, xvii; M. Burrows, Foreign Policy of Great 
Britain, chs. ix-xi. 



64 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Lect. 39. (1808-1811) Neutral trade: draft Erskine treaty 
(1809); French decrees (1810) ; nou-intercourse ; Jack- 
son, Rose, and Foster missions; and James JNIadi- 
3ou: Guide., § 171; Contemporaries., Ill, § 122; 
Source-Book, § 82 ; Arbitrations, V, 4452-4456 ; 
S. H. Ga}', James Madison. 

Lect. 40. (1811-1815) War of 1812 : Indian liostilities ; Pinck- 
ney's ultimatum ; declaration of war ; belligerent 
rights; prisoners; privateering and prizes; destruction 
of cities : Guide, § 172 ; Contem-poraries, III, §§ 124, 
127; Source-Book, §§ 83-86; T. Roosevelt, Naval 
War of IS 12 ; G. Coggeshall, ^mer/caw Privateers; 
Arbitrations, II, 1071-1132 (General Armstrong); 
Digest, § 348i; S. H. Gay, James Madison, ch. xix. 

Lect. 41. (1812-1815) Negotiations for peace: mediation; 
treaty of Ghent (1814): Guide, § 172; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 128, 129 ; Source-Book, § 87 ; C. 
Schurz, Henry Clay, ch. vi; J. T. Morse, John 
Quincy Adams, 74-98; Digest, § 150c; J. A. Ste- 
vens, Albert Gallatin, ch. viii. 

Lect. 42. (1815-1818) British trade and fisheries: commercial 
treaties (1815) ; Fishery convention (1818) : Hand- 
book, § 77; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 427- 
440; C. Isham, T/te Fisheries, 1-49; J. B. Hen- 
derson, Diplomatic Questions, 472-501 ; Arbitra- 
tions, I, 350-390 (slaves), 703-710 (fisheries); Di- 
gest, §§ 150(?, 301-304; F. Snow, Treaties and 
Topics, 427-445. 

Lect. 43. (1792-1828) Oregon question: Nootka Sound con- 
vention (1790) ; discovery of Columbia River 
(1792) ; expedition (1803-1806) ; settlement (1810) ; 
reservation of Astoria (1815) ; joint agreement 
(1818) ; Russian treaty (1824) ; renewed joint con- 



20e, 20f] WAR AND TERRITORY 65 

vention (1828): Ginde,% 168; Contemporaries^ III, 

§115; Source-Book, § 80; R. Greenhow, Oregon, 
chs. viii-xvi. 
Lect. 44. (1798-1830) Northeastern boundary: commission of 

1798; commissiou of 1818; lake boundary (1822); 

Lake of the Woods (1827); arbitration treaty (1827); 

award declined (1831) : A. Gallatin, Memoir on 

Northeastern Boundary ; Arbitrations, I, 45-138, 

162-195. 
Lect. 45. (1815-1829) Improved international status of the 

United States. 

§ 2of. (1815-1829) Latin- American Diplomacy and the 
Monroe Doctrine. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

Bibliography in Handbook, §§ 19/, 46, 79 ; Guide, § 56a 
(p. 183), § 56^ (pp. 191, 192); D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, 
App. iv. 

Sources in American History Leaflets, No. 4 ; Contemporoj- 
ries^ §§ 142-150; Digest, §§ 57-58a, 159; John Quincy Adams, 
Memoirs, IV-VIII ; Richard Rush, Memoirs of a Residence at 
the Court of London, especially chs. xx-xxiv. 

John W. Foster, Century of Americaii Diplomacy, chs. 
vii, xii. 

Foundations, §§ 8, 68-75. 

Daniel C. Gilman, James Monroe, ch. vii. 

John B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Questions, part 
iv, 289-450. 

Lindley Miller Keasbey, Nicaragua Canal and Monroe Doc- 
trine, §§ 52-58. 

John H. Latan6, Diplomatic Relations of the United States 
and Spanish America, 1-103. 

Theodore Lyman, A^nerican Diplomacy, II, chs. ix-xiv. 
5 



66 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

John T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, ch. ii. 
W. F. Reddaway, Motiroe Doctrine. 
Theodore Roosevelt, American Ideals, ch. xi. 
Freeman Snow, Treaties and Topics, 237-312, 422-427. 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 16. Doctrine of the recognition of new States: Sand- 
book, § 78. 
No. 17. P^xtent of the Monroe Doctrine, Handbook, § 79. 

Lect. 46. (1815-1821) Spanish cession of the Floridas : inva- 
sions of 1818; treaty of cession (1819); claims: 
Guide, § 176; Contemporaries, III, §§ 143, 144; 
R. Hildreth, United States, VI, ch. xxxii; Arbitra- 
tions, V, 4495-4531; Digest, §§ 161a, 348rt; L. de 
• Ouis, Memoir. 

Lect. 47. (1808-1812) Destruction of the Spanish Empire in 
America: Guide, § 178; J. ^ m^or, Nari^atioe and 
Critical History, VIII, chs. iv, v ; Arbitrations, V, 
4487-4495, 4533-4547 ; H. H. Bancroft, 3Iexico, IV. 

Lect. 48. (1815-1823) Recognition of the new Latin-American 
States: Cuba; Isthmus; Holy Alliance of 1815; 
Congresses of 1818-1822; Russian claims on the 
Pacific; and George Canning : Gxdde, § 178; Con- 
temp)0raries. III, §§ 142, 145, 146; Arbitrations, \, 
155-7o7 (Alaska). 

Lect. 49. (1822-1823) The Monroe Doctrine ; and John Quincy 
Adams : Handbook, § 79 ; Guide, § 178 ; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 147, 148; M. Hill, Liberty Dqcu- 
nients, ch. xx; Arbitrations, \, Ibl-IG'2 (Alaska). 

Lect. 50. (1823-1826) The Panama Congress: Hayti; Cuba; 
and Henry Cluy : Guide, § 179; Contemporaries, 
UI, §§ 149, 150; J. M. Callahan, Cuba and Liter- 
national Relations, ch. v. 



20f, 20g] MONROE DOCTRINE 67 

§ 2og. (1829-1861) Aggressive Foreign Policy. 

Parallel Readings on the Period: 

Bibliography in Handbook, §§ 19^, IDA ; Guide^ § 56a 
(p. 184), § 566 (pp. 192, 193). 

Sources in Contemporaries, III, §§ 185-189, IV, §§ 7-14, 46. 

Jolin W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, chs. 
viii, ix. 

Foundations^ §§ 9, 10, 16-18, 24-26, 37, 38, 48-52. 

H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History, especially II, ch. vii, 
III, IV, ch. ii, V, chs. i, x. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 18. Application of personal status in a foreign country : 

Handbook, § 80. 
No. 19. Responsibility of a government for not carrying out 

a treaty: Handbook, § 81. 
No. 20. Government of military conquests, previous to 

cession: Handbook, § 82. 
No. 21. The Mosquito question: Handbook, § 83. 
No. 22. Responsibility for filibusters : Handbook, § 84. 

Lect. 51. (1825-1846) Commercial policy: countervailing; 
tariff policy ; treaties : W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jack- 
son, 194-206. 

Lect. 52. (1829-1841) Spoliation claims: French imbroglio; 
treaties ; and Andrew Jackson : Handbook, § 81 ; 
Arbitrafions, V, 4457-4485 (France), 4549-4589 
(Denmark and Naples); W. G. Sumner, Andrew 
Jackson, chs. viii, xv ; Digest, §§ 148c, 318. 

Lect. 53. (1815-1842) Dii)lomacy of slavery: treaty of Ghent; 
colonization ; Liberia ; draft treaty on slave-trade 
(1824); cases in British colonies; Quintuple treaty 
(1841) : Handbook, § 80 ; Guide, § 189 ; Contempo- 



68 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§ 

varies. III, § 182; Lawrence's Wheaton, Note 42; 
E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy, 233-257 ; \V. 
E. B. DiiBois, Suppression of the Slave- Trade, 
§§ 68-73; Arbitrations, I, 391-425; Digest, § 66; 
E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy, ch, v ; A. C. 
McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, ch. vi. 

Lect. 54. (1829-1842) Texan diplomacy: Mexican boundary 
treaty (1832) ; independence (1836) ; recognition 
(1837) ; diplomatic relations ; plans of annexation ; 
Mexican claims convention (1839) ; and JohnTj^ler: 
Guide, § 193; Cojitemporaries, III, § 185, 186; 
Arbitrations, II, 1209-1245 (Mexican claims) ; H. 
H. Bancroft, Texas, II, chs. xii, xiii. 

Lect. 55. (1829-1842) Northeastern boundary : Caroline and 
McCleod affairs ; attitude of Maine ; Ashburton 
treaty (1842); "Battle of the Maps"; and Daniel 
Webster: Guide, § 192; F. Bancroft, W. H. Seto- 
ard, I, 111-116; A. Gallatin, Right of the United 
States to a Northeastern Boundary ; G. F. Curtis, 
Daniel Webster, II, chs. xxvii-xxix ; Arbitrations, 
I, 139-161; Digest, § 150e; H. C. Lodge, Daniel 
Webster, ch. viii. 

Lect. 56. (1842-1845) Annexation of Texas: draft treaty 
(1844) ; joint resolution (1845) ; designs on Califor- 
nia ; and John C. Calhoun : Guide, § 193 ; Contem- 
poraries, III, §§ 187-189 ; H. H. Bancroft, Texas, II, 
ch. xiv ; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, 297-315. 

Lect. 57. (1828-1846) Northwestern boundary : joint occu- 
pation ; Polk's policy ; compromise ti-eaty (1846) ; 
San Juan question: Guide, § 192; R. Greenhow, 
Oregon, chs. xvii, xviii; T. Twiss, Oregon Question; 
chs. xvii, xviii; Arbitrations, I, 209-222; E. G. 
Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, No. i. 



20g] AGGRESSIVE FOREIGN POLICY 69 

Lect. 58. (1845-1846) Mexican War: Slidell negotiations of 
1846 ; declaration ; government of conquests ; and 
James K. Polk : Handbook, § 82 ; Guide^ § 194 ; 
Contemporaries^ IV, §§ 7-13; Source-Book, § 104; 
W. Thompson, Recollections of Mexico, 223-241 ; 
G. T. Curtis, Jatnes Buchanan, I, eh. xxi ; H. H. 
Bancroft, Mexico, V, ch. xiii. 

Lect. 59. (1846-1848) Peace: Wilmot Proviso ; negotiations ; 
treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) : Guide, § 194 ; 
Contemporaries, IV, §§ 14-17; E. G. Bourne, Es- 
says in Historical Criticism, No. ix ; Arbitrations, 
II, 1245-1286; Digest, § 154; H.H.Bancroft, Cali- 
fornia, V. 

Lect. 60. (1823-1846) Isthmus question: canal plans; Co- 
lombian treaty (1846) : J. H. Latane, United States 
and Spa7iish America, 176-185; L. M. Keasbey, 
Nicaragua Canal and Monroe Doctrine, §§ 57-65, 
12-1 b ; Digest, §§ 287-292 ; J. B. Henderson, Amer- 
ican Diplomatic Questiotis, 65-103. 

Lect. 61. (1846-1860) Isthmus question: Mosquito coast; 
Hise's and Squier's draft treaties (1848, 1849) ; 
Clayton-Bulwer treaty (1850) ; British claims con- 
vention (1853) ; Canadian reciprocity (1854) : Hand- 
book, § 83 ; I. D. Travis, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty ; T. 
J. Lawrence, Essays on Disputed Questions, No. iii ; 
Arbitrations, I, 391-425 (claims), 426-494, 710-712 
(fisheries) ; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic 
Questions, 104-136, 508-512; Digest, § 150/. 

Lect. 62. (1848-1851) Democratic propaganda: revolution of 
1848; Hiilsemanu episode (1850); Kossuth episode 
(1851) : F. Bancroft, W. H. Seward, I, ch. xvii ; J. 
F. Rhodes, United States, I, 205-206, 231-243 ; H. 
Von Hoist, United States, IV, 63-100. 



70 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Lect. 63. (1848-1854) Designs on Cuba : offer of purchase 
(1848) ; filibusters (1850) ; tripartite proposition 
(1851-1852); Ostend manifesto (1854) ; and Edward 
Everett: Handbook.,^ 84; Guide, § 199; Auierican 
History Leaflets, No. 2 ; J. H. Latano, Diplomatic 
Relations of the United States and Spanish America, 
103-135 ; J. M. Callahan, Cuba and International 
Helations, ehs. vii-ix ; Digest, § 60. 

Lect. 64. (1840-1860) Beginning of Oriental relations: Chinese 
treaty (1844); Japanese treaty (1854); Hawaii; 
Pacific islands; and Caleb Cushing : J. M. Callahan, 
American Helations in the Pacific and Far East, 
chs. v-viii; W. E. Griffis, America in the East; 
Arbitrations, V, 4627-4637 (Chinese indemnity) ; 
Digest, §§ 67, 68. 

Lect. 65. (1848-1861) Pressure on Latin America: Yucatan 
(1848); Isthmus questions; Paraguay; Nicaragua; 
Cuba; Mexico; and James Buchanan : J. T. Curtis, 
James Buchanan, II, ch. x; J. Buchanan, Mr. Bio- 
chanan^s Administration , ch, xiii ; Arbitrations, II, 
1361-1390 (Isthmus), 1449-1468 (Chile), 1485-1549 
(Paraguay), 1551-1577 (Costa Rica, Ecuador), 
1593-1657 (Peru), V, 4591-4626 (Peru and Brazil). 

§ 2oh. (1861-1865) Diplomacy of the Civil War. 

Parallel Readings on the Perioi) : 

Bibliography in Handbook, § 19/; Guide, § 56a (p. 184), 
§ 565 (p. 194). 

Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Charles Era?icis Adams, chs. 
ix-xviii. 

Frederic Bancroft, Zi/e of William H. Seward, II, chs. 
xxx-xxxviii. 



20g, 20h] THE CIVIL WAR 71 

John Morton Callahan, Diplomatic History of the Southern 
Confederacy. 

John W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy .^ ch. x. 

Nieolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln., IV, ch. xv, V, ch. ii, 
VI, chs. ii-iv, VII, ch. xiv, VIII, ch. x. 

James Ford Rhodes, United States, III, 415-434, 502-543, 
IV, 76-95, 337-394. 

Henry Wheaton, International Law (Boyd's ed.), §§ 412- 
537. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 23. Effect of Lincoln's blockade proclamations : Hand- 
book., § 85. 
No. 24. Doctrine of continuous voyages : Handbook., § 86. 

Lect. 66. (1861-1865) Questions of belligerency : blockade 
proclamations (1861) ; French and English proclama- 
tions (1861) ; Trent affair (1861) ; prize cases; claims; 
and Abraham Lincoln: Guide., § 212; Contempo- 
raries, IV, §§ 97-99; J. R. Soley, Blockade and 
Cruisers; Arbitrations, I, b&0-&'2'd passim ; J. L. 
Harris, Tre^it Affair ; Digest, §§ 359-363, 374, 383- 
385 ; M. Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, chs. 
vi-x. 

Lect. 67. (1861-1865) Confederate diplomacy in Europe ; and 
John Slidell : Guide, § 209 ; Contemporaries, TV, 
§ 100; J. Bigelow, France and Confederate Navy ; 
J. D. Bulloch, Secret Service; J. T. Scharf, Con- 
federate States Navy, ch. xxvi ; R. Semmes, Service 
Afloat. 

Lect. 68. (1862-1865) Confederate cruisers; responsibility of 
England ; question of pirac}' ; and Charles Francis 
Adams: Contemporaries, IV, §§ 116, 133; C. F. 



72 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Adams, Charles Francis Adains ; Arbitrations^ I, 
500-623 passm, IV, 4057-4178; M. Bernard, Neu- 
trality of Great Britain, chs. xi, xiv, xv ; Digest^ 
§§ 368, 369, 393, 401. 

Lect. 69. (1861-1865) Neutral trade: prize cases; contra- 
band and continuous voyages ; and Lord John 
Russell : F. Snow, Cases in International Lav^ 
462-520 passim; P. Cobbett, Cases, 327-330, 
335-340; Arbitrations^ I, 692-702; M. Bernard, 
Neutrality of Great Mritain, cb. xiii; Diyest, §§ 
368-375. 

Lect. 70. (1861-1865) Relations between the United States 
and the Confederacy : prisoners ; border trade ; 
Hampton Roads conference (1865) ; and Alexander H. 
Stephens : A. B. Hart, Salmon F. Chase, 224-229. 

Lect. 71. (1866-1867) The French in Mexico: invasion (1862); 
Empire (1863); intervention of the United States 
(1866); Mexican claims convention (1868); and 
Napoleon III : Y. Bancroft, William II. Seward, 
II, ch. xl ; Foundations, § 19 ; Arbitrations, II, 
1287-1358 (claims) ; John B. Henderson, American 
Diplomatic Questions, 389-406 ; Digest, § 58 ; J. 
H. Latan6, Di^ilomatic Relations of the United 
States and Spanish America, ch. v. 

§ 2oi. (i 865-1890) Period of Peaceful Influence. 

Parallel Readings on the Period: 

Bibliography in Gaide, § 56a (p. 184), § 565 (pp. 194, 195). 
John W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, ch. xi. 
Foundations, §§ 19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 40, 53-55. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 25. Right of expatriation : IIa7idbook, § 87. 



20h, 20i] PEACEFUL INFLUENCE 73 

No. 26. Consequential damages : Handbook, § 88. 

No. 27. Questious of the Isthmus Caual : Handbook, § 89. 



Lect. 72. (1867-1875) Personal relations: immigration and 
naturalization; German treaty (1868); and George 
Bancroft: Hindbook, §87; Digest, §§ 171-182. 

Lect. 73. (1867-11)00) Status of the Chinese and Japanese: 
treaty of 1868; treaty of 1880; acts of 1882, 1884, 
1888, 1892; convention of 1894: Digest, §§ 67, 144, 
153. 

Lect. 74. (1865-1871) The Alabama question: Johnson-Clar- 
endon draft treaty (1868) ; treaty of Washington 
(1871): C. C. Beaman, National and Prirate Ala- 
bama Claims,' G. Bemis, American Neutrality ; 
Arbitrations, I, 495-554; Digest, §§ 1505, 402, 
402a ; C. F. Adams, Charles Francis Adams, 
eh. xix. 

Lect. 75. (1871-1890) Arbitration: Hudson Bay (1869); 
Geneva tribunal (1872); claims; San Juan (1872); 
fisheries (1875) ; French claims (1880) ; claims 
courts (1884-1886); Dehigoa Bay (1890): Hand- 
book, § 88; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 173, 175; Caleb 
Cushing, Treaty of Washington ; Arbitrations, I, 
222-236 (San Juan), 237-270 (Hudson Bay), 555- 
560, 623-682 (Geneva), 683-702 (claims), 712- 
753 (fisheries), II, 1133-1184 (French claims), 1865- 
1899 (Delagoa), V, 4639-4685 (claims courts) ; W. 
F. Milton, San Juan Water JBo^mdary. 

Lect. 76. (1865-1877) Projects of American extension: Hon- 
duras treaty (1864) ; Alaska treaty (1867) ; draft of 
St. Thomas treaty (1867) ; Nicaragua treaty (1867) ; 
San Domingo project (1871); and William II. 



74 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Seward : F. Baucroft, William II. Seward, II, ch. 
xlii; Digest, §§ Gl, Gla. 

Lect. 77. (1868-1878) Cuban War (18G8): claims (1871) ; Vir- 
ginius episode (1873) ; proposed interveutiou (1875) ; 
peace (1878) : Contemporaries, IV, § 176 ; J. H. La- 
taue, Diplomatic Relations of the United States and 
Spanish America, 135-174; J. M. Callahan, Cuba 
and Internal io7ial Melations, eh. xii ; Arbitrations, 
II, 1007-1069 ; Foundations, § 39 ; Digest, § 60. 

Lect. 78. (1877-1889) Isthmus question: French canal (1879) ; 
Evart's protest (1880); Blaine's protest (1881); 
draft Nicaragua treaty (1884) ; failure of French 
company (1889) ; and Ferdinand de Lesseps : L. M. 
Keasbey, Nicaragua Canal and Monroe Doctrine, 
§§ 124-158; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic 
Questions, 137-158; Digest, §§ 145, 146, 150/, 292- 
297 ; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 326-347 ; T. J. 
Lawrence, Essays, No. iii ; J. H. Latau^, Diplomatic 
Relations, ch. iv. 

Lect. 79. (1881-1893) Hegemony in Latin America: Chile-Peru 
(1881) ; Pan-American Congress (1890) ; Chilean epi- 
sode (1891-1892); and James G. Blaine: Contem- 
poraries, IV, § 177; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, 
No. v; Arbitrations, II, 1396-1447 (claims), 1469- 
1484 (Chile), 1579-1592 (Ecuador), 1659-1724 
(Venezuela), 1749-1853 (Hayti), 1909-2108 (United 
States as arbiter) ; Digest, § 59 ; F. Snow, Treaties 
and TojMcs, 312-32G; M. Romero, Mexico and the 
United States. 

Lect. 80. (1867-1889) Fishery questions: draft convention 
(1884); Bering Sea imbroglio: C. Isham, Fisheries., 
68-84 ; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 445-481 ; 
Arbitrations, I, 763-790 ; J. B. Henderson, Ameri- 



20i, 20j] WORLD POWER 75 

can Diplomatic Questions^ 3-29, 513-525 ; Digest^ 
§§ 305-308; S. B. Stanton, Behring Sea Contro- 
versy; C. B. Elliot, Northeastern Fisheries. 

§ 2oj. (iSgo-igoi) United States as a World Power. 

Parallel Readings on the Period : 

American Academy of Political and Social Science, Foreign 
Policy. 

John W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy., ch. xii. 

Foundations, §§ 11, 12, 21, 27, 29, 41, 56. 

A. T. Mahan, Interest of America in Sea Power ; Lessons 
of the War xoith Spain ; and Problem of Asia. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 28. Control of seal catching : Handbook, § 90. 
No. 29. Protectorate of Cuba: Handbook, § 91. 
No. 30. Policy of the Open Door : Handbook, § 92. 

Lect. 81. (1889-1895) Settlement of the Bering Sea contro- 
versy : judicial cases ; arbitration treaty ; arbitration 
of 1893 ; Alaska boundary; and James A. Bayard: 
Handbook, § 90; Contemporaries, IV, § 178; F. 
Snow, Treaties and Topics, 481-509; Arbitrations, 
I, 790-960; John B. Henderson, American Diplo- 
matic Questions, 29-64. 

Lect. 82. (1885-1900) Samoan question : tripartite treaty 
(1889); division treaty (1899) : John B. Henderson, 
American Diplomatic Questions, part iii (pp. 209- 
288) ; Digest, § 63 ; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 
398-422. 

Lect. 83. (1885-1900) Hawaiian questions : revolution of 1892; 
annexation of 1898; and Grover Cleveland: E. J. 



76 DIPLOMATIC LECTURES [§§ 

Carpenter, America in Sawaii^ chs. x-xv ; Digest, 
§ 62 ; F. Snow, Treaties and Tojncs, 361-397. 

Lect. 84. (1894-1897) Venezuela episode : claims against 
Latin- American powers ; crisis of 1895 ; commission 
(1896) ; arbitration (1897) : draft permanent treaty 
of arbitration (1897) ; and Richard Olney : Contem- 
poraries, IV, § 179; Arbitrations, I, 962-989 (draft 
treaty) ; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic 
Questions, 411-451; J. H. Latane, Diplomatic Relor 
tions a7id Spanish America, ch. vi. 

Lect. 85. (1895-1899) The Spanish War: Cuban War (1895); 
declaration (1898) ; prizes ; conquests : Contempo- 
raries, IV, §§ 180-184; Source-Book, §§ 140-144; 
A. T. Mahan, Lessons of the War with Spain ; T. 
S. Woolsey, American Foreign Policy, 7-111. 

Lect. 86. (1898-1900) Negotiations for peace : protocol (1898) ; 
treaty of Paris (1899) ; Hague treaty of arbitra- 
tion ; and William McKinley : Handbook, § 91; 
Contemporaries, IV, § 185; F. W. Holls, Peace 
Conference at the Hagtie • Arbitrations, V, 5058- 
5067 (proposed arbitrations). 

Lect. 87. (1899-1902) Relations with Cuba: occupation; re- 
organization ; protectorate ; and Theodore Roosevelt. 

Lect. 88. (1898-1901) Colonies and colonial policy : military 
government ; civil government ; tariff ; Supreme Court 
cases (1901): Bibliography in A. P. C. Griffin 
List of Books relating to Golonizatio7i ; Contem 
poraries, IV, §§ 186-191 ; M. Hill, Liberty Docu 
ments, ch. xxiv; Source-Book, § 143 ; D. S. Jordan 
Imperial Democracy, chs. i-iv, vii ; A. H. Howe 
Insidar Cases (House Exec. Docs., 56 Cong., 2 sess. 
No. 509). 

Lect. 89. (1899-1900") Eastern complications: Chinese im 



20j, 21] WORLD POWER 77 

broglio; Boxer rising; intervention; Open Door; 
international agreements; and John Hay: Hand- 
hook, § 92; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 193, 194, 196; 
C. A. Conant, United States in the Orient ; P. S. 
Reinsch, World Politics ; W. E. Griffis, America in 
the East. 
Lect. 90. (1889-1901) Canal diplomacy : Nicaragua projects; 
commissions ; Hay-Pauncefote draft treaty (1900) ; 
report of commission; prospects: Contemporaries, 
rV, § 195 ; A. T. iSIahan, Interest of America in 
Sea Poxner ; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic 
Questions, 159-208. 

§ 21. List of Lectures in Government i2. 

Abbreviated references in this list are as follows: 

Actual Government — Albert Busbnell Hart, Actual Govern- 
ment as ajyplied under American Conditions (N. Y., 1902). 

American Government — B. A. Hinsdale, American Gov- 
ernment, National and State (rev. ed., Chicago, 1895). 

Commonwealth — James Bryce, American Commonwealth 
(2 vols., rev. ed., N. Y., 1893-1895). 

Contemporaries — Albert Bushnell Hart, American History 
toldhy Contemporaries (4 vols., N. Y., 1897-1901). 

Foundations — Albert Bushnell Hart, The Foundations of 
American Foreign Policy (N. Y., 1901). 

Guide — Edward Channing and Albert Bushnell Hart, Guide 
to the Study of American History (Boston, 1896). 

Handbook — this book (Cambridge, 1901). 

Liberty Documents — Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, with 
Contemporary Exposition and Critical Comments drawn from 
Various Writers (iH. Y., 1901). 

Full titles of most of the books cited will be found in the Hand- 
book (use tlie index), or in Actual Government (use the index). 



78 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§ 

§ 2ia. Fundamental Basis of American Government. 

Parallel Readings on the Group : 

Bibliography, Actual Government^ eh. i. 

Emile Boutmy, Studies in Constitutional Law^ part ii. 

CommonweaWi^ II, parts iv-vi. 

Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional 
Lawy ch. i. 

A. V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the 
Constitutio7i. 

Charles AVilliam Eliot, American Contributions to Civiliza- 
tion,, chs. i-vi. 

Edwin Lawrence Godkin, Problems of Modern Democracy, 
Nos. i, ii, vii, x. 

James K. Hosmer, A Short History of Anglo-Saxon Free- 
dom. 

Louis J. Jennings, Eighty Years of Republican Government, 
chs. i, ix, X. 

W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, I, 63-136. 

Liberty Documents^ chs. i-xiv. 

Francis Lieber, On Civil Liberty and Self- Government. 

Elisha Mulford, The Nation. 

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, I, chs. i-iv, 
xi, xii, xiv-xvii, II, passim. 

Christopher G. Tiedeman, The Unwritten Constitution of the 
United States. 

Westel Woodbury Willoughby, An Examination of the 
Nature of the State. 

"Weekly Papers in the Grofp : 

No. 1. Growth of urban population : Handbook, § 94. 
No. 2. Theory of the social compact : Handbook, § 95. 
No. 3. Theory of religious liberty : Handbook, § 96. 

Lect. 1. Aim and methods of the course, and materials : Hand- 



21a] BASIS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT 79 

book, §§ 1-18, 22, 26, 93, 124, 138, 154; Guide, 
§§ 30-34; Actual Government, Introduction. 

Lect. 2. Territorial basis of national life: physiography: na- 
tural resources ; principles of territorial subdivision : 
Guide, §§ 21, 77, 78, 144; J. D. Whitney, The 
United States, I, and Sappl. ; N. S. Shaler, The 
United States, chs. i-iii; A. B. Hart, Formation of 
the Union, ch. i; J. H. Patton, Natural Resources 
of America. 

Lect. 3. The people within the United States: numbers; dis- 
tribution; origin; races; color; sex; occupations: 
Handbook, § 94; Guide, §§ 145, 180, 204; E. C. 
Lunt, Key to the United States Cetisus / J. Strong, 
Our Country ; Contemporaries, III, §§ 10-36, 151- 
157, IV, §§ 75-83, 203-209; C. D. Wright, Practical 
Sociology, chs. ii, iv, vii, viii; N. S. Shaler, Nature 
and Man in America ; Compendium of the Twelfth 
Census / America's Mace Problems (Amer. Acad. Pol, 
Sci., Annals, XVIII, 9-178). 

Lect. 4. American society as a basis of government : Common- 
tvealth, II, chs. xci, xciii, cxiii-cxix; A. B. Hart, 
American Character in Politics ( Chautauquan, Nov., 
1895) ; A. B. Hart, Puritan Politics (Orange, N. J., 
New England Society) ; A. B. Hart, Moral Stan- 
dards {Forum, Jan., 1895) ; M. M. Cohn, Introduc- 
tion to the Study of the Constitution ; A. Carnegie, 
Triumphant Democracy ; H. J. Ford, American 
Politics, chs. i-v. 

Lect. 5a. American theories of popular government : status of 
women; equality; the social compact; democracy; 
local self-government ; distribution of powers : Hand- 
book, § 95; Guide, §§ 15G. 165, 183, 205: Com- 
monwealth, I, chs. xxvi-xxx, II, chs. cviii, cix; 



80 GOVERXMEXT LECTCRES [§§ 

W. W. "Willoughby, Xature of the State, ch. xiv : 
A. L. Lowell. Essays on Gocernment, Nos. ii. iv : 
A. C. McLaughlin. Social Comjyact {Amer. Hist. 
Jiev., April. 1900) ; F. A. Cleveland, arototh of 
Democracy, chs. ii-iv ; H. Holt Talks ou Civics : 
F. J. Gooduow, Politics and Administration, ch. i; 
T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Xa?r, chs. iii, vii. 

Lect. 5^>. American theories of Federal government: prece- 
dents : two spheres ; division of powers : ultimate 
authority : Comn}o?iwealth, I. chs. ii-iv. xxvi-xxx ; 
A. B. Hart. Introduction to the Study of Federal 
Governmiut. §§33—4:0; American Gorernment, chs. 
xii-xv, xliv-xlvi : W. W. Willoughby. JVati/re of the 
State, ch. x ; J. 8. Landou. Co?istitufio7ial £[istory. 
chs. xvii. xviii. 

Lect. 6. Theory of education : public and private ; primary ; 
secondary : college ; university ; technical : Brookings 
and Riugwalt, Briefs for Debate. Nos. liii. Ixviii; 
C. D. Vi'vight. Practical Sociology, ch. xi: C. "NV. 
Eliot, Educational Peform : A. B. Hart, Studies in 
American Education : Comtnomrealth. IL chs. cv, 
ex, cxi: American GovernnH'?it. ch. Ivi : J. H. 
Crooker. Problems in American Society, ch. v ; W. T. 
Harris, in X. S. Shaler, The United States, II. eh. vi : 
H. Von Hoist, Constitutional JOatc, § 97. 

Lect. 7. Religious freedom: sects; central system; religious 
qualitieations : Handbook, § 96 ; C. D. "Wright, Prac- 
tical Socioloyy. §§ 38. 39 ; P. SchafT, Church and 
State {Xmer. Hist. Assoc. Papers, II, 391); J. H. 
Crooker. Probletns in American Society, ch. vi; 
Commomcealth. II. chs. cvi. cvii ; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Limitations, ch. xiii. 

Lect. 8. Public opinion: the press; public meetings; personal 



21a, 211)] MEMBERSHIP IN THE COM.}fl\\ITy 81 

influence; mobs: Conrmonwealth, II, ehs. Ixxvi- 
Ixxxvii, xcv ; "NV. E. II. Lecky, Democracy and 
Llbertij, I, ch. vi; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional 
Zjiniitatio)i.-<^ oh. xii ; F. J. Good now. Politics and 
Admmisti'ation^ eh. ii ; A. L. Lowell, Assays on 
Government, No. ii ; A. L. LoAvell, Public Opinion 
a7id Popular Government {\n preparation). 
Leet. 9. Historical development of American government, 
from IGOG to 1902 : R. Frotliingham, Rise of the 
Hepiihlic : F. N. Thorpe, History of the American 
People; G. S. Boutwell, Constitution; Common- 
icealth. I, chs. ii-iv, II, chs. xcvii-c ; American Gov- 
ernment, chs. i-xi ; H. J. Ford, American Politics, 
chs. xxvi, xxviii. 

§ 2ib. Membership in the Community. 

Parallel Readings on the Guour : 

Bibliography, Actual Government, chs. ii, iii. 

American Governm,ent, chs. xlvii, xlviii. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. 
X, xxii, xxiii, xliv, liii-lviii, Ixiii, Ixiv. 

Henry Brannon, A Treatise on the Fourteenth Amendment. 

John "NV. Burgess, Political Science and Coinpai'ative Con- 
stitutional Pjdw, I, 174-252. 

Thomas M. Cooley. General Principles of Constitutional 
Z>aw, ch. iv. §§ 3, 14, chs. xii-xvi. 

H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Late, §§ 72-78, 8-4-87. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopmdia of Political Science, articles on 
Cherokee Case, Civil Rights Bill, Dred Scott Case, Ex-Post 
Facto Laws, Habeas Corpus (U. S.), Jury (Trial), Personal 
Liberty Laws, Petition, Slavery. 

Liberty Documents. 

Alexis de Tocqueville. Democracy in America, I, ch. xviii. 
6 



82 GOVLRXMKyr LKCTi'RES [§§ 

Christopher G. Tiedoman, 'T/it C'/iicn'tttn Cofistitutian of 
the United States, chs. vi, viii. 

AVestel Woodbury Willoughby, 77<t Jxitf/its and Duties of 
A/lit n'can Citizenship, part i. 

James Wilsou. l^l)/•X^^^ 11, oh. xii. 

Weekly Pafer< in the Gkoit : 

No. 4. Citizenship by annexation : Handbook, § 97. 

No. 5. Rights of Indians : Handbook, § 98. 

Lect. 10. Doctrine of fnndamental rights: colonial precedent ; 
bills of rights: Federal coustitutiou ; •• civil rights : " 
Guide, U 146, 147: Handbook, § 40: W. W. 
Willoughby, Antencan Citizenship, chs. i-vii: J. 
Story, Commentaries, §§ 301, 304, 1858-1868; Zib- 
erty Documents, chs. ii-vi, viii, ix. xi, xiii: T. M. 
Cooley. Consfitutio)taI limitations, chs. ix. x. 

Lect. 11. Citizenship: birth: naturalization: annexation; 
:iliens : •• heiuiathlose " : Chinese: loss of citizen- 
ship: Handbook, §§ 74, 87. i)7 : G. S. Boutwell, 
Constitution, ch. xliv. 

Lect. 1-. Liberty : personal freedom : movement ; occupations; 
expression of opinions ; religion ; trial ; habeas 
corpus: HamJbook, §§ 40, 52, ob, 60, 87, 96, 98; 
Guide, §^ 148, 186. 214; R. C. Hnrd, Habeas 
Corpus : J. C. Hurd, Zatc of I^retdom and Bond- 
age ; liberty Doaonents, chs. viii, xxi-xxiii : Con- 
temporaries, \y. jj 124-129: American Government, 
chs. xhii. xlviii; Adolphe de Chambrun, Droits et 
Xifhrtt's aiu- JStats Unis : T. M. Cooley, Constitu- 
tional Ximitations, chs. xi-xiii: G. K. Holmes, 
J^eons of the South (^Aui. Acad. Pol. 8ci.. Annals^ 
IV, 265-274). 



21b, 21c] WRITTEN CONSTITUTIONS 83 

Lect. 13. Special status of iiiliahitants of doiJiMulencies : In- 
dians; Alaskans; Filipinos; etc. : IJaiidboo/c, '^^ [)5, 
91, 97, 98; Guide, §i$ 185, 196; Liberty Docu- 
ments., ch. xxiv; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 186-191, 
204. 

Lect. 14. Privileges and oblioations of citizens and residents: 
protection; obedience; military service; taxation; 
status t)f citizens abroad : Handbook, §§ 40, 74, 
80, 87; W. AV. Willougliby, Anieriam Citizenship, 
26-29, o7— 11 ; Liberty Documents, ch. xxiii. 

§ 2IC. Written Constitutions. 

Parai.lkl KKAi)iN(is ON TiiK Gkoup: 

I5ibli()i;rai)hy, Actual Gorermnent, ch. iv. 

S. Vj. Baldwin, ]\[odern Political I/attitutions, chs. ii, iii. 

Henry Campbell lM:»ck, ILonlbook of Constitutional Lav!, 
ch. iii. 

Ciiarles r>()rg(>:uid, Thr Oriyin of Written Constitutions 
(Political /Science Quarterly, \ll, 613-632). 

John W. Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Con- 
stitntion'd Law, I, 142-154. 

Cominoninealth, I, chs. xxii-xxxix. 

Thomas INI. Cooley, Con^titutiomd Limitations, chs. ii-iv, vii. 

Sidney George Fisher, Tried of the Constitution, ch. i. 

Franklin H. Hough, American Constitutions. 

John Alexander Jameson, .4 Treatise on Constitutional 
Conrentions. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopoidia of Political Science, articles on 
Amendment, Convention (Constitutional), Convention (of 1787). 

Liberty Documents, chs. vii, xi, xiii, xv, xvii. 

William C. INIorey, Genesis of a Written Constitution , .Pirst 
State Cofistitutions (Amer. Acad. I'ol. Sci., A7iuals, 1, 529- 
557, IV, 201 232). 



84 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

James Harvey Robinson, The Original and Derived Fea- 
tures of the United States Constitution. 

Christopher G. Tiedeman, The Umcritten Co7istitution of 
the United States, ch. xii. 

Weekly Paper in the Groi'p : 

No. 6. Limits ou constitutional conventions : Handbook, § 
99. 

Lect. 15. Principle of fundamental limitations: corporations; 
colonial charters : T. INI. Cooley, Constitutional 
Limitations ; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1331-1406, 
1906-1909; Liberty Documents, chs. ii, vi, viii, ix, 
xiv, xix ; J. Schouler, Constitutional Studies, part ii, 
eh. vii; G. S. Boutwell, Cojistitution, chs. Ii, lii, lix; 
Commonwealth, I, App., pp. 687, 711; American 
Govermnent, chs. xxvi, xxvii ; J. F. Dillon, 3funi- 
cipal Corporations, I, cb. iv ; A. V. Dicey, Law of 
the Constitution, Introduction. 

Lect. 16. Constitutional conventions: Handbook, §§ 36, 99; 
Guide, § 154; J. A. Jameson, Constitutional Con- 
ventions / Liberty Docum,ents, ch. xvii ; Comm,on- 
toealth, I, App., pp. 667, 670; Contemjyoraries, III, 
§§ 60-7o ; Americun Government, chs. vii-ix. 

Lect. 17. Amendment of constitutions tbrougb legislatures: 
national; state: C. Borgeand, Adoption and Amend- 
ment of Constitutions, 3-25, 131-191; Common- 
wealthy I, cbs. xxxii, xxxvii, xxxviii; American 
Government, chs. xliii, 1, § GGl ; G. S. Boutwell, 
Constittition, chs. 1, lii-lxiv. 

Lect. 18a. Popular votes on constitutional changes: single 
amendments ; complete constitutions : C. Borgeand, 
Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions, part 



21c, 21dJ POPULAR GOVERNMENT 85 

iii, book i ; F. A. Cleveland, Groxoth of Democ- 
racy^ chs. V, ix ; E. P. Oberholzer, Referendum in 
America^ ehs. iii-vi ; Commomcealth^ I, chs. xxxii, 
XXX vii. 
Lect. I8i. Interpretation of written constitutions: principles; 
status of courts; unwritten usage: Commonicealth^ 
I, chs. xxxiii, xxxv, xxxviii. 



§ 2id. Machinery of Popular Government. 

Parallel Readings on the Group: 

Bibliography, Actual Government, chs. v-vii ; Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Brief s for Debate^ Nos. i-xi. 

Gamaliel Bradford, The Lesson of Popular Government. 

Frederick A. Cleveland, Groicth of Democracy in the United 
States, chs. x, xii. 

John R. Commons, Proportional Pepresentation. 

Thomas M. Cooley, Constitutional Dimitatio?is, ch. xvii. 

Frederick W. Dallinger, Nominations for Elective Office. 

Henry Jones Ford, Rise and Growth of Am,erican Politics^ 
chs. vii-xvii, xxiii-xxv. 

Edwin Lawrence Godkin, Problems of Modern Democracy ^ 
No. iv. 

Frank J. Goodnow, Politics and Administration. 

J. B. Harrison, Certain Dangerous Tendencies. 

Louis J. Jennings, Eighty Years of Republican Govern- 
ment, chs. vii, viii. 

W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, I, 223-304, II, 
543-560. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia of Political Science, articles on 
Assessments, Bill of Rights, Caucus (Congressional), Caucus 
System, Civil Service Reform, Disputed Elections, Gerry- 
mander, Instructions, Lobby, Nominating Conventions, Party 



86 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Government, Returning Boards, Spoils System, Tammany 
Hall. 

M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Politi- 
cal Pdrties. 

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, I, chs. x, 
xiii. 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 7. Question of limiting the suffrage: Handbook, § 100. 
No. 8. Question of popular nomination machinery: Sand- 
book, § 101. 

Lect. 19. The suffrage : history; conditions; exercise; woman 
suffrage; property qualifications: Handbook, § 100; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 1G3, 164 ; American Goc- 
ernment, ch. liv; F. A. Cleveland, Groicth of 
Democracy, ch. vi ; G. H. Haynes, Representation i?i 
State Legislatures ; R.Foster. Commentaries, %% 50- 
59 ; M. D. Naar, JLaio of Suffrage and Elections. 

Lect. 20. The ballot : methods of voting ; counting votes ; 
minority and proportional voting ; corrupt influences : 
Brookings and Ringwalt, Driefs for Debate, No. 
xviii ; J. R. Commons, Proportional Representa- 
tion ; F. J. Stimson, Methods of Bribery ; Com- 
monwealth, II, chs. Ixvi, Ixvii, xcvi; A. B. Hart, 
Practical Essays, No. ii ; D. B. Eaton, Governm,ent 
of Munici^yalities, chs. ii. ix, App. 

Lect. 21. The referendum and initiative: E. P. Oberholzer, 
Referendum in America, chs. vii-xvi ; Common- 
weidth, I, ch. xxxix; F. A. Cleveland, Growth of 
Democracy, chs. vii-x. 

Lect. 22. Parties and party organization : history of parties: 
Guide, §§ 160, 181, 201 ; J. Macy, Party History ; 
A. D. Morse, What is a Party? {Political Scietice 



21d, 21e] COMMONWEALTHS 87 

Quarterly, XI, 68-81) ; A. D. Morse, Pnlitical Par- 
ties (in preparation) ; Commoyiioealth, II, chs. liii- 
Ivi; Contemporaries, III, § 83, IV, § 197; H. C. 
Lodge, Historical and Political Essays, 198-213; 
H. J. Ford, American Politics, chs. vii, xxiii-xxv ; 

F. J. Goodnow, Politics and Administration, chs. 
ii, iii, ix. 

Lect. 23. Nominating machinery : conventions and caucuses : 
Handbook, § 101 ; F. W. Dallinger, N'ominations for 
Elective Office; (Jotnmonwealth, II, chs. Ixix-lxxiii; 

G. W. Lawton, Caucus System ; F. W. Whitridge, 
Caucus System ; National Conference for Good 
City Government, Proceedings, 1901, pp. 187-207. 

Lect. 24. The machine, the ring, and the boss: rise; system; 
pOt<^ers ; remedies : Commonwealth, II, chs. Ivii, 
Ix-lxiv, Ixviii, Ixxiv, Ixxv, Lxxxviii, Ixxxix ; G. 
Myers, History of Tammany Hall ; F. J. Goodnow, 
Politics and Admiiiistration, ch. viii; Contempo- 
raries, III, § 88, IV, § 202 ; T. Roosevelt, American 
Ideals, No. vi ; D. B. Eaton, Government of Muni- 
cipcdities, clis. iv-vi. 

§ 2ie. Government of the Commonwealths. 

Parallel Readings on the Group : 

Bibliography, Actual Government^ chs, viii-xi. 

S. E. Baldwin, Modern Political Institutions, chs. iii-ix, xi. 

William O. Bateman, Politiccd and Constitutioncd Laic, 
§§ 186-193, 253-265, 283-285. 

Henry Campbell Black, Handbook of Constitutional Laic, 
chs. xi-xiii. 

John W. Burgess, American Commomoealths {Political 
Science Quarterly, I, 9-35). 

Commomcealth, T, chs. xl-xlvi, App., p. 711. 



88 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§ 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitn- 
tional LaxL\ clis. x, xi. 

Lawrence B. Evans (editor). Handbooks of American 
Government. — Monographs on government of individual 
States. 

F. J. GoodnoAv, Comj^arative Administratire Laic, I, books 
ii, iii. 

Henry Hitchcock, American State Constitutions: A Study 
of their Growth. 

H. Von Hoist, Constitutional JLaic, 79-83, 80, 90. 

J. Franklin Jameson, An Introduction to the Study of the 
Constitutional and Political History of the States (Johns 
Hopkins University, Studies, IV, No. 5). 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, articles on 
Assembly, Judiciary (Elective), Nullification, Keconstruction, 
Secession, State Sovereignty, States (Constitutional and Legal 
Diversities). 

James Schouler, Constitutional Sticdies, 203-308. 

Francis Newton Thorpe, A Constitutional History of the 
American. People. 

William F. "Willoughby, State Activities and Politics (Amer. 
Hist. Assoc, Papers, V, 113). 

Woodrow Wilson, The State, §§ 1087-1208. 

Weekly Papers ix the Group: 

No. 9. How to secure good legislation : Handbook, § 102. 

No. 10. Question of executive boards : Handbook, § 103. 

Lect. 25. Colonial govornment as a precedent: Handbook, § 
33 ; Guide, §§ 146, 147 ; Contemporaries, II, §§ 45- 
74; A. B. Hart, Source-Book, §§ 48-51; E. B. 
Greene, Provincial Governor ; J. S. Landon, Con- 
stitutional History, chs. i-iv ; F. N. Thorpe, Con- 
stltutional Histori/ of t/w American People, I, chs. 



21e] COMMONWEALTHS 89 

i, ii; J. Schouler, Constitutional Studies, part i; 
W. Wilson, The State, §§ 1042-1056; P. L. Kaye, 
Colonial Executive prior to the Restoration (Johns 
Hopkins University, Studies, XVIII, No. 5-6) ; H. 
L. Obgood, in Political Science Quarterlt/, II, 440, 
VI, 1, 201, XI, 259, 502, 694, XIY, 251, and in 
American Historical Revieto, II, 644, III, 31. 

Lect. 26. States in tlio Union: admission; privileges; duties; 
interstate obligations: HandbooA; §§ 34, 50, 61; 
D. F. Houston, Nullification ; W. A. Dunning, 
Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, 63- 
135, 304-352; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 145-157; 
American, Government, chs. xl-xlii, xlix ; Common- 
wealth, I, chs. ii, xxviii, xxxvi, xliv, xlv, xlvi ; G. 
S. Boutwell, Constitution, chs. xxix-xxxi, xliii, 
xlv, xlvi, xlix, Ix; J. Schouler, Constitutional 
Studies, part ii, ch. x ; J. Ordronaux, Constitutional 
Legislation, ch. iii ; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, I, 
chs. v, vii; J. C. Hurd, Theory of Our National 
Existence; R. C. Hurd, Habeas Cor2ncs, book iii; 
T. Farrar, Manual of the Constitution, chs. xxix, 
xxx; L.J.Jennings, Eighty Years of Republican 
Government, ch. ii; G. H, Alden, Forming and 
Admitting Neio States (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., A7i' 
nals, XVIII, 469-479). 

Lect. 27. State legislatures and legislation: Handbook, § 
102 ; T. Roosevelt, Essays on Practical Rolitics, 
No. 1, or American Ideals, No. v; M. Storey, A 
Year of State Legislation ; F. A. Cleveland, Growth 
of Democracy, chs. xiii, xiv ; Commonwealth, I, chs. 
xl, xliii; University of New York, Stute Library 
JSidletins ; Contemporaries, IV, § 198; J. Ordro- 
naux, Constitutio)ial Legislation, ch. x; S. N. Pat- 



90 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

ten, Decay of State and Loral Governments (Amer. 
Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, I, 2()-42). 

Lect. 28. The State governor: E. B. Greene, Provincial 
Governor ; F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Adminis- 
trative Lau\ I, 74-82. 

Leot. 29. The State executive : departments ; boards ; officials ; 
control: Handbook, ^ 103; F. J. Goodnow, Com- 
parative Administrative Law, I, 102-106, 134-137, 
146-161, TT, 1-100; Commonwealth, I, ch. xli ; 
J. A. Fairlie, Centralization of Administration in 
New York State; R. H. Whitten, Public Adminis- 
tration i» 3fassachasetts. 

Lect. 30. The State judiciary : bar and bench ; relation to 
statutes ; relation to appeal ; courts ; lynch law : 
T. M. Cooley and others, Constitational History of 
the United States, ch. v; A. L. Lowell, Bssays on 
Government, No. iii ; Commonwealth, L ch. xlii, II, 
chs. ci, '^ii ; S. E. Baldwin, Jlodern Political Lnstitu- 
tions, ch. vii; J. F. Dillon, Jfunicijnil Corporatioi}s, 
II, chs. xx-xxiii; A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in 
America, 1, chs. vi, vii. 



§ 2if. Government of the Localities. 

Paralt Kt Rkadings on the Group : 

Bibliography, Acfuid Government, chs. xii-xiv ; 3Iunicipal 
Afairs. V, No. i (March, 11)01). 

America)) Government , ch. Iv. 

Commonwealth, T, chs. xlviii-lii. 

Alfred R. Conkling, City Gover)iment in the United States. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitu- 
tional Law, ch. xvii. 

Thomas M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, ch. viii. 



21e,2lf] THE LOCALITIES 91 

John F. Dillon, Commentaries on the Law of Municipal 
Corporations. 

Dorman B. Eaton, Government of Manic Ipdlities. 

John xVrchibald Fairlie, Municipal Admijiistration. 

Frank J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law^ I, 
162-233. 

Frank J. Goodnow, 3fu>iicipal Home Rule. 

Frank J. Goodnow, Municipal Problems. 

H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law.^ §§ 98-102. 

James K. Hosraer, An (jlo- Saxon Freedom., ch. xvii. 

George E. Howard, An. Introduction to the Local Constitu- 
tional History of the United States, I, 62-99, 135-238, 408- 
470. 

Johns Hopkins University, Studies in Historical and Polit- 
ical Science., passim. 

National Conference for Good City Government, Proceedings. 

Alexis de Toequeville, Denwcracy in America., I, ch. v. 

Delos F. Wilcox, The Study of City Government. 

Woodrow Wilson, The State, §§ 1209-1259. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 11. Improvement of county government: Ha)idbook, § 
104. 

No. 12. Effect of foreigners on city government: Hand- 
book, § 105. 

No. 13. Question of responsible mayoralty : Handbook., § 
106. 

Lect. 31. Colonial and early precedents : G^tide, % \A1 ; Con- 
temporaries, II, §§ 75-79; A. B. Hart, Source-Book, 
§ 52; E. Channing, Town and County Government ; 
A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, Nos. vi, vii ; J. A. 
Fairlie, Bonnujli Government ; J. A. Fairlie, Muni- 



92 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

cipal Corporations in the Colonies {Municipal Af- 
fairs^ II, 341-381) ; F. A. Cleveland, Growth of De- 
mocracy, ch. iii; G. K. Howard, Local Constitutional 
Jllstori/, I; W. Wilson, The State, §§ 1033-1040. 

Lect. 32. Towns and townships ; and the town-meeting : A. B. 
Hart, in The Nation, May 11, 1893 ; Vj. Channiug, 
Town and County Government ; CommomceaWi, I, 
ch. xlviii. 

Lect. 33. Counties and the county system: SandbooJc, § 104; 
Commonwealth, I, oh. xlix. 

Lect. 34. Mixed systems: township; county; county precinct; 
villages and boroughs ; school districts. 

Lect. 35. American cities: population; growth; problems: 
Handbook, §§ 1)4, 105; C. D. Wright, Practical 
Sociology, chs. viii, ix; A. B. Hart, Practical 
Essays, No. viii; G. E. AYaring, in N. S. Shaler, 
The United States, II, ch. v ; D. F. Wilcox, Party 
Government in Cities {Political Science Quarterly, 
XIV, 681-G98). 

Lect. 36. Legislative power in cities : charters ; councils ; 
boards; state legislatures: D. F. Wilcox, 3hoiicipal 
Government; A. R. Conkling, City Goi'ernm,ent ; 
H. C. Black, Handbook of Constitutional Laio, ch. 
xvii; National Conference for Good City Govern- 
ment, Proceedings, 1901, pp. 128-157. 

Lect. 37. Executive power in cities : mayors ; city boards ; 
State boards ; State supervision ; the police : Hand- 
book, § 106 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for 
Debate, No. xix. 

Lect. 38. Defects of city government: Commonwealth, I, 
chs. 1-lii ; N. Matthews, City Government of Bos- 
ton ; B. S. Coler, Municipal Government (N. Y.); 
D. B. Eaton, Government of Municipalities. 



2If, 21g] NATIONAL EXECUTIVE 93 

Lect. 39. Frauchises : docks; traction; question of municipal 
ownership: E. W. Bemis, Municipal Monopolies; 
J. F. Dillon, Municipal Corporations^ II, chs. xv- 
xviii. 

Lect. 40. Remedies for misgovernment in American cities : 
Report of Tilden Commission, in Municipal Affairs, 
III, 434-454; tSeth Low, Problem of Municipal 
Government / A. P. Wilder, Municipal Problem ,• 
L. S. Rowe, Municipal Government as it should 
be (National Conference for Good City Govern- 
ment, Proceedings, 1894, pp. 111-122); N. Mat- 
thews, City Government of Boston, 174-185; J. A. 
Fairlie, Municipal Administration, ch. xx. 



§ 2ig. National Executive. 

Parallel Readings on the Group: 

Bibliograph3% Actual Government, chs. xvii, xviii. 

American Government, chs. xxviii-xxxiii. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. 
xxxii-xxxv, Ixi. 

John W. liurgess, Political Science and Comparative Con- 
stitutional Law, II, 216-263, 307-319. 

Commonwealth , I, chs. v-ix. 

Alfred Conkling, The Powers of the Executive Department. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, ch. V. 

Henry Jones Ford, The Rise and Growth of American Politics, 
ch. xxii. 

Frank J. Goodnow, Comparative Administi'ative Law, I, 53- 
82, 102-105, 127-138, 146-161, II, 29-46. 

Benjamin Harrison, T7iis Country of Ours, chs. iv-xix. 

H. Von Hoist, Constittitional Law, §§ 25, 26, 55, 59, 60. 



94 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Louis J. Jennings, Eighty Tears of Republican Goveriiment, 
chs. iii, iv. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, articles on Con- 
firmation, Electoral College, Electoral Commission, Executive 
Impeachment, Removals, Resignations, Veto. 

Edward Campbell Mason, Veto Power. 

James D. Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents. 

John Randolph Tucker, The Constitution of the United States, 
II, ch. xii. 

Woodrow Wilson, 77ie State, §§ 1323-1351. 

Weekly Papers in the Group: 

No. 14. Development of the Cabinet : Handbook, § 107. 

No. 15. Needs of civil service reform : Handbook, § 108. 

Lect. 41. Historical status of the presidency: Guide, § 157; 
E. Stanwood, History of the Presidency ; A. L. Lowell, 
Essays on Government, No. ii; Commonwealth, I, chs. 
v-vii; CoiUeinporaries, III, §§ 79, 106, 162; H. C. 
Lock wood, Abolition of the Presidency. 

Lect. 42. Choice of the President : Brookings and Ringwalt, 
Briefs for Debate, No. xii; A. B. Hart, Practical 
Essays, No. iii; Commonwealth, I, ch. viii; E. Stan- 
wood, History of the Presidency. 

Lect. 43. The Cabinet : Handbook, § 107 ; Brookings and Ring- 
wait, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xv, xvi ; A. L. Lowell, 
Essays on Gorernment, No. i; Coinmonwealth, I, ch. 
X ; J. F. Jameson, Essays in Constitutional History, 
No. iii. 

Lect. 44. Executive organization and the civil service : ad- 
ministrative tribunals: Handbook, § 108; L. M. Sal- 
mon, Appointing Power; C. R. Fish, in Amer. Hist. 
Assoc, Report for 1899, I, 67 ; H. C. Lodge, His- 



2ig, 2ih] CONGRESS 95 

torical and Political Essays, 114-137; A. Coukling, 
Powers of the Executive Department. 
Lect 45. Civil service reform: Guide, § 181; Brookings . and 
Riugwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xvii ; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 81, 158, IV, § 199; A. B. Hart, 
Practical Essays, No. iv ; T. Roosevelt, American 
Ideals, No. vii. 



§ 2ih. Congress. 

Parallel Readings on the Group: 

Bibliography, Actual Govei-nment, chs. xv, xvi. 

American Government, chs. xvi-xxv. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, ch. vi. 

Commonwealth, I, chs. x-xxi. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, chs. iii, iv, §§ 15, 16. 

M. P. F'oUett, The Speaker of the House of Hepresentatives. 

Henry Jones Ford, The Rise and Growth of American Politics, 
chs. xviii-xxi. 

Benjamin Harrison, This Country of Ours, chs. ii, iii. 

II. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 20-24, 28-34. 

Clara Hannah Kerr, The Origin and Development of the United 
States Senate. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia of Political Science, articles on 
Censures, Congress (U. S.), Congress (Powers), Congress 
(Sessions), House of Representatives, Riders, Salary Grab, 
Senate. 

W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and Uherty, I, 137-167. 

A. Lawrence Lowell, Essays on Government. 

Thomas Hudson McKee, A Manual of Congressional Practice. 

John Randolph Tucker, The Constitution of the United States, 
I, 381-455. 



96 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Gorernment. 
Woodrow Wilson, The State, §§ 1273-1305, 

Weekly Pateks in the Group: 

No. 16. Choice of Senators by popular vote: Handbook., 

§ 101). 
No. 17. Defects of the committee system: Handbook, § 110. 
No. 18. lullueuees on the legislation of Congress : Handbook, 

§ 111. 

Lect. 46. Members of Congress : appointment; choice; term; 
character: Handbook, § 109; G. S. Boutwell, Consti- 
tution, ch. vi ; J. W. Burgess, Political Science, II, 
41-58, 106-130. 

Lect. 47. Characteristics and special functions of the Senate 
and of the House of Representatives : C. H. Kerr, 
United States Senate ; Coynmomvealth, I, chs. x-xiv. 

Lect. 48. The Speaker, Vice-President, and other officers : 
M. P. FoUett, The Speaker, chs, 11, 111, x, xl; A. B. 
Hart, Practical Essays, No. i. 

Lect. 49-. The committee system: Handbook, § 110; L. G. 
McConachie, Congressional Committees ; W. Wilson, 
Congressionrd Gove^-nment, chs. ii, iii ; Commonwealth, 
I, chs. xiv, XV ; M. P. Follett, The Speaker, ch. viii. 

Lect. 50. Influences on Congress : constituteuts ; the executive ; 
the press ; private interest : E. C. Mason, Congres- 
sional Demands for Information (Amer. Hist. Assoc, 
Papers, V, 367) ; F. Snow, Defence of Congressional 
Government (Amer. Hist, Assoc, Papers, IV, 309). 

Lect, 51. Congress at work: sessions; secrecy; order; par- 
liamentary practice ; obstructions : Bi'ookings and 
Rlngwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xxxii, xxxiii; H. 
C. Lodge, Historical and Political Essays, 169-197; 
A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. ix ; Commonwealth, 



21h. 21i] NATIONAL JUDICIARY 97 

I, chs. xvi-xix, App., pp. 673-681; M. P. Follett, 
The Speaker, chs. iv-vi; F. A. Cleveland, Growth of 
Democracy, ch. xiii. 

Lect. 52. Procedure of Congress and debate : A. B. Hart, 
Practical Essays, No. ix ; M. 1*. Follett, The Speaker, 
chs. vii-ix ; B. P. Poore, Perley's lieminiscences. 

Lect. 53. The legislative output of Congress: amount of 
legislation ; relation to executive ; the veto : Hand- 
book, § 111 ; E. C. Mason, Veto Power ; Commonwealth^ 
I, chs. XX, xxi. 

§ 2ii. National Judiciary. 

Parallel Headings on the Group: 

Bibliography, Actual Government, ch. xix; Handbook, §§ 43- 
45, 112, 113; Guide, §§ 157, 175, 202. 

American Government, chs. xxxiv-xxxix. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. xv, 
xxxvi-xlii. 

John W. Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Constitu- 
tional Laxo, II, 320-337. 

Hampton L. Carson, The Supreme Court. 

Commonwealth, I, chs. xxii-xxiv. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, ch. vi. 

Thomas M. Cooley and others, Constitutional History of the 
United States. 

Benjamin Harrison, This Country of Ours, chs. xx, xxi. 

H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 17-19, 43-46, 61-71. 

Judson S. Landon, The Constitutional History and Govern- 
ment of the United States, chs. xiii-xvi. 

James Bradley Thayer, Joh7i Marshall. 

John Randolph Tucker, The Constitution of the United States, 
1, ch. xiii. 



9S GOVERXMEXT LECTL'RES [§§ 

"Wostol W. Willoughby, The Siiptrme Court. 
"NVoodrow Wilsou, I'he State. H Io0(>-1322. 

Weekly Tapkhs in thk Group: 

No. 19. Administrative dtvisious : Handbook. § 11"2. 

No. '20. rriuciplos of declaring acts void: BtuidfKwk, § Ho. 

Lect. 54. Uuiteil 8t;\tes judges and judicial organization : last 
Beport of the Attornet/ Getterai ; Commoiitrealth, I, ch. 
xxii ; J. F. .lameson, Essat/s in Constitutional Bisloiyy 
No. i. 

Lect. oa. Judicial functions of the courts: cases; writs; 
special jurisdictions : T. M. Coolev, Constitutional 
Law. ch. vi ; Common trealtJi. 1, ch. xxiv. 

Lect. oG. Political fuuctions of the court*: impeachments; 
relation to the States; constitutional law; adminis- 
trative jurisdiction : Guide. ^ 175: Bandbtx^k. $§ -lo- 
45, 112: Comniontreolth, I, chs. xxiii. xxv. 

Leet. 57. Declaring statutes void: principles and instances: 
Handltook. ii 4o— 15, 1 K> ; C. M. Benneson, Potrer 
of the Cnited States Courts orer United States Statutes; 
Commontrealth. I, ch. xxxiii ; Yi.Coxc. Judicial Potrer 
and Unconstitutional Leffislation : Y. M. Coolev. Con- 
stitutional Limitations, ch. vii. 

§ 21 j. Territorial Functions in the United States. 

r.vKvi-i.r.L Kv-AinNOS on tuk liuoir: 

Bibliography, Actual Gofernmeni. chs. xx-xxii. 

American Government, chs. xxv. $$ 409—112. xli. 

Geoi\ro S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. xix, 
xlvii, xlviii. 

Poundations. ^$ 42-07. 

Fi'auklin Henry biddings, Democracjf cUtd Empire, chs. i, xvii, 
xviii. 



21i. 21j] TERRITORJAf. FIWCTIONS 99 

Albert Bushuell Hart, Epoch Maps. 

R. A. Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History. 

J. J. Lalor, Cychp<edia of Political Science, articles on 
Annexatiou, Capital (National), Ordinance of 1787, Popular 
Sovereignty, Territorial Waters, Territories. 

Townsend ]\IacCoun, Historical Atlas. 

Edward Campbell Mason, Veto Power. §§ 45-51. 

Josiah Strong, Expansion under .^etc World Conditions. 

"Weekly Pateus in the Guorp: 

No. 21. Status of territory conquered but not j'et ceded: 

Handbook, ^ \\i. 
No. 22. Status of territory ceded but not yet organized : 

Handbook, § 115. 

Lect. 58. Acquirement of territory: private landboldiug ; co- 
lonial landholding ; annexations; methods; status 
of occupied territory: Handbook, § 91; Guide, J;§ 
150, 108, li);5, lO-l; H. A. Hinsdale, How to Study 
and Teach History ; T. Koosevelt, Winning of the 
West; Foundations, eh. vi. 

Lect. 59. Boundaries: external; water boundaries; internal: 
H. Gannet, Boundaries of the C^nlted States and of the 
Several States ; B. A. Hinsdale, Bounding the Original 
United States : V. J. Turner, Western State Making 
(American Historical Jieview, I, 70, 251) ; Contempo- 
raries, HI, §jj 111, 112, 115. 

Lect. GO. Status of territories : conquests ; unorganized ; 
organized; protectorates: Handbook, §§ 69, 75. 82, 
91, Hi, 115 : Guide, §§ 150, 1G8, 194; Max Farraud, 
Legislation for the Gorernment of l^erritories ; America?! 
Histo7'y Leaflets, Nos. 22, 32 : Commonwealth, L ch. 
xlvii ; Foundations, ch. v ; C. C. Langdell and S. E. 

L.oFC. 



100 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Baldwin, in Harvard Law Review, XII, 365-416 ; Sir 
G. C. Lewis, Government of Dependencies (Lucas' 
ed.), Introduction; Amer. Acad. Pol. ^c\.. Foreign 
Policy of the United States. 

Lect. 6L National public domain : seat of government ; public 
lands ; parks ; forests ; military reservations ; sites ; 
public works ; public buildings ; irrigation : Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. Iv ; S. Sato, 
History of the Land Question ; A. B. Hart, Practical 
Essays, No. x; last Report of the Commissioner of 
Public Lands ; J. B. Varnum, Seat of Government ; 
G, W. Knight, Land Grants for Education (Amer. 
Hist. Assoc, Papers, I, 79-294); C. H. Haskins, 
Tazoo Land Companies (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, 
V, 395-437); J. C. Welling, States'-Rights Conflict 
(Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, III, 411-432) ; C. Meri- 
wether, Washington City Government {Political Science 
Quarterly, XII, 407-419). 

Lect. 62. State and local public domain : eminent domain ; 
forests ; school lands ; parks ; sites ; etc. : Reports of 
local Park Commissioners; J. Lewis, Treatise on the 
Law of Eminent Domain; T. M. Cooley, Constitu- 
tional Limitatio7is, ch. xv. 

Lect. 63. The Indians and Indian reservations : H. "Welsh, 
Lndian Question {New England Magazine, Oct., 1890) ; 
F. A. Walker, Indian Question ; last Report of Con- 
missioner of Indian Affairs. 

§ 2ik. Financial Functions in the United States. 

Parallel Readings on the Group: 

Bibliography, Actual Government, chs. xxiii, xxiv ; Handbook, 
§§ 38, 39, 116, 117 ; Guide, §§ 151, 158, 174, 182-185, 195, 211 ; 
Charles J. Bullock, Essays on the Monetary History of the United 



21j, 21k] FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS 101 

States, 275-288 ; Bogart and Rawles, Trial Bibliography in the 
Financial Histoi-y of the United States. 

Henry Carter Adams, The Science of Finance. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, cbs. vii, 
viii, xxiv, xxv, xxix, xxxi. 

Commomvealth, I, chs. xvii, xlii. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, eh. iv, § 1. 

Winthrop More Daniels, The Elements of Public Finance. 

Davis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States. 

Richard T. Ely, Taxation in American States and Cities. 

J. I. Clark Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, lects. 
xv-xvii. 

II. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laio, §§ o5-37, 96. 

John Watts Kearney, Sketch of American Finances. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia of Political Science, articles on Cities, 
Debts, Deposits, Income Tax, Independent Treasur}', Internal 
Revenue, IMunieipal Bonds, Refunding, Repudiation, United 
States Notes (two articles), United States Surplus, Whiskey 
Ring. 

Edward Campbell Mason, Veto Power, §§ 18-20, 35, 52-81. 

National Conference for Good City Government, Proceedings, 
1899, pp. 99-161, 1900, pp. 239-256. 

Alexander D. Noyes, TJiirty Tears of American Finance. 

John Randolph Tucker, The Constitution of the United States, 
I, 455-518. 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 23. Difficulties in assessing personal taxes : Handbook, 

§ IIG. 
No. 24. Difficulties of tariff administration : Handbook, § 117. 

Lect. 64. Sources of State and local revenue : land ; poll ; per- 
sonal ; license ; excise fees ; etc. : Brookings and 



102 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xlv, xlvi ; E. R. A. 
Seligman, Essays in Taxation^ and Shifting and Inci- 
dence of Taxation^ part ii ; W. H. Jones, Federal Taxes 
and State Expenses; M. West, Inheritance Tax; 
D. F. Wilcox, City Government, 52-64 ; T. K. Urdahl, 
Fee System in the United States / R. T. Ely, Taxa- 
tion in American States and Cities ; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Limitations, ch. xiv ; N. Matthews, 
Double Taxation of Mortgaged Real Estate ( Quar. Jour. 
ofEcon.^lY, 339-345). 

Lect. 65. Apportionment of taxes : assessment ; collection : 
Handbook, §116; E. R. A. Seligman, Essays in Tax- 
ation ; V. Rose water, Special Assessments ; Francis 
Walker, Double Taxation ; J. F. Dillon, Municipal 
Corporations, II, ch. xix ; T. M. Cooley, Law of 
Taxation ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 
ch. xiv. 

Lect. 66. The Federal tariff and its administration : Handbook^ 
§117; Guide, §§ 158, 174, 183 ; Brookings and Ring- 
wait, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xxxvii-xliv ; F. W. Taus- 
sig, Tariff History ; J. D. Goss, Tariff Administration ; 
W. Hill, Colonial Tariffs (Quar. Jour, of Econ., VII, 
78-100) ; M. E. Kelley, Tariff Acts under the Confed- 
eration (Quar. Jour, of Econ., II, 473-481) ; W. Hill, 
First Stages of the Tariff Policy ; Contemporaries, III, 
§§ 49, 50, 78, 130, IV, §§ 164, 166 ; O. L. Elliott, 
Tariff Controversy. 

Lect. 67. Direct taxes; excise and other internal revenue 
taxes, and their administration : F. C. Howe, Ihxa- 
tion in the United States under the Internal Revenue 
System ; C. F. Dunbar, Direct Tax, Income Tax 
{Quar. Jour, of Econ., Ill, 436-461, IX, 26-46); 
J. A. Hill, Civil War Income Tax (Quar. Jour, of 



21k, 211] FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL 103 

Eeon., VIII, 416-452, 491-498); C. J. Bullock, 
Direct Taxes under the Constitution {Political Science 
Quarterly, XV, 217-239, 452-481); F. L. Olmstead, 
Tobacco Tax (Quar. Jour, of Econ.,\ , 193-219, 262). 

Lect, &S. Budgets ; appropriations ; expenditures ; public ac- 
counts: C. J. Bullock, Finances of the United /States, 
part ii, chs. ii, iii ; F. J. Goodnow, Comparative 
Administrative Law, II, 275-295 ; National Confer- 
ence for Good City Government, Proceedings, 1901, 
pp. 248-314; J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration, 
chs. xiii, XV, xvi; J. H. Hollander, Studies in State 
Taxation (Johns Hopkins University, Studies, XVIII, 
No. 1-4) ; R. Ogden, Rationale of Congressional Ex- 
travagance ( Yale Review, VI, 37-49) ; D. Kinley, 
Independent Treasury ; H. C. Bannard, Oleomargarine 
Law {Political Science Quarterly, II, 545) ; H. C. 
Adams, Science of Finance, part i, book ii ; E. I. 
Eenick and N. H. Thompson, National Expenditures 
{Political Science Quarterly, VI, 248, VII, 468). 

Lect. 69. State, local, and national debts : H. C. Adams, Public 
Debts ; W. A. Scott, Repudiation of State Debts ; 
J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration, ch. xiv. 

§ 2il. Commercial Functions in the United States. 

Parallel Readings on the Group : 

Bibliography, Actual Government, ch. xxv ; Handbook, §§ 35, 
38, 44, 45, &Q,, 67, 71, 76, 77, 92, 118, 119 ; Guide, §§ 133, 153, 
158, 170, 171, 174, 195. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. ix, 
xi-xiv, xxi, xxvi. xxviii. 

Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy , chs. ix-xiii. 

Thomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, ch. iv, §§ 2, 4-10. 



104 Govi:R^^^fEyT lectures [§ 

J. I. Clark Hare, Constitutional Lau\ I, lects. xxi-xxiii. 

J. J. Lalor. Cyclopcedia of Political Science, articles on Cor- 
porations (Law of), Embargo (U. S.), Emigration and Immi- 
gration, Internal Improvements. 

William Draper Lewis, Federal Power over Commerce. 

William Z. Kipley, American Transportation Problems (in 
preparatiou\ 

H. Von Hoist, Constitational Law, §1? 38-42, 79. 

Weekly TArKKs in the Grout: 

No. '2o. City ownership of traction lines : HandbooJc, § 118. 

No. '26. Limitation of iumngration : Handbook, § 119. 

Lect. 70. Commercial organization : individuals ; corporate 
concerns ; corporations ; trusts ; syndicates ; interna- 
tional agencies ; Wall Street ; doctrine of contracts : 
Brookings and Riugwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. li ; 
Commonwealth, II, ch. civ; Contemjwraries. IV, §§ 
1G2-1G7; H. C. Emery, Speculation on the Stock and 
Produce E.vchanges ; R. T. Ely, Monopolies and Trusts; 
J. B. Clark, Control of Trusts : J. P. Davis, Mature of 
Corporations {Politiccd Science Quarterly, XII, 273- 
294); C. F. Adams, in N. S. Sbaler, The United 
States, II. ch. iv ; J. W. Jenks, Trust Problem : H. D. 
Lloyd, Wealth aijainst Commonwealth ; W. ]\I. Collier, 
The Trusts ; C. F. Randolph. Federal Trust Legisla- 
tion {Political Science Quarterli/. XII, 622-665): G. K. 
Holmes, State Control of Corporations {Political Science 
Quarterly, V, 411); American Academy of Political 
and Social Science, Corporations and Public Welfare. 

Lect. 71. Circulating media : coinage ; currency ; legal tenders ; 
couunercial paper: Brookings and Riugwalt, Briefs 
for Debate, Nos. xxxiv, xxxv ; last Report of the 
Secretary of the Treasury and last Report of the 



211] COMMERCIAL 105 

Register; W. G. Sumner, American Currency; Con- 
temporaries, TV, §§ 168-172; C. J. 'RnWook, Mone- 
tary History, 79-124; J. J. Knox, United States 
Notes ; H. White, Money and Banking ; D. K. 
Watson, History of American Coinage. 

Lect. 72. Banks : national ; State owned ; State chartered ; 
private; syndicates: HanclbooJc, § 38; Guide, ^ Ibd ; 
Brookings and Kingwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. 
xxxvi ; J. J. Knox, History of Banking ; last Report 
of the Comptroller of the Currency ; Contemporaries, 
III, § 132; C. F. Dnnbar, Rationed Banking System 
{Quar. Jour, of Econ., XII, 1-26); C. A. Conant, 
History of Modern Banks of Issxie, chs. xiii-xv ; W. 
G. Sumner, History of Banking in the United Stcdes; 
F. A. Walker, Political Economy (3d ed.), 433-462. 

Lect. 73. Land transportation : railroads; roads; State owned 
railroads ; intramural ; government regulation ; In- 
terstate Commerce Commission: Guide, ^§ 174, 
175 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, 
Nos. xlvii, lii ; W. Z. Ripley, Transportation (iu 
preparation) ; last Report of the Interstate Commerce 
Commission; E. W. Bemis, MunicipMl Monopolies, 
ch. vii ; E. R. A. Seligman, Railway Tariff and the 
Interstate Commerce Law (Politiccd Science Quarterly, 
II, 223-264, 369-413); Commonwealth, II, ch. eiii ; 
F. H. Dixon, State Railroad Control ; T. M. and C. 
H. Cooley, in N. S. Shaler, The United States, II, 
ch. ii ; A. T. Hadley, Railroad Transportation, chs. 
ii-vii ; Industrial Commission and Transportation, 
Report, IV, 1-32 ; J. P. Davis, Union Pacific Rail- 
2vay (Amer. Acad. Pol. Hcl, Annals, VIII, 259-303). 

Lect. 74. Water transportation : canals ; rivers ; external navi- 
gation ; government regulations : last Report of the 



106 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Commissioner of Navigation ; W. Z. Riplej', Trans- 
portation (in preparation) ; J. D. J. Kelley, Question 
of Ships ; J. R. Soley, in N. S. Slialer, The United 
States, I, cli. X. 

Lect. 75. Encouragement of transportation : internal im- 
provements ; bounties ; subsidies ; public owner- 
ship : Handbook, § 118; Guide, §§ 167, 174, 179, 
185, 195 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for De- 
bate, Nos. xl, xli ; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, 
No. x; last Report of the Chief of Engineers ; W. Z. 
Ripley, Transjwrtation (in preparation) ; Contempo- 
raries, III, 131, 165-168; PI R. Jolnison, River and 
Harbor Bills, Inland Waterways (Amer. Acad. Pol. 
Sci., Antials, II, 782-812, SuppL, Sept., 1893) ; C. N. 
Morris, Internal Improvements in Ohio, 1825-1850 
(Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, HI, 351-380). 

Lect. 76. Transportation of intelligence: post office; telegraph; 
telephone : last Report of Postmaster General. 

Lect. 77. Movement of persons: immigration: Handbook, § 
119 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. 
xxvi-xxviii; R. Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Immi- 
gration ; last Report of Commissioner of Immigration. 

Lect. 78a. Conveniences of commerce : patents ; copyright ; 
weights and measures ; bankruptcy : J. Story, Com- 
mentaries, §§ 1105-1115, 1122, 1151-1155; S. W. 
Dunscomb, Bankruptcy. 

Lect. 786. Regulation of labor : Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs 
for Debate, Nos. Ivii-lxv; C. D. Wright, Practical 
Sociology, part v ; C. D. Wright, Industrial Evolution ; 
C. B. Spahr, America's Working People; D. A. Weils, 
Recent Economic Changes, chs. ix, x; W. F. Wil- 
loughby, State Activities in Relation to Labor (Johns 
Hopkins University, Studies, XIX, No. 4-5). 



211,21m] FOREIGN AND MILITARY 107 

§ 2im. Foreign and Military Powers. 

Parallel Readinc^s on the Group: 

Bibliography, Actual Government, chs. xxvi, xxvii ; Hand- 
hook, §§ 12, 20, 71, 72, 81, 87, 89, 92; Guide, §§ 153, 162, 
168-173, 178, 189, 192-194, 212; Foundations, cb. viii. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. 
xvi-xviii, xxx, xxxiv. 

Tbomas M. Cooley, The General Principles of Constitutional 
Law, ch, iv, § 12. 

H. Vou Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 47-50, 56-58. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, articles on Army, 
Drafts, Military Commissions, Navy, Treaties (Fishery), 
Treaties (U. S.). 

John Bassett Moore, American Foreign Policy (in prejiuration). 

Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of 
Commerce. 

Weeklt Papers in the Group : 

No. 27. Status of consuls : Handbook, § 120. 

No. 28. The pension system : Handbook, § 121. 

Lect. 79. Principles of American foreign policy : Handbook, 
§§ 72, 89, 92 ; Commonwealth, II, chs. xciv, cxii; Con- 
temporaries, IV, §§ 173-179, 192-196; Foundations. 

Lect. 80. Diplomatic representatives : correspondence and 
negotiations : Handbook, § 20 ; last Report of the 
Secretary of State. 

Lect. 81. Treaty power: Handbook, §§ 81, 120; F. Wharton, 
Commentaries, §§ 155-161, 383, 505, 506. 

Lect. 82. The army and militia in time of peace : education of 
oflicers ; recruiting ; pay ; discipline ; use : last Report 
of the Secretary of War ; T. A. Dodge, in N. S. 



108 GOVERNMENT LECTURES [§§ 

Shaler, The United States, I, cli. xi ; L. D. Ingersoll, 
War Department. 

Lect. 83. The navy: education of officers; recruiting; pay; 
discipline ; use : E. S. Maclay, United States Navy ; 
last Report of the Secretary of the Navy ; T. Roose- 
velt, Strenuous Life, 167-188; T. Roosevelt, Amer- 
ican Ideals, No. xii. 

Lect. 84. Declaring war and carrying on war: W. Whiting, 
War Powers under the Constitution ; W. A. Dunning, 
Essays on the Cioil War and Reconstruction, 1-62. 

Lect. 85. Military and naval pensions : Handbook, § 121 ; 
W. H. Glasson, Military Pension Legislation; E. H. 
Hall, Indignity to our Citizen Soldiers. 

§ 2in. General Welfare and Police Powers. 

Parallel Readix(;s on the Group : 

Bibliography, Actual Government, cli. xxix ; Handbook, §§ 38, 
44, 122, 123; Boston Public Library, List of Books on Public 
Reform ; C. D. Wright, Practical Sociology, pp. ix-xvi. 

George S. Boutwell, Constitution of the United States, chs. xx. 

J. H. Crooker, Problems in American Society. 

John Archibald Fairlie, Mimicipal Administration, chs. viii- 
xii. 

J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, articles on Insur- 
rection, Mormons, Police Power of a State, Prohibition. 

Milo U. Maltbie, Municipal Functions (^Municipal Affairs, II, 
581-787). 

Delos F. Wilcox, The Study of City Government, 24-52, 93- 
101. 

Carroll D. Wright, Outline of Practical Sociology, parts iii, iv, 
vi-viii. 

Charles Zueblin, American Municipal Progress. 



21m, 21n] GENERAL WELFARE 109 

Weekly Papers in the Group : 

No. 29. Best regulation of the liquor traffic : Handbook^ § 122. 

No. 30. Injunctions against rioters: Handbook, § 123. 

Lect. 86. Public health and morals : quarantine ; practice of 
medicine; boards of health; police; hospitals; police 
regulations : Brookings and Riugwalt, Briefs for 
Debate, Nos. Ivi, Ivii ; A. G. Warner, American 
Charities ; W. H. Allen, National Board of Health 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XV, 51-68). 

Lect. 87. Police protection ; crime and punishment ; liquor 
question : Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, 
Nos. Ixvi, Ixvii; F. H. Wines and J. Koren, Liquor 
Problem in its Legislative Aspects ; J. Koren, Economic 
Aspects of the Liquor Problem. ; S. E. Sparling, State 
Boards of Control (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, 
XVII, 74-91) ; F. H. Wines, Punishment and Refor- 
mation ; T. Roosevelt, American Ideals, No. viii. 

Lect. 88. Public charity : care of the delinquent and defective ; 
poor relief: \2iBX> Proceedings of the National Conference 
of Associated Charities and Correction ; J. H. Crooker, 
Problems in American Society, ch. ii ; J. A. Riis, Chil- 
dren of the Poor ; A. G. Warner, American Charities. 

Lect. 89. State industries and regulation of private occupa- 
tions : Handbook, § 122 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, 
Briefs for Debate, Nos. xlvii-1 ; A. T. Hadley, Gov- 
ernment Administration of Industrial Enterprise (Yale 
Review, IV, 398-408). 

Lect. 90. Public order : obedience ; resistance ; riot ; insurrec- 
tion; ultimate defence of organized society: Hand- 
book, § 123 ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for 
Debate, No. Ixxv; F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Ad- 
ministrative Law, II, 119-129; J. I. C. Hare, Con- 
stitutional Law, I, ch. xli. 



Pakt IV 
PARALLEL READINGS 

§ 22. Requirement of Reading. 

In all the courses it is assumed that the student is doing 
regular and systematic reading ; no one can expect in any 
other way to follow the lectures, to profit by the courses, or to 
pass the examinations. The careful reading of the text-books 
{Handbook, § 9) is obligatory, and considerable parts of the 
essential reference books (Handbook, § 10) will be necessary. 
Beyond, there is no requirement as to the manner in which the 
reading shall be done, and either of three ways will be accept- 
able : (1) The student may choose books at his discretion and 
read them according to his judgment (Handbook, § 23) ; (2) he 
may choose groups out of the "general readings " given in the 
Guide, § 56, and elsewhere {Handbook, § 24) ; (3) if he desire 
to keep more closely within the limits of the course, he may 
read one or more references under each topic as it is taken up 
in the lectures {Handbook, § 25). 

For the ordinary student it may be found most convenient 
to use the lists of general readings printed in the Guide, § 56. 
It must be understood that the system lacks the advantage 
gained by search in books to find passages useful for immediate 
purposes. Such reading must, therefore, be supplemented by 
other parts of the work which give distinct training in the 
selection of material, especially the weekly papers and the 
special reports. Many students have the commendable habit 
of keeping ahead of the lectures with their reading, so that 

110 



[§§22-24] REQUIREMENT OF READING 111 

they may have a basis of fact upon which to apply the lectures 
as they are delivered. But for the student who desires to 
keep a complete and consecutive abstract of his work it will 
probably be found most couvenient to take notes on the 
lectures in a systematic form, leaving space to be filled in 
with an abstract from later collateral reading. 

The system of reading recommended by the instructor is a 
combination of the three methods described below : a few brief 
books should be read entire, — the text-books, considerable 
parts of the Contemporaries^ some of the American Statesmen 
series, and Edward Stanwood, History of the Presidency, will 
answer ; then the general readings may be used, and the student 
may go to special references in the Guide for important and 
difficul points. 

§ 23. Consecutive Readings. 

For the students who are willing to give most time to the 
course, perhaps the best method of reading is simply to follow 
out the standard books which most interest them, reading 
one after another, and comparing them with each other and 
with the lectures. The books recommended in the special 
collections {Handbook, §§ 11-13) are the best for such a prin- 
ciple. The student should not fail to use contemporary narra- 
tives. In using this method, which will be most useful in 
Government 12, special attention should be given to the topics 
upon which the student finds himself most uncertain or ignorant 
when they are touched upon in the lectures. 

§ 24. General Readings. 

The difficulty of getting the certain use of a large number 
of books by considerable bodies of students is such that another 
method of keeping abreast of the courses has been devised, 
— that of "general readings." Several lectures are thrown 



112 PARALLEL READINGS [§§ 

together into a period, and for each period is arranged a series 
of groups of associated books. 

For History 13 special provision has been made for this 
kind of work, by the preparation, in the Chtide, § 56, of a series 
of blocks of readings under each of the main topics of the 
course. Any one of these blocks is therefore sufficient on its 
topics, and the choice involves the use of a variety of books. 
Groups are roughly arranged in an order of preference, but 
there is very little difference in the value of the first half- 
dozen under each period. It will be well to use the books in 
the order in which they are printed in the groups, and so to 
choose them in successive periods as to bring into use a number 
of volumes. The system is adapted to the special collections 
{Hiindbooh^ §§ 11-13). At the head of each group of lectures 
in the list for History 13 {Handbook, § 19) will be found a few 
selected parallel readings. 

For History 14 no set of grouped readings has as yet been 
prepared, except in the List of Lectures {Handbook, § 20). 

For Government 12 readings can be made up from the 
chapter bibliographies in A. B. Hart, Actual Government, and 
from the parallel readings in the List of Lectures {Handbook, 
§ 21). A different list of general readings in government was 
printed in A. B. Hart, Kevised /Suggestions, § 33. 

§ 25. Topical Readings. 

Many students prefer to read specific references on the 
topics which come up in the lectures. To this end for History 
13 there will be found arranged in the Guide, §§ 144-214, a 
series of topics, most of which will be taken up in the lectures, 
although many points will there be discussed which are not 
directly included in any of these topics. An excellent way of 
following the course is after each lecture to read up one or more 
of the references under each topic which has been discussed. 



24,25] GENERAL AND TOPICAL 113 

The references in each section are loosely arranged in the 
order of preference, but all that are inserted have a value. 
The topical readings are most valuable to students who can 
easily hold the thread of the narrative in their minds. A par- 
ticular advantage of the system is that it introduces the student 
to a large number of books. After many of the lectures in the 
list {Handbook, § 19) will be found specific references. 

For HisTOKY 14 some topical references have been provided 
in the List of Lectures {Handbook, § 20), and further sugges- 
tions as to helpful materials will be made in the lectures. 

For Government 12 topical references will be found in the 
List of Lectures {Handbook, § 21). 



Part V 
WEEKLY PAPERS 

§ 26. Purpose of the Exercise. 

The -weekly papers are brief written answers to questions 
put upon tlie board, the exercise to come in the last fifteen 
minutes of the lecture hour. In the list of lectures intended 
respectively for Histouy 13 (Handbook, § 19), for History 14 
(Handbook, § 20), and for Govkunmknt 12 (Handbook, § 21), 
will be found stated in each group of lectures some general 
subjects connected with those lectures. I'l-on these subjects 
students are expected to read, so as to be prepared to form 
and express in writing, an opinion with reference to some 
minor point which might arise under the general subject. 
Thus, under the (piestion of the methods of annexing territory 
to the United States, the jiaper might ask for a discussion of 
the (juestion whether Cu])a could be annexed by joint resolu- 
tion witliout the consent of the Cuban government; under the 
general question of the Jay treaty might fairly come a ques- 
tion whether Jay could have got a better treaty ; under the 
general subject of implied powers might be asked the question 
whether the United States could constitutionally charter a 
government university. 

The purpose of the system is, therefore, to train students in 
applying what they have already learned to the formation of a 
judgment on a specific question which they have never before 
considered. This is believed to be one of the most important 
parts of the courses ; and a student who, for any reason, fails 

114 



ISS -'•■>, -^7] PURPOSE OF WEEKLY PAPERS 115 

to hand in or make up fourteen out of the fifteen papers re- 
quired in each half-year, may be considered not to have fur- 
nished the evidence that he is pursuing the course in a 
systematic manner. 

The general subjects under which questions are to be set 
in each course are enumerated in JIandbook, §§ 32-123, and 
under each will be found some specimen questions, to show the 
scope and extent of the work. 

All the papers will be read and corrected by a competent 
critic (instructor or assistant), and returned to the writer with 
written criticisms. The returned papers will be found in the 
appointed boxes, commonly at the second exercise after the}' 
are written. Stated conference hours will be held, at which 
students may discuss their paper work. To facilitate the 
liandling of the papers, students will be expected to write 
them on the uniform blanks, furnished to the classes. 



§ 27. Preparation for the Papers. 

Since the weekly papers are the part of the course whicli 
calls for most individual thought and judgment, students are 
usually interested to come to them with suitable prepara- 
tion. Two things are necessary in order to write a good 
paper: the student must carry in his mind the general principles 
which he has acquired up to that point of tiie course ; and he 
must have read and thought intelligently on the subject under 
which the question is to be asked. For the latter purpose, a 
special set of references is provided on thirty general subjects 
in each of the three courses (JIandbook, §§ 32-123). 

Particular stress is laid upon the "sources," and especially 
the "cases." The use of such material is excellent prelimi- 
nary practice in the work of the lawyer, legislator, and puljlicist ; 
and the judgments formed upon sources are more likely to be 



116 WEEKLY PAPERS [§§ 

original and pertinent. The reading done by way of prepara- 
tion for the weekly papers will be found a valuable part of the 
general preparation for the courses. 

On some questions the references to the History 13 ques- 
tions {Handbook^ §§ 32-61) will be found serviceable in ques- 
tions on government, and vice versa. 



§ 28. Special Directions for the Weekly Papers in 
History 13. 

Papers will regularly be called for in the last fifteen minutes 
of the Saturday exercise. Occasionally a paper will be post- 
poned, and two papers called for at the next Saturday exercise ; 
in that case they will take the place of the lecture. The ques- 
tions, several in number, so as to allow an option, will be dis- 
tributed in print. 

It will be noticed that the topics included in the list do not 
cover the whole field of constitutional law or government; 
they are selected on account of their connection with the nar- 
rative lectures and history. For instance, the paper on implied 
powers will come into the course just after an account of the 
creation of the first United States Bank ; and the paper on 
secession after a discussion of the crisis of 1860-1861. 

In answering the constitutional questions students are allowed 
to have before them the text of the Constitution, and they are 
expected to refer to all the clauses of the Constitution which 
seem to them applicable to the specific question which they 
are discussing. For this purpose the text of the Constitu- 
tion in the American JERstory Leaflets., No. 8, will be found 
convenient. They are expected, also, to apply whatever 
general principles they may have acquired in the course, 
as to the powers and limitations of the national and State 
governments. 



27-31] SPECIAL DIRECTIONS 117 

§ 29. Special Directions for the Weekly Papers in 
History 14. 

In this advanced course attention can be given not only to 
questions of the application of international law, but also to 
questions relating to negotiations, and to some disputed points 
and issues. Saturday will be the normal paper day. 

§ 30. Special Directions for the Weekly Papers in 
Government 12. 

As the course is not one in constitutional law, but in the 
practice of government, the subjects for weekly papers will 
commonly be discussions of political and governmental 
methods. Saturday will be the regular paper day. 



§ 31. Materials for Weekly Papers in History 13. 

Thorough, intelligent, and systematic reading is necessary 
for success in the papers. To this end have been provided the 
sets of references on each of the thirty questions printed in 
Handbook, §§ 32-61. In History 13 about one-fourth of the 
weekly papers are on other than constitutional questions ; and 
for such papers reference is made chiefly to the usual secondary 
books, and to easily accessible sources. 

Most of the books will be found in the "Government" 
alcove in the Reading Room of the Library ; or in the " History 
13" reserved library; some of them in the Evans Library. 
Throughout the list below, the best books are marked with an 
asterisk (*). In preparing for the papers it is always well to 
read two contrasting views on contested questions. 

For the constitutional subjects more elaborate classified 
references will be provided. There are two points of view for 
every question of statecraft in United States history : first, the 
circumstances which surrounded and influenced an event; 



118 WEEKLY PAPERS [§§ 

second, the underlying principles of government involved. 
Hence there are two groups of authorities of about equal 
importance, — the nan-ative history and the treatise. 

§ 31a. List of Historical Discussions. 

In IIisTOiiv 13 the historical discussions serve as a connection 
between the narrative part of the course and the constitutional 
questions, especially those included in the weekly papers ; but 
such discussions need to be supplemented ])y study of the 
sources, in particular of cases. 

Lists of the principal secondary works on United States 
history will be found in the Guide, §§ 20, 25 ; another list of 
works on American history in Theodore Clarke Smith, General 
Index to the American ^Statesmen Series. The following authors 
are the most significant for their discussion of constitutional 
questions. They may all be found in the reserved books in 
United States history, and many of them are also in the Evans 
Library. 

* Henry Adams, History of the United States of America 
during the Adminidralions of Jeffersdn and Madison (9 vols., 
N. Y., 1889-1891). — Admirable for students of political 
conditions. 

John William Burgess, The Middle Period, 1817-1858 (N. Y., 
1897). 

* George Ticknor Curtis, Constitutional History of the United 
States from their Declaration of Index>endence to the Close of 
their Civil War (2 vols., N. Y., 1889-1896). — A learned and 
luminous work, very serviceable on many constitutional ques- 
tions. Vol. I. is a reprint of the author's two-volume History^ 
of the Constitution (N. Y., 1854-18r)8). 

Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov- 
ernment (2 vols., N. Y., 1881). — A defense of the right of 
secession. 



31,31a] HISTORICAL DISCUSSIONS 119 

Richard Frotliingham, The i^/.se of the Republic of the United 
States (otli eel., Boston, 1890^. — A careful account of the 
origin of our government. 

John Paucoast Gordy, A HiMory of Political Parties in the 
United States (1 vol. published, to 1809, rev. ed., N. Y., 1900). 

— Chiefly political and diplomatic. 

* Hermann Eduard Von Hoist, The Constitutional and Politi- 
cal History of the United States (7 vols, and an index vol., 
Chicago, 1877-1892). — Very full discussions of many consti- 
tutional questions. 

* Judson Stuart Landon, The Const itutioyial History and 
Government of the United States (rev. ed., Boston, 1900). — 
A good single volume in the development of American 
government. 

John Bach McMaster, A History of the People of the 
United States from the Revolution to the Civil War (5 vols, to 
1900, N. Y., 1883-). — Not much discussion of constitutional 
points. 

* James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the 
Compromise of 1850 (4 vols, published to 1899, N. Y., 1893-). 

— Admirable for questions of slavery and the Civil War, though 
not professedly a constitutional book. 

James Schouler, History of the United States of America 
under the Constitution (6 vols., rev. ed., N. Y., 1895-1899). — 
A political history, but with some discussion of constitutional 
questions. 

* Alexander Hamilton Stephens, A Constitutioncd Vieiv of the 
Late War between the States : its Causes^ Character^ Conduct, 
and Residts (2 vols., Phila., 1868-1870). — The best state- 
ment of the Southern view of secession and of the nature of the 
Union. 

Francis Newton Thorpe, The Constitutional History of the 
United States, 1765-1895 (3 vols., Chicago, 1901). — One of 



120 WEEKLY PAPERS [§§ 

three books by tlie same author on the general subject, all of 
which lack discrimination and accuracy. 

George Tucker, T/ie History of the United States from their 
Colonization to the End of the Twenty-Sixth Congress, in 1841 
(4 vols., Phila., 1856-1857). — Written from the Southern 
standpoint; covers the period 1007-1841. 

§ 31b. List of Select Constitutional Treatises. 

The principal treatises on constitutional law are the fol- 
lowing ; a more detailed list, including the older treatises, 
which are often important for historical questions, in Albert 
Bushnell Hart, Introduction to the Study of Federal Government 
(Boston, 1891), § 469; elaborate bibliography in William E. 
Foster, References to the Constitution (N, Y., 1890) ; lists of 
authorities in many of the treatises ; critical comments on the 
treatises in J. N. Lamed, Literature of American History (N. Y., 
1902). 

The treatises will be found distributed alphabetically in the 
alcove on " Government" in the College Reading Room. 

James DeWitt Andrews, American Law: a Treatise on the 
Jurisprudence, Constitution^ and Law of the United States (Chi- 
cago, 1890). 

William O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law of the 
United States of America (St. Louis, 1876), 

* Henry Campbell Black, Handbook of American Constitutional 
Law (2d ed., St. Paul, 1897). 

George Sewall Boutwell, The Constitution of the United States 
at the End of the First Century (Boston, 1895). 

* James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (2 vols., rev. ed., 
N. Y., 1893-1895). 

John William Burgess, Political Science and Comparative Con- 
stitutional Law (2 vols., Boston, 1890-1891). 

P. C. Centz (pseudonym for Bernard J. Sage), The Republic 



31a, 31bJ CONSTITUTIONAL TREATISES 121 

of Republics, or Amei'ican Federal Liberty (4th ed., Boston, 
1881). 

* Tbomas Mclntyre Cooley, The General Principles of 
Constitutional Law in the United States of America (3d ed., 
McLaugbliu's, Boston, 1898). 

* Thomas Mclntyre Cooley, A Treatise on the Constitutional 
Li>nitations which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of 
the American Union (6th. ed., Boston, 1890). 

William Alexander Dner, A Course of Lectures on the Consti- 
tutional Jurisprudence of the United States (Boston, 1856). 

* Roger Foster, Commentaries on the Constitiction of the United 
States, historical and Judicial ; with Observations upon the Ordi- 
nary Provisions of State Constitutions, and a Comparison with the 
Constitutions of Other Countries (1 vol. published, Boston, 1895). 

* Frank Johnson Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law : 
An Analysis of the Administrative Systems, National and Local, 
of the United States, England, France, and Germany (2 vols., 
N. Y., 1893). 

* John Innes Clark Hare, American Constitutional Law (2 
vols., Boston, 1889). 

Burke Aaron Hinsdale, The American Government, National 
and State (rev. ed., Chicago, 1895). 

* Hermann Eduard Von Hoist, The Constitutional Law of the 
United States of America (Chicago, 1887). 

John Codman Hurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the 
United States (2 vols., Boston, 1858-1862). 

John Codman Hurd, The Theory of Our National Existence, as 
Shown by the Action of the Government of the United States since 
1861 (Boston, 1881). 

John Codman Hurd, The Union State: A Letter to Our States- 
rights Friend (N. Y., 1890). 

* James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (4 vols., 1826- 
1830, and many subsequent editions). 



122 WEEKLY PAPERS [§§ 

John King, A Commentary on the Law and True Construction 
of the Federal Constitution (Cincinnati, 1871). 

Jolin Joseph Lalor, Cyclopcedia of Political Science^ Political 
Economy.^ and of the Political History of the United States. By the 
Best American and European Writers (3 vols., Chicago, 1881— 
1884). 

Francis Lieber, Contributions to Political Science, including Lec- 
tures on the Constitution of the United States and Other Papers 
(Phila., 1881). 

* Samuel Freeman JMiller, Lectures on the Constitution of the 
United States (N. Y., 1891). 

John Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation in the United 
States ; its Origiii, and Application to the Relative Powers of Con- 
gress and of State Legislatures (Phila., 1891). 

Christopher Stuart Patterson, The United States and the 
States under the Constitution (Phila., 1888). 

* John Norton Pomeroy, An Introduction to the Constitutional 
Law of the United Slates (Boston, 1868, and subsequent 
editions). 

Carman Fitz Randolph, The Law and Policy of Annexation^ 
with Special Reference to the Philippines ; together with Observa- 
tions on the Status of Cuba (N. Y., 1901). 

William liawle, A View of the Constitution of the United 
States of America (Phila., 1829). 

Henry Wade Rogers, editor, Constitutional History of the United 
States as seen in the Development of American Law (N. Y., 1889). 

James Schouler, Constitiitiotial Studies, State and Federal 
(N. Y., 1897). 

Charles Carroll Soule, The Lawyer's Reference Manual of 
Law Books and Citations (Boston, 1883). 

* Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the 
United States, with a Preliminary Review of the Constitutional 
History of the Colonies and States, before the Adoption of the Con- 



3 1 b, 3 1 c 1 TREA TISES 123 

stitutlon (3 and 2 vols., 1833, and foui- later editions. Cooley's 
is the best, Boston, 1873). 

* Christopher Gnstavus Tiedenian, The Unwritten Constitution 
of the United States: A Phitosophical Iiu/uiri/ into the Funda- 
mentals of American Constitutional Law (N. Y., 1890). 

Joel Tiffany, A Treatise in Government and Constitutional Law, 
being an Inquiry into the Source and Limitatioii of Governmental 
Authority, according to the American Theory (Albany, 1867). 

* John Randolph Tucker, The Constitution of the United States: 
A Critical Discussion of its Genesis, Development, and Interpreta- 
tion (Chicago, 1899). 

Timothy Walker, Introduction to American Law, Designed as 
a First Book for Students (9th ed., Boston, 1887). 

William B. Wedgwood, The Government and Laws of the 
United States, comprising a Complete and Comprehensive View 
of the Rise, Progress, and Present Organization of the State and 
National Governments (N. Y., 1866). — A kind of popular law 
book, with forms of national and State government. 

Francis Wharton, Coinmentaries on Law, embracing Chapters on 
the Nature, the Source, and the History of Law ; on Internationcd 
Law, Public and Private ; and on Constitutional and Statutory 
Law (Phila., 1884). 

§ 31C. Reports of Judicial Cases. 

On all constitutional questions the most authoritative utter- 
ance is always the decisions of the courts, and especially of 
the Supreme Court of the United States. These decisions are 
printed in eight groups of publications, to be found in the 
Harvard Law Library, the State Library, and many other 
legal libraries. The ofHcial United States Supreme Court 
Reports and tlie collections of select cases are also reserved in 
the Reading Room of the Harvard College Library. 



124 WEEKLY PAPERS [§ 

(1) Official Reports of the Supreme Court of the United 

States. 

These official reports embody the most important material 
for forming a judgment on the nature of our government, the 
division of powers between nation and State, and the distribu- 
tion of powers among the departments of government. They 
are published in several forms : ( 1 ) a series of consecutive 
reports, indicated down to 1882 by the name of the reporter 
(Dallas to Otto), since 1882 (1875) under the title United States 
Reports ; (2) in condensed reports compiled by various authors 
(Peters to Miller) ; (3) since 1882 in a series issued by the 
West Publishing Company of St. Paul, Minn. Any particular 
case included in the reports of the United States Supreme 
Court, District, Circuit, or Circuit Court of Appeals, and any 
case from other national courts or State courts, so far as 
included in tiie publications of the West Company, may be 
ordered by the name of the case (e. y., Ware r. Ilylton) by 
forwarding twenty-five cents. In the lists of reports, the 
abbreviations are in the usual form of citations. 

" Dall." [1781-1800] Alexander James Dallas, Reports of 
Cases ruled and adjudged in the several Courts of the 
United States^ and of Pennsylcania (4 vols., Phila., 
1790-1807). 

"Crancii" [1801-1815] William Cranch, Reiwrts of Cases 
argued and adjudged in the Siqyreme Court of the 
United States (9 vols., Washington and N, Y., 1804- 
1817). 

"Wheat." [1816-1827] Henry Wheaton, Reports of Cases 
argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the 
United States (12 vols., Phila. and N. Y., 1816-1827). 

"Pet." [1828-1843] Richard Peters, Jr., Reports of Cases 



31cJ SUPREME COURT REPORTS 125 

argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the 
United States (17 vols., Pliila. and Boston, 1828-1843). 

" How." [1843-1860] Benjamin Chew Howard, Rejyorts of Cases 
argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the 
United States (24 vols., Phila., Boston, and Washing- 
ton, 1843-1801). 

"Black" [1861-1862] Jeremiah Sullivan Black, Reports of 
Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court 
of the United States (2 vols., Washington, 1862-1863). 

"Wall." [1863-1874] John William Wallace, Cases argued 
and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United 
States (23 vols., Washington, 1870-1876). 

"Otto" [1875-1882] William Todd Otto, Cases argued and 
adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States 
(17 vols., Boston, 1876-1883). Also bears title United 
States Reports, Supreme Court, Vols. 91-107. 

"U. S." [1882-cont.] John C. Bancroft Davis, United States 
Reports : Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court (Vols. 
108-, N. v., 1884-cont.). 

(2) Unofficial Reprints and Condensations of Supreme 
Court Reports. 

"Pkt. Cond." [1791-1827] Richard Peters, Jr., Condensed 
Rejiorts of Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme 
Court of the United States (6 vols., Phila., 1830-1834). 

" Curt. Dec." [1790-1854] Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Reports 
of Decisions in the Supreme Court of the United States, 
ivilh Notes, and a Digest (21 vols, and 1 vol. Digest, 
Boston, 1855-1856; several subsequent editions). 

"Mill. Dec." [1855-1863] Samuel Freeman Miller, Reports of 
Decisions in the Supreme Court of the United States 
(4 vols., Washington, 1874-1875). — Condensed re- 
ports in continuation of Curtis. 



126 WEEKLY PAPERS [§ 

"S. C. R." [1882-cont.] Sttpreme Court Rcjwrter : Cases argued 
and determined in the United States Suj)reme Court (St. 
Paul, 1883-C0!it.)- — Issued at frequent intervals in 
preliminary fascicles, then in annual volumes. 

(3) Official Reports of Inferior Judicial Courts. 

No official reports of the district or circuit courts have been 
published, nor any systematic private reports till recently. 
The Court of Claims is iiKiluded in Handbook, § 31cZ, among 
the administrative tribunals. When the new Circuit Courts of 
Appeals were established in 1801, an official series was estab- 
lished which continued till 18;)'.) as follows: 
" U. S. Ari'.^' [1891-1899] United States Courts of Apjieals 
Reports: Cases adjudged in the United States Circuit 
Courts ofApi-)eals (03 vols., N. Y., 1893-1899). 

(4) Unofficial Reports of Infkkiou Judicial Courts. 

The lacuna^ in the official sources have been very efliciently 
filled by three systematic publications, which include all the 
decisions from district, circuit, and circuit appeals courts. 
There are similar publications of State cases arranged in geo- 
graphical groups. 

" Fed. Cas." [1789-1880] The Federal Cases: Comprising Cases 
argued and determined in the Circuit and District 
Courts of the United States from the Earliest Times 
to the Beginning of the Federal Reporter (30 vols., 
and Digest, St. Paul, 1894-1898). — Over 18,000 
cases. 
*' Fed. Rep." [1880-cont.] Federal Reporter: Cases argued 
and determined in the Circuit Courts of Appeals and 
Circuit and District Courts of the United States (109 
vols, and Digest of 4 vols, to 1901, St. Paul, 1880-cont.). 



31c] JUDICIAL REPORTS 127 

*'C. C. A." [1891-cont.] United States Conrts of Ap2)eals Re- 
ports: Cases adjudged in the United States Circuit 
Courts of Appeals (45 vols, to 1901, St. Paul and 
Rochester, 1892-cont.). 

(5) Collections ok Constitutional Cases. 

For the use of large classes will be found convenient the 
standard collections of constitutional cases (national and 
State), of which there are three. All include some State 
cases. 

Carl Evans I>oyd, Cases on American Coyistitutional Law 
(Chicago, 1898). — Briefest collection; chiefly from Thayer. 

Emlin McClain, A Selection of Cases on Constitutional Laiv 
(Boston, 1900). — A convenient collection of more tiian 1,000 
pages, arranged in the same order as T. M. Cooley, Constitu- 
tional Law. 

James Bradley Thayer, Cases in Constitutional Law, with 
Notes (2 vols., Cambridge, 1895). — Best collection, admira- 
bly selected and edited. 

(6) Official Adiministrative ]>ecisions. 

Besides the judicial tri])unals there are several administra- 
tive bodies which decide cases, and record their decisions in 
official series. The most important are the following : 
*' 0pp. Att. Gen." [1791-cont.] Official Opinions of the At- 
torneys General of the United States (22 vols, to 
1900, Washington, 1852-cont.). 
*'U. S. Ct. Cl." [1863-cont.] Cases decided in the Court oj 
Claims of the United States, with Abstracts of the De- 
crees of the Supreme Court in Appeal Cases (35 vols, 
to 1900, and Digest to 1875, Washington, 1867-cont.). 
"Inters. Com. Rep." [1887-cont.] Literstate Commerce Re- 
ports : Decisions of the Literstate Commerce Commia- 



128 WEEKLY PAPERS [§ 

sion of the United States {8 vols, to 1901, Rochester, 
1887-eont.). 

"Pat. D." [1869-cont.] Decisions of the Commissioner of Pa- 
tents, and of the United States Courts in Patent and 
Trademark Cases (30 vols, to 1901, Washingtou, 
18G9-eont.). 

*' Pkn. D." [1886-cont.] Decisions of the Department of the 
Interior in Appealed Pension and Bounty Land 
Claims; also a Table of Cases reported, cited, ovemded, 
and modijled, and of Statutes cited and construed (10 
vols, to 1900, Washington, 1887-cout.) ; also a Digest 
of Decisions ayid Opinions relating to Pensions and 
Bounty Land (Washington, 1897). 

" Land D." [1881-cont.] Decisi())is of the Department of the 
Literior and General Land Office in Cases relating to 
the Public Lands (30 vols, to 1901, Washington, 1887- 
cont). 

(7) Federal Statutes and Treaties. 

United States, The Statutes at Large of the United States of 
America, . . . and Recent Treaties, Concentions, Executire Proc- 
lamations, and the Concurrent Resolutions of the Two Houses of 
Congress (31 vols, to 1901, Boston and Washington, 1850-cout.). 

United States, Revised Statutes of the United States, . . . em- 
bracing the Statutes of the United States, general and jyermanent 
in their Nature, in force on the First Day of December, one 
thousand, eight hundred and seventy-three (Washington, 1878). 

United States, Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the 
United States, Vol. I, second edition, revised and continued, 
187Jf to 1891. . . . Embracing the Statutes, general and i^erma- 
nent in their Nature, passed after the Revised Statutes a7id in 
force at the end of the Fifty-First Congress [1891] (Washingtou, 
1891). 



31c] STATUTES AND DIGESTS 129 

United States, Treaties and Cunve)Uions condaded between 
the United States of America and Other Powers (Washington, 
1889). 

United States, Rerised Statutes of the United States relating 
to the District of Columbia, and Post Roads, . . . together ivith 
the Public Treaties in Force on the First Dai/ of December, 187S 
(Washington, 1875). 

United States, Compilation of Treaties in Force. Pre2)ared 
under Act of Jidy 7, 1898 (Washington, 1899). 

(8) Digests ok Fkdp:kal Decisions and Statutes. 

Of late years there lias been extraordinary activity in analyz- 
ing, cataloguing, and indexing the vast materials included in 
the statutes, treaties, and judicial decisions. The most suitable 
of such aids are the following : 

[1780-1890] A. J. Baker, Annotated Constitution of the 
United States (Chicago, 1891). 

[1789-1870] Frederick Charles Brightly, A Digest of the De- 
cisions of the Federal Courts from the Organization of the Gov- 
ernment to the Present Time (2 vols., Phila., 18G8-1870, 2d ed. 
of \o\. II, 1872). 

[1648-1896] Century Edition of the American Digest. A 
Complete Digest of All Reported American Cases from the 
Earliest Times to 1896 (27 vols, to 1901, St. Paul, 1897-cont.). 

(1789-1891) Henry DeForest Clarke, Handbook of all the 
Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States (Rochester, 
1892). 

[1789-1891] Henry Gold Danforth, A Digest of the United 
States Supreme Court Reports from the Organization of the 
Court (2 vols., N. Y., 1885-1891). 

[1789-1884] Robert Desty, Constitution of the United States 
(2d ed., San Francisco, 1887). 



130 WEEKLY PAPERS [§§ 

[1789-1884] Jonathan Kendrick Kinney, A Digest of the De- 
cisions of the Supreme Court of the United States (2 vols., Bos- 
ton, 1886). 

[1789-1897] Lawyer's Co-operative Publishing Company, 
A Complete Indexed Digest of the United States Supreme Court 
Reports (4 vols., Rochester, 1894-1898). 

[1789-1880] Stewart Rapalje, A Digest of Federal Decisions 
and Statutes, . . . together loith a Table of Cases affirmed, re- 
versed, overruled, and otherwise criticised (Jersey City, 1880). 

[1789-1899] William Hepburn Russell and William Beverly 
Wiuslow, Syllabus Digest of all the Decisions of the Su])reme 
Court of the United States (4 vols., N. Y., 1900-). 

[1789-cont.] Walter Malins Rose, Notes on United States 
Reports. A Brief Chronicle Digest of all Points Determined in 
the Decisions of the Supreme Courts, with Notes showing the 
Influence [etc.'] of Each Case [etc.^ (12 vols., to 1901, San P>an- 
cisco, 1899-cont.). — The most remarkable aid to the study of 
Federal cases, extremely useful from the historical point of 
view. 

§ 3id. Historical Sources. 

For the narrative questions, and often for the constitutional, 
recourse must be had to contemporary discussions and argu- 
ments. A bibliography and description of such materials 
may be found in Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of 
American History, §§ 27-35 ; in the introduction to each of the 
four volumes of American History told by Contemporaries ; 
and in New England History Teachers' Association, Historical 
Sources in Schools. Among the most important sources are the 
Journals of Congress ; records of debates ; works of public men 
containing public speeches and state papers ; autobiographies 
and reminiscences ; President's messages ; statutes and treaties 
of the United States ; elaborate biographies containing docu- 



31C-32] HISTORICAL SOURCES 131 

ments ; proceedings of learned societies. A list of indexes to 
government documents will be found in the Guide, § 16<?, and 
in American Statistical Association, Publications, VII, Nos. 41), 
50 (March, June, 1900, p. 40). 

Several collections of useful sources have been brought 
together for the use of students. Of these ma}^ be mentioned : 

Jonathan Elliot, Debates on the Federal Constitution (o vols., 
AVashington, 1836-1845). 

Albert Bushnell Hart, American History told by Contem- 
poraries (4 vols., N. Y., 1897-1901). 

Albert Bushnell Hart, Source-Book of American History, 
with Practical Introductions (N. Y., 1899). 

Albert Bushnell Hart and Edward Channing, American 
History Leaflets (34 Nos. to 1902, N. Y., 1892-). 

Alexander Johnston, American Orations: Studies in Ameri- 
can PoliticcU History (4 vols., re-edited by J. A. Woodburn, 
N. Y., 1896-1897). 

William MacDonald, Select Charters and Other Documents 
illustratire of American History, 1606-1775 (N. Y., 1899). 

William MacDonald, Select Documents illustratire of the 
History of the United States, 1776-1861 (N. Y., 1898). 

W^illiam MacDonald, Select Statutes and Other Documents 
illustrative of the History of the United States, 1861-1898 
(N. Y.,1902). 

Edwin Doak Mead, Old South Leaflets (about 125 Nos., 
Boston, 1888-). 

James Daniel Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and 
Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1807 (10 vols., Washington, 
1896-1899). 

§ 32. Paper No. i. Use of Constitutional Authorities. 

This paper is intended to give to students the opportunity 

of making the acquaintance of tlie principal authorities de- 



132 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

scribed in Handbook, § 31. Students should seek familiarity 
with the treatises, best secondary writers, collections of cases, 
statutes, and treaties, proceedings of the Federal Convention 
{Guide, § 30), etc. 

Bibliography. — Students should be familiar with the prin- 
cipal aids to constitutional inquiry, especially the Handbook, 
Guide, and W. E. Foster, References to the Constitittion. 

Constitutional Discussions. — It is necessary to know the 
plan and method of the principal treatises; the fundamental 
distinctions between private and public law; and the borders 
which separate constitutional law from other branches of the 
public law {Handbook, § 316). 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — The student 
should make himself familiar also with the minor treatises. 

Casess. — Carefully examine the three collections of cases 
(Thayer, Boyd, Evans), and try to learn the sj'stem of reporting 
and digesting cases {Handbook, § 31c). 

Historical Discussions. — Examine the proposed secondary 
writers enumerated in Handbook, § 31a, and see how far they 
seem to deal with constitutional questions. 

Sources. — The principal official sources are listed above 
(Handbook, §§ 31c, 31d). For constitutional documents: 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents and Select Statutes; Ameri- 
can History Leaflets ; Old South Leaflets. For speeches on 
constitutional questions : American History Leaflets ; A. John- 
ston, American Orations ; debates of Congress. 

Specimen Questions. — What are the means of finding a 
Supreme Court case bearing on a particular subject? — Which 
of the general histories seems to be most useful for constitu- 
tional discussion ? — Which of the treatises do you expect to 
make most use of during the year, and why? — What is the 
best available material on the formation of the Constitution 
of the United States? 



3:2,33] COLONIAL GOVERNMENT 133 

§ 33. Paper No. 2. English Control and Colonial Gov- 
ernment. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §% 19a, 20&, 21a; Guide, part 
ii, and § 147; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution, 4-11. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
159-178; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 109, 111-121; R. 
Foster, (7om7Jie?(^arte.s, I, 32; B. A. Hinsdale, American Gov- 
ernment, 33-40; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional 
Late, 24-30; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, I, ch. i; H. 
Taylor, English Constitution, I, 15-48 ; P. S. Reinscli, Colonial 
Government ; H. L. Osgood, Classification of Colonicd Govern- 
ments (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Annual Report for 1895, 617-627) ; 
H. L. Osgood, Proprietary Province (American Historical Re- 
vierv, II, 644, III, 31, 244) ; H. L. Osgood, The Corporation 
as a Form of Colonial Government (Political Science Quarterly, 
XI, 259, 502). 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. Scbouler, Con- 
stitutional Studies, 9-29 ; S. G. Fisher, Evolution of the Con- 
stitutio7i, chs. ii, v; C, E. Stevens, Sources of the Constitution, 
ch. i; E. B. Greene, Provincial Governor ; W. C. Morey, Gene- 
sis of a Written Constitidion (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ayinals, 
I, 5-29). For individual colonies, see Guide, part ii. 

Cases. — G. Chalmers, Ojnnions of Eminent Lawyers, 206, 
210, 223-258, 263-268, 332-348, 356, 467; J. B. Thayer, Cases 
(1587-1787), 1-55; A. McF. Davis, The Case of Frost v. 
Leighton {American Historical Revieiv, II, 229-245). 

Historical Discussions. — "W. E. H. Lecky, England, II, 
1-10, III, 267-460; R. Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 
13-28 ; C. Borgeaud, Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and 
Neio England ; C. Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment of 
Constitutions, chs. i-iii ; H. L. Osgood, England and the Col- 
onies, and Political Ideas of the Puritans (Political Science 
Quarterly, II, 440-469, VI, 1-28, 201-231); J. A. Doyle, 



134 CONSTirUTIOSAL J'APERS [§§ 

English Colonies ; H. C. Lodge, English Colonies ; A. Johnston, 
Connecticut ; E. H. Roberts, New York ; Vj. L. Whitney, South 
Carolina ; N. D. Mereness, Maryland as a Proprietary Province; 
A. B. Hart, Practical Essays., Nos. vi, vii. 

Sources. — A detailed list in Guide, § 29. — Charters of the 
colonies, in B. P. Poore, Charters and Constitutions; many in 
Old South Leaflets (texts not very accurate) ; W. MacDon- 
ald, Select Charters. — Contemporary discussions : Contem- 
poraries, II, §§ 45-79; Source-Book, §§ 48-52; A. Stokes, 
View of the Constitution of the British Colonies ; E. Burke, 
European Settlements in America ; J. Dummer, Defence of the 
New England Charters; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, chs. ii, vi, 
vii, xi. — Documents in American History Leaflets, Nos. 5, 7, 
14, 16, 19, 21. — James Otis on Writs of Assistance: W. 
Tudor, James Otis; J. Quincy, Reports of Massachusetts 
Bay, 1762-1771. — Franklin's examination, in B. Franklin, 
Works, (Sparks ed.) IV, 151, (Bigelow ed.) Ill, 407. — 
Works of contemporary statesmen, especially Penn, Hutchin- 
son, Franklin, and Washington. 

Spfximen Questions. — Could a colony lay duties on im- 
ports from over the seas? — Could a colonial Governor be 
impeached for bad conduct in office? — Could England fix the 
conditions of colonial suffrage? — Could England alter colonial 
boundaries ? 

§ 34. Paper No. 3. Is the Union Older than the 
States ? 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19&, 50,57,61; Guide., §§ 
142, 143. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
206-217 ; R. Foster, Commentaries, I, §§ 11-13 ; J. R. Tucker, 
Constitution, §§ 104-166; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law., 
§§25-34, 42, 43, 54-56; II. Von Hoist, United States, I, 



33,34] UNION AND STATES 135 

1-64; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, J, 17-207; 
J. Davis, Confederate Government, I, 86-199. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. D. Andrews, 
American Laiv, 209; H. C. Black, Constitutional Laio, 22-24; 
J. Schouler, Constitutional /Studies, 81-83 ; T. M. Cooley, Con- 
stitutional Law, 8-11. 

Cases. — Penhallow v. Doane (1795): 3 Dallas, 54, 80-82, 
90-96, 109-112; 1 Curtis, 84, 86-88, 97-104, 116-120.— 
Ware v. Hyltou (1795): 3 Dallas, 199; 1 Curtis, 164.— 
Worcester v. Georgia (1832): 6 Peters, 515; 10 Curtis, 214; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 583. — Mcllvaine v. Coxe (1808) : 4 Cranch, 
209; 2 Curtis, 74. — Texas <•. White (1868): 7 Wallace, 700; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 552. — White 

V. Hart (1871): 13 Wallace, 646; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259. 
— Keith y. Clark (1878) : 97 U. S., 454. 

Historical Discussions. — R. Frothiugham, Mise of the Re- 
public, 358-377, 399-402, 417-429; G. T. Curtis, History of 
the Constitution, I, 39, 40 (^Constitutional History, I, 6-26) ; 
J. C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, ch. i; J. J. Lalor, 
Cyclopaedia, III, 993. 

Sources. — Declaration of Independence, in American His- 
tory Leaflets, No. 1 1 ; plans of union, in American History 
Leaflets, No. 14; drafts of constitutions, in American History 
Leaflets, No. 20. — Contemporaries, II, §§ 184-190 ; M. Hill, 
Liberty Documents, ch. xiv. — John C. Calhoun's theory, in A 
Disquisition on Government (Works, I, 1), and A Discourse on 
the Constitution and Gorernment of the United States (WorJcs, 
I, 111-147). — Abraham Lincoln's theoi-y: A. Lincoln, Com- 
plete Works, II, 61-G6; Senate Executive Documents, 37 Cong., 
1 sess. (1861), No. 1, ])p. 11-17; J. D. Richardson, Messages, 

VI, 20. — Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: American 
History Leaflets, No. 15; J. Elliot, Debates, IV, 528, 529, 
532-548; W. jNIacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 21-23; T. 



136 CONSriTUTIOXAL PAPERS [§§ 

Jefferson, Writings (Washiugtou ed.), IX, 496-500. — J. Mon- 
roe, Message of May 4, 1822 : Statesman's Manual, I, 492- 
500; Annals of Congress, 17 Cong., 1 sess. (1822), pp. 1809- 
1818; J. D. Richardson, Messages, II, 144-150. 

Specimen Questions. — Were the people of the colonies 
bound by the ordinances of Congress before July 4, 1776? — 
Were the people of the States bound by the ordinances of Con- 
gress after July 4, 1776? — Did the United States dissolve the 
relations between England and the colonies ? — Has any State 
ever had a status outside the Union ? 

§ 35. Paper No. 4. Powers and Functions of the 
Confederation. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 196, 20(1, 69; Guide, § 149, 
186. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
229-271; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, 11-15; J. J. 
Lalor, Cydopcedia, I, 574-576 ; B. A. Hinsdale, American 
Government, §§ 122-135 ; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Laiv, 
I, 15-18; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 65-73; H. 
Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 2 ; H. Flanders, Exposition 
of the Constitution, 42-44; R. Foster, Commentaries, I, §3; 
J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 133-137; H. C. Black, Con- 
stitutional Laiv, 37-40; J. Schouler, Constitutional Studies, 
84-95. 

Cases. — Penhallow v. Doane (1795) : 3 Dallas, 54 ; 1 Curtis, 
84. — Ware v. Hylton (1795) : 3 Dallas, 199, 235-237; 1 Cur- 
tis, 164, 179-181. — Hylton v. United States (1796): 3 Dallas, 
171, 178; 1 Curtis, 150, 156.— Hopkirk r. Bell (1806): 3 
Cranch, 454 ; 1 Curtis, 640. 

Historical Discussions. — M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 
XV ; G. T. Curtis, History of the Constitidion, I, 142-151, 231- 
240, 252-259 ( Constitutional History, chs. vi, viii, ix) ; H. Von 



34-3ti] THE CONFEDERATION 137 

Hoist, United States, I, 22-30, 36-45; J. Winsor, Narratire 
and Critical History, VII, ch. iii; R. Frothingham, Rise of the 
Republic, 569-579 ; R. Hildreth, United States, III, 395-403 ; 
T. Pitkin, United States, II, 11-16; J. Fiske, Critical Period, 
90-101 ; J. Marshall, Life of Washington, V, 83 ; H. Sherman, 
Gorerumental History, 862-866, 880-886; A. Carlier, La 
Repuhlirpie Americaine, I, 526-532. 

Sources. — Articles of Confederation (verbatim text in Amer- 
ican History Leaflets, No. 20), Arts. TI, VI, IX, XII, XIII; 
proposals to amend in American History Leaflets, No. 28. — 
Joxracds of Congress; Secret Journals of Congress; resolu- 
tions of Congress, in J. B. Thayer, Cases, 81-83 ; Madison's 
notes: H. D. Gilpin, Madison Papers, I, 1-467; J. Elliot, 
Debates, V, 1-105 (proceedings of Congress to remedy defects 
in the Confederation, in I, 92-116). — Source-Book, §§ 64-69; 
Contemporaries, III, §§ 37-41, 54-59. — J. Madison, Writ- 
ings, I, 320-328; Pelatiah Webster, Dissertation on the Politi- 
ccd Union ; Noah Webster, Sketches of American Policy / G. 
AVashington, Works (Sparks ed.), IX, 501, 510, 521 ; B. 
Franklin, Works (Bigelow ed.), X, 1, 2; The Federalist, Nos. 
15-22 (Ford ed., 131-143). 

Specimen Questions. — Had the Confederation a constitu- 
tional right to pass the Northwest Ordinance? — Could Con- 
gress constitutionally compel any State to furnish troops for 
an offensive war? — Could Congress constitutionally charter 
the Bank of North America ? — Could Congress constitutionally 
have aided Massachusetts to put down Shays' Rebellion ? 

§ 36. Paper No. 5. Making and Amendment of Con- 
stitutions. 

BiHLioGRAriiY. — Handbook, §§ 19c, 21c. 99; Guide, §§ 
154-156. 

Constitutional Discussions. — .J. A. Jameson, Constitu- 



]:38 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

tionul Conrentions ; C Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment 
of Constitutions, parts i, iii ; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 272- 
281, 1825-1831 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, Intro- 
duction, §§ 109-116; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 
1880) 199-204, (ed. 1891) 207-212, (ed. 1898) 218-223; J. R. 
Tucker, Constitution, 322-324 ; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional 
History, II, ch. vi; H. C. Black, Constitutional Jjaiv, 40-50. 

Cases. — J. B. Thayer, Cases, 207-213. — Hollingsworth /•. 
Virginia (1798): 3 Dallas, 378; 1 Curtis, 266. — Opinions of 
the Justices (1833, 1883), in J. B. Thayer, Cases, 221-227. — 
Wells r. Bain (1874): 75 Pa. St. 39; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
228. — Wood's Appeal (1874): 75 Pa. St. 59; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 239. — Sproule r. Fredericks (1892): 69 Miss. 898; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 250. 

Historical Discussions. — M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. 
xvii; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, 62, 63, 267, 460, IV, 
335, VII, 336, 430, 442-445 ; R. Hildreth, United States, IV, 
112; J. J. Lalor, Cydopoedia, I, 607, 608; B. A. Hinsdale, 
American Government, chs. vii-x ; R. Foster, Commentaries, 
I, §§ 8-10; S. G. Fisher, Erolution of the Constitution, 176- 
181. — For the history of the fifteen amendments to the Fed- 
eral Constitution see the general histories (Guide, § 20). 

Sources. — Articles of Confederation (verbatim text in 
American History Leaflets, No. 20), Arts. V, XIII; Constitu- 
tion of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 7, § 3 ; Sect. 9, § 1 ; 
Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 1 ; Art. V ; Art. VII ; Signatures. — 
Debates in the Federal Convention : Journal of the Federal 
Cont-ention ; J. Elliot, Debates ; H. D. Gilpin, Madison Papers. 
— Contemporaries, III, §§ 60-75; Source-Book, §§ 68, 69; 
The Federalist (Ford ed.), 291, 292, 585-587. 

Specimen Questions. — Was Rhode Island bound to join 
the Union after 1787? — Can the State legislatures by unani- 
mous agreement put a constitutional amendment into force 



36,37] CONSTITUTION MAKING 139 

which has not yet been submitted by Congress or by a conven- 
tion? — May Congress by the act calling a convention limit 
the subjects on which it may submit amendments? — May a 
State withdraw a ratification before the required three-fourths 
have been obtained? 

§ 37. Paper No. 6. Doctrine of Separation of 
Powers. 

Bibliography. — ^and&ooA,-, §§ 19c, 21a, 112, 113, 120; 
Guide, §§ 157, 162, 167, 208. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
532-541, 881-893, 1560-1563; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional 
Laic, §§ 107-119, 174-179, 632; J. D. Andrews, American 
Law, ch. xii; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laiv, §§ 33, 34, 
46, 55, 58, 59; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 1880) 
156-163, (ed. 1891) 163-169, (ed. 1898) 175-181 ; R. Foster, 
Commentaries, I, §§ 39, 40, 42, 86, 88-96, 111 ; J. R. Tucker, 
Constitution, §§ 65-67, 188, 213, 214; H. C. Black, Con- 
stitutional Law, 72-88, 95-99, 106-110, 114, 115. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — E. C. Mason, 
Veto Power, §§ 18-24, 31-36, 99-105, 121-123, 230; E. C. 
Mason, Congressional Demands upon the Executive (Amer. 
Hist. Assoc, Papers, V, 367-375); J. Bryce, American Com- 
monwealt/i, I, chs. xxi, xxv; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, II, 
132-136, 480-482, III, 1064-1066 ; W. Rawle, View of the 
Constitution, chs. v, xvi ; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. 
i; A. L. Lowell, Essays on Gorernment, 97-101. 

Cases. — Marbury r. Madison (1803): 1 Cranch, 137; 1 
Curtis, 368; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 107 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 17 
E. McClain, Cases, 815. — Kendall r. United States (1838) 
12 Peters, 524; 12 Curtis, 834. —Luther r. Borden (1848) 
7 Howard, 1; 17 Curtis, 1; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 647; E 
McClain, Cases, 595; J. B.Thayer, Cases, 191. — Mississippi 



140 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

V. Johnson (186G) : 4 Wallace, 475 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 196 ; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 652 ; E. McClain, Cases, 102. — Georgia 
V. Stanton (1867): 6 Wallace, 50; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 201. 
— Kilbouni r. Thompson (1880): 103 U. S., 168. — United 
States /•. Black (1888): 128 U. S., 40. — United States r. 
Schurz (1880): 102 U. S., 378. —United States r. Blaine 
(1890): 139 U. S., 306. — Field r. Clark (1891): 143 U. S., 
649 ; E. McClain, Cases, 95. 

Historical Discussions. — This question came up in debates 
on the President's removing power {Gicide, § 157) ; on the Jay 
treaty (Guide, § 162); on the Marbury decision (Guide, § 
167); on Jackson's removal of the deposits (Gtdde, § 185); 
on the Dred Scott decision ( Guide, § 204) ; and on Lincoln's 
war power (Guide, § 208). See also J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
854n; S. G. Fisher, Erohition of the Constitution, 109-116, 
161-167; W. M. Meigs, Growth of the Coyistitution, 115-122, 
229-231. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 
1; Sect. 3, § 6; Sect. 6, § 2; Sect. 7, §§ 2, 3; Sect. 8, § 18; 
Art. II, Sect. 1, § 1; Sect. 2, §§ 1, 2 ; Sects. 3, 4; Art. 
Ill, Sect. 1; Sect. 3, § 2.— The Federalist (Ford ed.), 48, 
319-334, 458, 489; Contemporaries, III, § 54; Senate Reports, 
46 Cong., 3 sess. (1881), No. 837 ; J. Adams, Defence of the 
Constitution; Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois; Blackstone, 
Commentaries. 

Specimen Questions. — Could either House be compelled by 
Act of Congress to admit members of the Cabinet to a share 
in debate? — May the House require the President to submit 
papers to it? — Can the Federal courts compel a member of 
Congress to vote on a pending measure ? — Is the President 
bound by a decision of the Supreme Court? 



37, ,?8] IMPLIED POWERS 141 

§ 38. Paper No. 7. Implied Powers and the Gen- 
eral Welfare. 

Bibliography. — Handbook^ §§ 19c, 21c, 2\n, 39, 45; 
Guide, § 159. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
420, 430-434, 497-506, 907-930, 1231-1266 ; J. N. Pomeroy, 
Constitutional Laic, §§ 259-269; T. M. Cooley, Constitu- 
tional Law, (ed. 1880) 91-99, (ed. 1891) 94-102, (ed. 1898) 
105-113; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law^ §§ 16, 36; S. 
F. Miller, Constitution, 128-132, 135-144, 227-231 ; J. I. C. 
Hare, Constitutional Law, I, 94-118; J. Tiffany, Treatise in 
Government, §§ 337-340; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 179- 
183, 222-234, 248, 249, 294; H. C. Black, Constitutional 
Law, 179-182, 235-243, 385-391 ; J. D. Andrews, American 
Law, ch. xiv. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. Kent, Co7n- 
mentaries, I, §§ 248-255, 267 ; B. A. Hinsdale, American 
Governm,ent, § 307; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitic- 
tional Laiv, §§ 205, 206; R. Foster, Comm,entarles, § 24. 

Cases. — United States v. Fisher (1805): 2 Cranch, 358; 
1 Curtis, 496. — Fletcher v. Peck (1810): 6 Cranch, 87; 2 
Curtis, 328; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 395. — Martin v. Hunter's 
Lessee (1816) : 1 Wheaton, 304; 3 Curtis, 562 ; J. B. Tliayer, 
Cases, 123-132; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 616; E. McClain, Cases, 
746; J. Marshall, Writings, 525-555. — McCulloch u. Mary- 
land (1819): 4 Wheaton, 316; 4 Curtis, 415; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 271-285; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 308; E. McClain, Cases, 
1 ; J. Marshall, Writings, 160-188. —Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) : 
9 Wheaton, 1; 6 Curtis, 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1799-1819; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 172; J. Marshall, Writings, 287-315; E. 
McClain, Cases, 235. — Osborn v. Bank of United States 
(1824): 9 Wheaton, 738; 6 Curtis, 251 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases^ 
1346w; E. McClain, Cases, 617; J. Marshall, Writings, 315- 



142 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

343. —Rhode Island v. Massachusetts (1838) : 12 Peters, 723; 
12 Curtis, 407. — Legal Tender Cases (1872): 12 Wallace, 
457; J. B. Thayer, Casea, 2237-2254; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 
136 ; E. McClain, Cases, 442. — Farmers' National Bank v. 
Bearing (1875) : 91 U. S., 29. — ^/- parte Yarbrough (1883) : 
110 U. S., 651. — Juilliard r. Greenman (1884): 110 U. S., 
421; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2255; C. E. Boyd, Gases, 157; 
E. McClain, Cases, 442.— Cole v. La Grange (1884): 113 
U. S., 1. 

Historical Discussions. — Clark and Hall, Z^egislatire and 
Documentary History of the Bank of the United States, 15- 
31, 37-84, 86-89, 91-94, 95-112; H. Von Hoist, United 
States, I, 101-107; R. Hildreth, United States, IV, 256-267, 
VI, 211, 226-231 ; M. Van Buren, Political Parties, 136-138; 
J. Schouler, United States, I, 158-162; G. Tucker, United 
States, I, 450-458 ; J. T. Morse, Alexander Hamilton, T, 333- 
347; G. T. Cnrtis, Co)istitutio?ial History, II, 182-190, 589- 
600; W. M. Meigs, Growth of the Constitution, 27-34, 128- 
134, 306, 307. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble; 
Art. I, Sect. 1 ; Sect. 8, § 18; Sect. 9 ; Sect. 10; Art. Ill, Sect. 
3, § 2; Art. IV, Sect. 2; Sect. 3; Sect. 4; Art. VI, § 2; 
Amends. X ; XI ; XIII, Sect. 2 ; XIV, Sect. 5 ; XV, Sect. 2. 

— A. Hamilton, Opinion on the National Bank, in Works, 
(ed. 1850) IV, 104-138, (Lodge ed.) Ill, 180-225. — T. 
Jefferson, Opinion on the National Bank, in Works (Wash- 
ington ed.), VII, 555-561 ; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 
Nos. 9-11. — Debate in the Convention, in J. Elliot, Debates, 
V, 543, 544. — Debate in the House: Annals of Congress, 1 
Cong. (1789), pp. 1891-1960; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, I, 
274-308.— The Federalist,^ o&. 38, 41 (Ford ed., pp. 201, 298). 

— J. Madison, Writings, 73-76. —Veto of Madison, March 
3, 1817: Senate Journcd, 14 Cong., 2 sess. (1817), 405-409; 



38,39] TAXATION AND PROTECriOX 143 

House Journal^ 14 Cong., 2 sess. (1817), 534-537 ; Amuds of 
Congress, 14 Cong., 2 sess. (1817), 1060, 1061; J. D. Rich- 
ardson, Messages, I, 584. — Message of Monroe, May 4, 1822 : 
Annals of Congress, 17 Cong., 1 sess. (1822), 1809-1863; 
State Papers, 17 Cong., 1 sess. (1822), IX, No. 127; States- 
mati's Manual, I, 492-512, II, 513-535. J. I). Richardson, 
Messages, II, 144. — Contemporaries, III, §§ 82, 133; M. 
Hill, Liberty Documents, chs. xvii, xix. 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress constitutionally char- 
ter a life insurance company ? — May Congress constitutionally 
vote money for aid to sufferers from forest fires ? — May Con- 
gress constitutionally grant money in support of State schools? 
— May Congress constitutionally pass an act creating a national 
university, supported by national taxes? 

§ 39. Paper No. 8. Extent of the Powers of Taxa- 
tion and Protection. 

BiBLiOGKAPHY. — HanclhooJ:, §§ 21/-, 38, 44, 45, 116, 117; 
Guide, §§ 158, 185, 195; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs 
for Debate, Nos. xxxvii-xlvi. 

Constitutional Discussion. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
906-1053, 1077-1095 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, 
§§ 271-312 ; H. C. Black, Constitutional Laic, §§ 179-182, 
375-396; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 215-222, 235-238; 
T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 1880) 54-64, (ed. 
1891) 53-63, (ed. 1898) 55-63; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional 
Law, I, 241-276. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — F. Wharton, 
(Commentaries, §§ 404-415; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional 
Lav), § 36; J. Tiffany, Treatise in Government, 171-185; 
J. D. Andrews, American Law, ch. xv ; C. S. Patterson, 
United States and the States, ch. iii. 

Cases. — Federal Taxation. — License Tax Cases (1866) : 



144 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§ 

5 Wallace, 462 ; J.B.Thayer, Cases, 1276; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 
4o.— Fifield v. Close (1867): 15 Michigan Rep., 505; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1375. — Veazie Bank v. Fenno (1869) : 8 Wal- 
lace, 533; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1334; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 56; 
E. McClain, Cases, 222. — Collector t: Day (1870) : 11 Wallace, 
113; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1378; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 64; 
E. McClain, Cases, 153. — Pollock r. Farmers' Loan and Trust 
Co. (1894): 157 U. S., 429; 158 U. S., 601; C. E. Boyd, 
Cases, 91; H McClain, Cases, 223. 

State Taxation. — McCulloch /;. Maryland (1819) : 4 Whea- 
ton, 316, 325; 4 Curtis, 415, 432; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1340; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 32; E. McClain, Cases, 1. — Weston v. 
Charleston (1829) : 2 Peters, 449 ; 8 Curtis, 171 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1346; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 41. — Providence Bank u. 
Billings (1830): 4 Peters, 514; 9 Curtis, 171; J. B.Thayer, 
Cases, 1623. — Dobbins r. Commissioners of Erie County 
(1842): 16 Peters, 435; 14 Curtis, 370; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
1352. — Thomson v. Pacific Railroad (1869) : 9 Wallace, 579; 
J. B.Thayer, Cases, 1369; E. McClain, Cases, 162. — State 
Tax on Foreign Held Bonds (1872): 15 Wallace, 300; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1258; E. McClain, Cases, 136. — Railroad Co. 
V. Peniston(1873): 18 Wallace, 5; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1383. 

— Kirtland r. Ilotchkiss (1879): 100 U. S., 491 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1268; E. McClain, Cases, 142. — Van Brocklin r. Ten- 
nessee (1885): 117 U. S., 151. — California v. Central Pacific 
Railroad (1888) : 127 U. S., 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1394; E. 
McClain, Cases, 167. 

State Taxation for Private Advantage. — Hooper r. 
Emery (1837) : 14 Maine Rep., 375; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1209. 

— Lowell r. Boston (1873): 111 Mass. Rep., 454; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1224. — Loan Association /•. Topeka (1874): 
20 Wallace, 655; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1235; C E. Boyd, 
Cases, 78; E. McClain, Cases, 189. 



39] TAXATION AND PROTECTION 145 

Historical Discussions. — E. G. Bourne, The /Surplus 
Revenue, chs. i-v, xii; H. Vou Hoist, United States.^ I, 398- 
405, 11, 186-188; E. S. Bolles, Financial History, II, 547, 
548; T. H. Bentou, Thirty Years' View, I, 275-279, 362-369, 
658, 659, II, 36; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, 1, 714, 715, II, 
571, III, 856-858, 1033-1038; J. Schouler, United States, 1, 
86-90, 186-188, IV, 230; A. B. Hart, /Salmon P. Chase, ch. 
ix; H. C. Adams, Taxation in United States, 1789-1816; 
H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, 159-171; C. T. Curtis, Con- 
stitutional History, 189, 190; J. W. Burgess. Middle Period, 
eh. viii ; J. B. McMaster, United States, I, 545-549 ; W. G. 
Sumner, Lectures on the History of Protection, 21-33 ; J. G. 
Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, ch. ix. 

SoiRCES. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble ; 
Art. I, Sect. 1; Sect. 2, § 3 ; Sect. 7, § 1 ; Sect. 8, §§ 1, 4-6, 
12, 18; Sect. 9, §§ 4, 5, 7; Sect. 10, § 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2; 
Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2. — Annals of Congress, 1 Cong. (1789), 
102-116, 349-368 ; Tariff Act of July 4, 1789, in Statutes at 
Large, I, 24-37. — A. Hamilton, Report on Manufactiires : 
Works, (ed. 1850) III, 192-284, (Lodge ed.) Ill, 294-416; 
F. W. Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, 1, 
107; American State Papers, I, 123-144; W. MacDonald, 
Select Documents, No. 12. — The Federalist, (Dawson ed.) 37, 
58, 65, 78, 79, 216, 218, (Ford ed.) 18, 268. — G. Washington, 
Writings, XII, 9, 69,70; Contemporaries, III, §§ 22, 78, 
130, IV, § 166; Source-Book, § 72; J. Madison, Writings, 
I, 479-483, III, 42, 43; T. Jefferson, Works, VI, 431, 521-523, 
VII, 427; J. C. Calhoun, Works, II, 163-173, VI, 2-29.— 
Clay's report of April 15, 1830, in T. H. Benton, Abridgm.ent, 
XI, 446 ; opinion of Jackson and veto of December 4, 1833, 
in J. D. Richardson, Messages, II, 514, 601,111, 56, 161.— 
Distribution Act of June 23, 1836, in Statutes at Large, V, 
52-56. — Debates in T. H. Benton, Abridgment, I, 22-44, 

10 



146 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

57-05, 71-84; X, 583-586,592-598, 601-607, 613-625; XI, 
444-457, 481-507; XII, 24-27; XIII, 61, 161, 182; XIV, 
309-361, 516-526. 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress lay taxes for the 
express purpose of distributing the proceeds among the States ? 
— Might the States be compelled to refund the "deposits" 
made with them in 1837? — May Congress lay a graduated tax 
upon the States, so as to secure more in proportion from rich 
States? — May individuals refuse to pay taxes laid for the 
purpose only of accumulating a surplus? 

§ 40. Paper No. g. Rights of Citizens. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, § 2\b, 52, 55, 60, 74, 80,87, 
95-98. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries {^ih. 
and 5th eds.), §§ 1103, 1104, 1693-1695, 1805, 1806, 1928- 
1975; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 174, 269, 377, 378, pp. 
950-974; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, 443-539; J. W. 
Burgess, Political Science, I, 184-252 ; J. I. C. Hare, Consti- 
tutional Law, 511-529, 534-541 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitu- 
tional Law, §§ 83-87 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 
1880) 77, 78, 187-189, 205-248, (ed. 1891) 79, 80, 195-197, 
213-259, (ed. 1898) 88, 89, 206-208, 240-263, 268-294; 
H. Brannon, Fourteenth Ame?idtne?it, chs. i-iv, vi-xii; S. F. 
Miller, Constitution, 276-308, 407-412, 660-680; W. O. Bate- 
man, Political and Constitutional Lav:, §§ 155-172; C. F. 
Randolph, Law and Policy of Annexation, b'2-bl, 59-76; 
J. Tiffany, Treatise in Government, §§ 167-169, 380-392, 
554 ; B. Richman, Citizenship of the United States {Political 
Science Quarterly, V, 104-123) ; W. L. Scruggs, Ambiguous 
Citizenshi]) (Political Science Quarterly, I, 199-205). 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. N. Pomeroy, 
Constitutional Law, §§ 208, 209 ; C. II. Tiedeman, Unwritten 



39,40] RIGHTS OF CITIZENS 147 

Constitution^ ch. viii ; R. Foster, Commentaries^ I, ch. vi ; 
F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 431-437, 540, 584-594; T. 
Walker, American Law^ § 54; J. Bryce, American Com- 
momoealth, I, 419-421 ; J. D. Hurd, Law of Freedom and 
Bondage, ch. xxiii ; A. P. Morse, Civil and Political Status 
of Inhabitants of Ceded Territories {Harvard Lav; Review, 
XII, 262) ; J. D. Andrews, American Law, ch. xxvii ; C. E. 
Boyd, Basis of Citizenship {Nation, LXVII, 10) ; C. 8. Patter- 
son, United States and the States, ch. xi. 

Cases. — Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) : 19 Howard, 393; 
2 IMiller, 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 480 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 491. 

— Significant extracts in American History Leaflets, No. 23 ; 
Slaughter House Cases (1873) : 16 Wallace, 36 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 516; C. E. Boj^d, Cases, 491; E. McClain, Cases, 18. — 
Minor u Happersett (1874) : 21 Wallace, 162; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 459; E. McClain, Cases, 974. — American Insurance 
Co. V. 365 Bales of Cotton (1828): 1 Peters, 511; 7 Curtis, 
685. —Boyd v. Nebraska (1892): 143 U. S., 135. — Paul v. 
Virginia (1868) : 8 Wallace, 168; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1928. 

— Barron v. Mayor of Baltimore (1833): 7 Peters, 243; 10 
Curtis, 464; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 449; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 
467. — Garfield r. Corywell (1825) : 4 Wash. C. C, 371 ; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 453 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 505. — 
Pembina Mining and Milling Co. ;?. Pennsylvania (1888): 125 
U. S., 181; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 468. — United States r. Rhodes 
(1866) : Abbott, U. S., 28 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 506. — Barte- 
meyeru Iowa (1873): 18 Wallace, 129; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
532. — Civil Rights Cases (1883) : 109 U. S., 3 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 554; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 518; E. McClain, Cases, S7n. 

— Roby V. Smith (1891) : 131 Indiana, 342 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
457. — Hepburn t'. Ellzey (1804): 2 Cranch, 445; 1 Curtis, 
520; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 348. — New Orleans r. Winter 
(1816): 1 Wheaton, 91; 3 Cm-tis, 476; J. B. Thayer, 



148 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Cases, 350w. — Barbier v. Connolly (1885): 113 U. S., 27; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases^ 623; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 307«; E. 
McClain, Cases, 632.— Powell v. Pennsylvania (1888): 127 
U. S., 678; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 637. — SchoUenberger v. 
Pennsylvania (1898): 171 U. S., 1; E. McClain, Cases, 395. 

— Mnnn /•. Illinois (1876): 94 U. 8., 113; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 743; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 289; E. McClain, Cases, 946. 

— Mugler r. Kansas (1887): 123 U. S., 623; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 782 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 307;i ; E. JMcClain, Cases, 
938. — Honston r. Moore (1820): 5 Wheaton, 1; 4 Curtis, 
535. — Ward v. Maryland (1870): 12 Wallace, 418; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1410. — Maxwell v. Dow (1900): 176 U. S., 
581. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, VI, 
1-47 ; H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, 251-279 ; J. G. 
Blaine, Tioenty Years of Congress, II, chs. ii, ix-xii; G. T. 
Curtis, Constitutional History, II, 375-381 ; J. J. Lalor, 
Cjclopmdia, I, 478-608, II, 375-381, III, 822 ; A. B. Hart, 
Salmon P. Chase, 381, 382; F. N. Thorpe, Constitutional 
History of the American People, II, ch. ix ; W. M. Meigs, 
Growth of the Constitution, 138-140, 257; J. S. Landon, 
Constitutional History, ch. xv. 

Sources. — Co7istitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 
2, § 2 ; Sect. 3, § 3 ; Sect. 8, § 4 ; Art. Ill, Sect. 3, § 2 ; 
Art. IV, Sect. 2, § 1 ; Amends. I-IX ; XIV. Revised 
Statutes, 347-351, 378, 380; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 152, 
155; J. C. Calhoun, Works, II, 242; Congressional Globe, 
39 Cong., 1 sess. (1866), 1757, 1779, 1780, 2890, 2893, 3039, 
3041; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 'No. 17. 

Specimen Questions. — Is a citizen of the United States 
entitled to a jury trial in a State court? — Was a Frenchman in 
1798 entitled to a jury trial before expulsion from the United 
States? — Is a citizen of the United States entitled to the pro- 



40,41] JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY 149 

tectiou of the government if he enlists in a foreign army? — Is 
a citizen of a State entitled to protection by the United States 
against lynching? 

§ 41. Paper No. 10. Jeffersonian Democracy. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19e, 48 ; Guide, §§ 167, 169 ; 
H. B. Tompkins, Bibliotheca Jejfersordana. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Adams, United States, I, 
140-148, 170, 171, 178-180, 185-217, 247-263, 272, 277, 445, 
III, 1-9 ; E. Channing, United States, 136-138, 145-147, 
165-182; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, ch. ix ; J. T. 
Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 33, 43-48, 50-53, 90-95, 103, 
112-117, 128-130, 146-148, 154, 209-231, 235, 259-272, 318- 
320; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, 31, 72, 75, 78, 159, 
168-200; J. Schouler, United States, I, 63-65, 173-179, 
423,424, 474, II, 1-12, 58, 59, 69, 80-86, 87-89, 199-204; 
J. Schouler, Thomas Jefferson ; G. Tucker, United States, II, 
146-148, 243-245, 343-348 ; S. E. Forman, Life of Jefferson, 
22-25 ; G. Tucker, Thomas Jeff'erson, I, 229-232, 252-256, 
274-282, 333, 334, 437-441, II, 322-325, 507; H. S. Randall, 
Thomas Jefferson, I, 459-461 ; J. Bryce, Ainerican Common- 
wealth, II, 6-12; Goldwin Smith, United States, 13.5-139, 
155-165 ; J. H. Patton, Democratic Party, II, 168-171 ; R. H. 
Gillet, Democracy in the United States, 13-38 ; E. M. Shepard, 
3fartin Van Buren, ch. i; .1. Story, Commentaries (4th and 
5th eds.), § 1329y/ ; W. E. Russell, Jefferson and his Party 
To-day {Forum, XXI, 513-524) ; W. J. Bryan, Jfff'evsonian 
Principles {North American PevieicCh^Wll, 670) ; S. Fowler, 
Political Opinions of Thomas Jefferson {North American 
Review, CI, 313-335) ; C.E. Merriam, Thomas Paine' s Politi- 
c<d Theories (Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 389-403) ; G. 
P. Fisher, Jefferson and the Social Compact Theory {Yale 
Beview, II, 403-417). 



150 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Additional Historical Discussions. — H. C. Lodge, Alex- 
ander ITamilton, 278, 283; H. C. Lodge, George Washington, 
II, 77, 78, 219-230 ; J. Winsor, Narratire and Critical 
History, VII, 268-271 ; G. T, Curtis, Constitutional History, 

I, 033-635 ; E. Stanwood, Presidential Elections, 2-4-50 
{History of the Presidency, ch. vi) ; J. B. McMaster, United 
States, II, 51, 533, 534; R. Hildreth, United St<ites, IV, 
291-293, V, 419-421; H. C. Merwin, Thomas Jefferson ; R. 
Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 234, 235, 547 ; F. N. 
Thorpe, Constitutional History of the American People, I, 
42, II, 63-65; H. Adams, Jolm Randolph, 59-61, 62-65; S. 
H. Gay, Jcones Madison, cb. xvi ; A. Holmes, Parties and 
their Principles, ch. v; J. A. Stevens, Albert Gallatin, 105, 
174; R. M. Ormsby, Whig Party, chs. v-viii ; H. C. Lodge, 
George Cabot, 422-435, 456-462, 468-473, 494, 495 ; M. Van 
Buren, Political Parties, 244-246 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcpxlia, 

II, 638; A.Bradford, History of Federal Government, 119; 
T. Parker, Historic Americans, 235. 

Sources. — First Inaugural Address : A. Johnston, Ameri- 
can Orations, I, 155-163 ; J. D. Richardson, 3Iessages, I, 321- 
324; S. E. Forman, Zife of Jefferson, 245-250; Contem- 
poraries, III, § 106. — Writings : Massachusetts Historical 
Society, Collections, Seventh Series, I ; Statesman's Manual, I, 
149-218; J. D. Richardson, 3fessages, I, 324-461. — Draft of 
Declaration of Independence, in Americati History Leaflets, 
No. 11. — Autobiography, in T. Jefferson, Writings ("Washing- 
ton ed.), 1, 1-110. — Characteristic passages: T. Jefferson, Writ- 
ings, (Ford.ed.) I, 440, III, 225, IV, 269, 426, 476, V, 8, 147, 
156, 158, 205, 285-289, VI, 189, VII, 4, 78, 173, 284, 374, 
390, VIII, 18, 73, 186; (Washington ed.) II, 100, 105, 122, 
166, 221, 249, 253, 330, 111, 3,81, 313, IV, 114, 115, 268, 452, 
523, 548, VI, 45, 160, 222, 254, 305, 340, 360, 381, 543, 605, 
VII, 9, 12, 18, 75, 290, 319, 376, 389, VIII, 222, 413, 543, 



41,42] DEPENDENT TERRITORIES 151 

589, 604, IX, 1)6, 122; S. E. Fonnan, Life of Jefferson, 138, 
110, 145, 155, 169, 174, 190, 191, 201, 215, 217, 218, 220, 
232, 233, 235, 272-281, 306-308, 366-368, 379, 380, 382-390, 
397-399. — /Soi«'ce-5oo^, §§ 58, 73, 77-81, 89; Contempo- 
raries, III, §§ 107-110. 

Specimen Questions. — Would Jefferson have approved of 
manhood suffrage in our cities ? — Did Jefferson believe in the 
use of force for the defence of a government? — Would Jeffer- 
son have approved of the boss system in cities? — Was Jef- 
ferson a socialist? 



§ 42. Paper No. 11. Government of Dependent Ter- 
ritories. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19e, 20/, 21/, 54, 61, 63-65, 
69, 75, 82; Guide, §§ 150, 168, 178, 198; A. P. C. Griffin, 
List of Books on Colonization. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J, Story, Commentaries 
(4th and 5th eds.), §§ 1317, 1324-1328; H. Von Hoist, 
Constitutional Law, §§ 52, 53 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitu- 
tional Law, §§ 490-499; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law 
(ed. 1880), 36, 37, 164-168; (ed. 1891), 35, 36, 170-174; (ed. 
1898), 37, 38, 182-186 ; J. Ordronaux, Constitutional Legisla- 
tion, 509-519 ; M, Farrand, Legislation of Congress for the 
Government of the Organized Territories of the United States ; 
H. C. Black, Constitutional Lav;, 20, 21, 229-235; J. R. 
Tucker, Constitution, §§ 298-301. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. D. Andrews, 
American Law, 210-239; H. Brannon, Fourteenth Amend- 
ment, ch. iii; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 375, 461-465; 
W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, § 249 ; 
J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, ch. xlvii; T. Farrar, 
Manual of the Constitution, §§ 418-433; T. Walker, Litro- 



152 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§ 

duction to American Law^ §§ 13-15; J. Schouler, GonstitxL- 
tional Studies, 179-182. 

Recent Constititional Discussions. — J. B. Thayer, Our 
JVew I^ossessi07is {Harvard Law Review, XII, 464-485) ; C. 
C. Langdell, Status of Our JVew Territories {Harvard Laio 
Revieic, XII, 365-392) ; A. L. Lowell, Status of Our New 
Possessions {Harvard Law Review, XIII, 155-176) ; S. E. 
Baldwin, Historic Policy of the United States as to Annexa- 
tion (Yale Review, II, 131-158, also in Amer. Hist. Assoc, 
Afumal Report for 1893, 367-390); S. E. Baldwin, Govern- 
?n€fit of Island Territory {Harvard Law Review, XII, 393- 
416); C. F. Randolph, Law and Policy of Annexatio?i ; C. F. 
Randolph, Notes on the Law of Territorial Expansion ; C. A. 
Gardiner, Our Right to Acquire and Hold Foreign Territory ; 
J. W. Burgess, Government of Distant Territory, Constitution 
and New Territory {Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 1-18, 
XV, 388-398); B. Harrison, Status of Annexed Territory 
(North American Review, CLXXII, 1-22) ; G. F. Edmunds, 
Lisular Cases (North American Review, CLXXIII, 145-153); 
G. S. Boutwell, The Supreme Court and Hej^endencies (North 
American Review, (CLXXIII, 154-160) ; S, E. Baldwin, The 
Supreme Court and the Insidar Cases (Yale Review, X, 129- 
143) ; J. B. Thayer, Insidar Tariff Cases (Harvard Laxo 
Review, XV, 164-168); C. E. Littlefield, The Insular Cases 
(Harvard Law Revietv, XV, 169, 281) ; L. S. Rowe, Lnsular 
Decisions (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XVIII, 226-250) ; 
\\. Reid, Problems of Expansion; C. E. Magoon, Report 
on the Legal Status of Territory acquired by the United 
States during the War with Spain; E. Freund, Control 
of HeiJendencies (Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 19-38) ; 
R. D. Hunt, Legal Status of California, 18^6-181^9 (Amer. 
Acad. Pol. J5ci., Annals, XVIII, 226-250) ; T. H. Giddings, 
Democracy and Empire, chs. i, xvi, xvii ; T. Williams, Ethical 



42] DEPENDENT TERRITORIES 153 

and Political Principles of Exj)ansion (Amer. Acad. Pol. 
Sci., Annals, XVI, 227-242). 

Cases before 1899.— Dred Scott r. Sandford (1857): 19 
Howard, 393; 2 Miller, 1 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 481. — United 
.States V. Gratiot (1840): 14 Peters, 526; 13 Curtis, 644.— 
American Insurance Co. v. Canter (1828): 1 Peters, 511; 7 
Curtis, 685 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 350 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 583 ; 
E. McClain, Cases, 827. — Sere v. Pitot (1810) : 6 Cranch, 332 ; 
2 Curtis, 423 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 349. — National Bank v. 
County of Yankton (1879) : 101 U. S., 129 ; E. McClain, Cases, 
830/i. — Mormon Church v. United States (1890): 136 U. S., 
1; E. McClain, Cases, 835. — Murphy v. Ramsey (1885): 114 
U. S., 15. —Reynolds v. United States (1878) : 98 U. S., 145 ; 
E. McClain, Cases, 833>?. — Callan v. Wilson (1888): 127 
U. S., 540; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 358; E. McClain, Cases, 834. 
— 7/ireRoss (1891): 140 U. S., 453; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
366. — Thompson v. Utah (1898) : 170 U. S., 343 ; E. McClain, 
Cases, 831. — Loughborough v. Blake (1820) : 5 Wheaton, 317 ; 
4 Curtis, 643 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 849w; J. Marshall, Writings, 
211. —American Publishing Co. v. Fisher (1897) : 166 U. S., 
464. — Capital Traction Co. v. Hof (1899) : 174 U. S., 1. 

Cases since 1899. — De Lima c. Bidwell (1901) : 182 U. S., 
1. — Dooley v. United States (1901) : 182 U. S., 222. — Downes 
r. Bidwell (1901): 182 U. S., 244. — The Diamond Rings 
(1901).— Dooley v. United States (Dec. 2, 1901). — A. H. 
Howe, The Insular Cases (1901) (House Documents, 56 Cong., 
2 sess., No. 509). 

Historical Discussions previous to 1898. — H. Von Hoist, 
U7iited States, III, 308, 322, 351, 385-401, 422-430, 442-455; 
J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, 424-484; T. Donaldson, Public 
Domain, 56-88, 416-464; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopoidia, \\\, 914- 
920; T. Roosevelt, Thomas 11. Benton, 317-340; J. Schouler, 
United States, V, 97-100, 115-119, 157-190, 289-293; T. H. 



154 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Benton, Thirty Years' Vieiv, II, G9G-700, 713-715, 721-726, 
729-736 ; H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhoun, 288-307 ; H. Greeley, 
American Conflict, I, 188-193, 259, 260 ; G. T. Curtis, Daniel 
Webster, II, 360-373. 

Historical Discussions since 1898. — A. L. Lowell, The 
Colonial Expansion of the United States {Atlantic Monthly^ 
LXXXIII, 145-154); C. E. Boyd, Government of Newly Ac- 
quired Territory (^Atlantic Monthly, LXXXII, 735-742) ; A. B. 
Hart, Foundations of American Foreign Policy, chs. v, vi ; H. P. 
Judson, Oiir Federal Constitution and Expansion (^Review of 
Reviews, XIX, 67, XXI, 451). Speech of G. F. Hoar (April, 
1900), Congressional Record, 56 Cong., 1 sess., 4278-4306. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble ; 
Art. I, Sect. 8, §§ 17, 18; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2 ; Art. VI, § 2: 
Amends. I; VIII; X. — Callioun's resolutions of Feb. 19, 
1847: Works, IV, 346-349, 498, 499; Congressional Globe, 
29 Cong., 2 sess. (1847), 453-455; A. H. Stephens, War be- 
tween the States, II, 166-168. — Walker's amendment of 1849: 
Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 2 sess. (1849), 561 ; debate, 
in Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 2 sess., App. 265-289 ; 
D. Webster, Works, V, 30-312; J. C. Calhoun, Works, IV, 
336-396. — S. A. Douglas' views: Harper's Magazine, XIX, 
519-537; Debates betiveen Lincoln and Douglas, 93-105; A. 
Johnston, Americaji Orations, II, 218-255, III, 17-27. — A. 
Lincoln's views : A. Johnston, American Orations, III, 3- 
17; Debates betiveen Lincoln and Douglas, 1-5, 14-24. — 
Treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898, Senate Documents, 55 Cong., 
3 sess., No. 62, part i. — Report on government of Hawaii, 
House Reports^ 56 Cong., 1 sess. (1900), No. 305. — Report of 
Philippine Commission to President, Senate Documents, 56 
Cong., 1 sess. (1900), No. 138. — Philippine Information 
Society, Publications. — Contemporaries, III, §§ 111-115, IV, 
§§ 186-191. 



42,43] IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACTS 155 

Specimen Questions. — Are the inhabitants of a territory 
entitled to all the privileges and immunities enjoyed by inhabi- 
tants of a State? — May Congress deprive a territory of repre- 
sentative government? — May Congress dissolve corporations 
created by territorial law? — May Congress prohibit the exer- 
cise of a particular religious faith in a territory ? 

§ 43. Paper No. 12. Impairment of Contracts. 

Bibliography. — Guide ^ § 175. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
1374-1400; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 1880) 300- 
314, (ed. 1891) 311-327, (ed. 1898) 328-345; F. Wharton, 
Commentaries, §§ 477-498 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, 
§§ 538-(J27; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 79 ; H. C. 
Black, Constitutional Law, 429, 430, 604-625; J. R. Tucker, 
Constitution, §§ 270, 271, 387-389; J. D. Andrews, American 
Law, 196, 389-394. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions, — C.S.Patterson, 
The United States and the States, ch. v ; J. Kent, Commentaries, 
I, §§ 413-424 ; H. C. Black, Co?istitutional Prohihitioiis, part i; 
W. Rawle, View of the Constitution, 101, 102, 136, 137; J. 
Schouler, Constitutional Studies, 152, 153. 

Cases. — Sturges v. Crowuinshield (1819): 4 Wheaton, 
122; 4 Curtis, 362; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 405; E. McClain, 
Cases, 438; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 268; J. Marshall, Writ- 
ings, 147-160. — Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): 4 
Wheaton, 518; 4 Curtis, 463; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 412; E. 
McClain, Cases, 1006; J. Marshall, Writings, 188-210; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1564. — Fletcher v. Peck (1810) : 6 Cranch, 87 ; 
2 Curtis, 328; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 395; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
114: J. Marshall, Writings, 126-141. — Louisiana r. Mayor 
of New Orleans (1883) : 109 U. S., 285 ; E. McClain, Cases, 
1047. — Ogden w. Saunders (1827) : 12 Wheaton, 213; 7 Cur- 



156 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

tis, 132; J. B. Thayer, Gases, 1590; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 431; 
J. Marshall, Writings, 624-680. — Providence Bank i\ Billings 
(1830): 4 Peters, 514; 9 Curtis, 171; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
1623; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 459; E. McClain, Cases, 1011?*.— 
The Binghamton Bridge (1865) : 3 Wallace, 51 ; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1753. — Antoni v. Greenhow (1882): 107 
U. S., 769. — Poindexter v. Greenhow (1885) : 114 U. S., 270; 
E. McClain, Cases, 469?*. — New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana 
Light Co. (1885) : 115 U. S., 650 ; E. McClain, Cases, 1017«. — 
Stone V. Mississippi (1879): 101 U. S., 814; E. McClain, 
Cases, 1016«; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1771. — Hans v. Louisiana 
(1890) : 134 U. S., 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Gases, 293; C. E. Boyd, 
Cases, 643 ; E. McClain, Cases, 702. — Beer Co. v. Massachusetts 
(1877): 97 U. S., 25; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 757; E. McClain, 
Cases, 1014. — New Orleans Waterworks Co. v. Louisiana 
Sugar Refining Co. (1888): 125 U. S., 18; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1536?*. — Beers v. Arkansas (1857): 20 Howard, 527; 
2 Miller, 564; J. B. Thayer, Gases, 1556. — New Jersey v. 
Wilson (1812): 7 Cranch, 164; 2 Curtis, 498 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1561. — Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) : 
11 Peters, 420; 12 Curtis, 496; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1628; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 451. — Bronson v. Kinzie (1843) : 1 
Howard, 311; 14 Curtis, 628; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1645; E. 
McClain, Cases, 1028. — Virginia Coupon Cases (1885): 114 
U. S., 269. — McGahey v. Virginia (1890): 135 U. S., 662; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1664; E. McClain, Cases, 1001??. — Tom- 
liuson V. Jessup (1872) : 15 Wallace, 454 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1090 — Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park (1878) : 97 U. S., 
659 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1762. — Butchers' Union Co. v. Cres- 
cent City Co. (1884): 111 U. S., 746; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
537. 

Historical Discussions. — H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, 
72-98; G. Van Santvoord, Lives of Chief Justices, 411-413, 



43,44] REGULATION OF COMMERCE 157 

450-459 ; W. W. Story, Joseph Story, I, 321, 322 ; G. T. 
Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, 1G2-171; W. G. Sumner, Andrew 
Jackson, 128-130; J. J. Lalor, Oydopadla, III, 1129, 1130; 
W. M. Meigs, Growth of the Constitution, 182-186, 311 ; S. G. 
Fisher, Evolution of the Constitution, 262-264. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 8, 
§ 18; Sect. 10, § 1; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, § 1 ; Art. VI, § 2; 
Amend. XI. — D. Webster, Works, V, 462-501; T. Jefferson, 
Writings ( Washington ed.), VI, 460-463 ; Federalist (Ford ed.), 
296. 

Specimen Qiestioxs. — May Congress pass a bankruptcy 
law applying to debts contracted before the date of the act? — 
May a State revoke the charter of a railroad? — May a State 
pass an act repudiating the payment of its debts? — May a 
State revoke a license to sell liquor before its expiration, if the 
holder has complied with its conditions? 

§ 44. Paper No. 13. Regulation of Commerce. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21/, 38, 39, 45, 92, 119 ; Guide, 
§§ 170, 171, 174, 175, 179, 195; Brookings and Ringwalt, 
Brief s for Debate, Nos. xxxix, xl. 

CoNSTiTrTioxAL DISCUSSIONS. — J. Stoi'y, Commentaries (espe- 
cially ed. 1891), §§ 1056-1101, 1281, 1289-1293 ; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Law, (ed. 1880) 64-77, (ed. 1891) 63-79, (ed. 
1898), 66-88; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 418-430; J. N. 
Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 321-384; H. Von Hoist, 
Constitutional Lato, § 38; W. O. Bateman, Political and Consti- 
tutional Law, §§ 215-225; J. Tiffany, Treatise in Government, 
§§ 359-380; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, I, 427-504; 
H. C. Black, Constitutional Imw, 186-207; J. 11. Tucker, Con- 
stitution, §§ 250-268; J. D. Andrews, American Law, eh. 
xvi. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — W. A. Duer, 



158 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§ 

Constitutional Jurisprudence, 245-264 ; Prentice and Egan, 
Commerce Clause; W. Rawle, View of the Coyistitution, 82-84; 
C. S. Patterson, United States and the Slates, oh. iv. 

Cases. — Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) : 9 VVlieaton, 1 ; 6 Curtis, 
1; J. B. Thayer, Gases, 730, 1799; J. Marshall, Writings, 287- 
315; C.E.Boyd, Cases, 172; E. McClain, Cases, 235. —Brown 
V. Maryland (1827): 12 Wheaton, 419; 7 Curtis. 262; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1826; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 192; E. McClain, 
Cases, 303 ; J. Marshall, Writings, 358-372. — Willson v. Black- 
bird Creek Marsh Co. (1829): 2 Peters, 245; 8 Curtis, 105; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1837; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 216; E. Mc- 
Clain, Cases, 273. — New York v. Miln (1837): 11 Peters, 102; 
12 Curtis, 357; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1840. — License Cases 
(1846): 5 Howard, 504; 16 Curtis, 513; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
1851; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 204. — Passenger Cases (1848): 7 
Howard, 283; 17 Curtis, 122; J. B. Thayer, C-ses, 1865; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 219. — Pennsylvania r. Wheeling Bridge 
Co. (1855): 13 Howard, 518; 19 Curtis, 621; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1889; E. McClain, Cases, 282. — Welton v. Missouri 
(1875): 91 U. S., 275; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1957; E. Mc- 
Clain, Cases, 313. — License Tax Cases (1866): 5 Wallace, 
462; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 737; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 45.— 
Cooley V. Board of Wardens (1851) : 12 Howard, 299 ; 19 
Curtis, 143; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1879; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 
235; E. McClain, Cases, 275.— United States v. Dewitt (1869): 
9 Wallace, 41 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 735 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 
495. — Henderson v. Mayor of New York (1875): 92 U. S., 
259; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 738. — Conway v. Taylor's Executor 
(1861): 1 Black, 603; 4 Miller, 633; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
1906. — Gilman v. Philadelphia (1865) : 3 Wallace, 713; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1912. — Crandall W.Nevada (1867): 6 Wallace, 
35; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1364; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 49.— 
Woodruff V. Parham (1868) : 8 Wallace, 123; J. B. Thayer, 



44] REGULATION OF COMMERCE 159 

Cases, 1922. — Paul v. Virginia (1868) : 8 Wallace, 168; J. B, 
Thayer, Cases, 1928 ; E. McClain, Cases, 855. — Escanaba 
Co. r. Chicago (1882) : 107 U. S., 678 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
2002 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 299 ; E. McClain, Cases, 285. — 
Brown v. Houston (1885): lU U. S., 622; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 2022; E. McClain, Cases, 333. — Smith v. Alabama 
(1888): 124 U. S., 465; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 797, 2068.— 
Bowman t'. Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. (1888) : 
125 U. S., 465; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2080, 2109. — Leisy v. 
Hardin (1890): 135 U. S., 100; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2104; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 269 ; E. McClain, Cases, 378. — In re 
Kahrer (1891): 140 U. S., 545; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2133.— 
Maine r. Grand Trunk Railway Co. (1891): 142 U. S., 217; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2139. — Plumley r. Massachusetts (1894) : 
155 U. S., 461 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2173. — Railroad Co. v. 
Husen (1877): 95 U. S., 465; J. B.Thayer, Cases, 753, 2182; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 277 ; E. McClain, Cases, 367. — United 
States V. E. C Knight Co. (1895) : 156 U. S., 1 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 2185 ; E. McClain, Cases, 263. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Adams, United States, IV, 128- 
475 ; J. B. McMaster, United States, III, 276-339 ; R. Hildreth, 
United States, VI, 36-44, 69-138 ; J. Schouler, United States, 

II, 156-204; H. Von Hoist, United States, 1, 200-220; J. J. 
Lalor, Cydopcedia, I, 772, II, 79, 85, 109; J. T. Morse, 
Thomas Jefferson, 286-320 ; J. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, 
52-57; G. Tucker, United States, II, 307, 321-325, 341, 342; 
T. Dwight, Hartford Convention, 83-106; G. Tucker, Thomas Jef- 
ferson, II, 248-250, 283-287 ; H. S. Randall, Tfiomas Jefferson, 

III, 239-307 ; H. C. Lodge, George Cabot, 367-372, 374, 382, 
395 ; H. Adams, Albert Gallatin, 365-381 ; G. T. Curtis, Constitu- 
tional History, II, 7 ; W. M. Meigs, Groivth of the Constitution, 
135-138, 173-175; S. G. Fisher, Evolution of the Constitution, 
225, 293 ; J. S. Landon, Constitutional History, 349-353. 



IGO CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 8, 
§§ 3, 18; Sect. 9, §§ 1, 5, 6; Sect. 10, § 2; Art. IV, Sect. 2, 
§ 1; Art. VI, § 2. — Thomas Jefferson, Messages of Oct. 27 
and Dec. 18, 1807: Statesman's Manual, I, 200-203, 204; 
Annals of Congress, 10 Cong., 1 sess. (1807), 14, 50; J. 1). 
Richardson, Messages, I, 425. — P^tnbargo Acts of Dec. 22, 
1807, Jan. 9, March 12, April 25, 1808: Statutes at Large, II, 
451, 453, 473, 499; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 27, 
28. — Debates: Annals of Congress, 10 Cong., 1 sess. (1807), 
50,51, 1216-1220; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, III, 640-G44, 
678-707. — Contemporary discnssions : M. Carey, The Olive 
Branch, chs. xxiv, xxv ; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs,!, A^\, 535; 
E. Quincy, Josiah Quincy, 127-130, 139, 183 ; T. Jefferson, Writ- 
ings (Washington ed.), V, 226-243 ; Niks' Register, XXXV, 138 ; 
W. W. Story, Joseph Story, I, 165, 174-187, 223 ; The Federalist 
(Ford ed.), 65-72, 276; Source-Booh, § 81 ; Contemporaries, III, 
§ 54, IV, § 165. 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress by statute prohibit 
importation of goods? — May the States in any way regulate 
interstate commerce? — May Congress prohibit the exportation 
of goods? — May Congress regulate commerce wholly within a 
State ? 



§ 45. Paper No. 14. Internal Improvements. 

^i^i.\OG-RAVHY.— Handbook, §§ 19/, 19^, 21Z, 21h, 38, 3'.», 
44; Guide, §§ 174, 179, 180, 185; Brookings and Ringwalt, 
Briefs for Debate, No. Ivi. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
1124-1150, 1272-1277; J.N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, %^ 
382, 412 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 41 ; T. M. 
Cooley, Constitutiotial Law, (ed. 1880) 94, (ed. 1891) 97, (ed. 
1898), 107; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, 388-396; H. C. 



44,45] INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS 161 

Black, Constitutional Law^ 213-216; J. R. Tucker, Constitution^ 
§ 276; J. D. Andrews, American Law, eh. xx. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — F.Wharton, Com- 
mentaries, §§ 446, 447; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitu- 
tional Law, § 227 ; Prentice and Egan, Commerce Clause, 107- 
112, 313-315 ; W. Rawle, View of the Constitution, 103, 104 ; 
H. Clay, Life and Speeches, I, 300-320; J. C. Calhoun, Works, 
II, 186-197; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 83-97; T. H. 
Benton, Thirty Tears' View, 1, 21-27. 

Cases. — Luxton v. North Eiver Bridge Co. (1894): 153 
U. S., 525; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2160. — Stockton V.Balti- 
more and New York Railroad Co. (1887) : 32 Federal Reporter, 
9 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2067w. — California v. Pacific Railroad 
Co. (1888): 127 U. S., 39; E. McClain, Cases, 167; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1394. — Se aright v. Stokes (1845) : 3 Howard, 
151 ; 15 Curtis, 346. — Pensacola Telegraph Co. v. Western 
Union Telegraph Co. (1877) : 96 U. S., 1 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 1985 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 255 ; E. McClaiu, Cases, 252. 
— Gilman v. Philadelphia (1865): 3 Wallace, 713; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 1912. — Miller v. Mayor of New York (1883) : 
109 U. S., 385. — Wisconsin v. Duluth (1877) : 96 U. S., 379. 

Historical Discussions. — E. R. Johnson, Eiver and Harbor 
Bills (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci. , Annals, II, 782) ; H. S. Tanner, 
Memoir on Internal Improvements; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, I, 
609, II, 568-570; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. ix ; The 
Old National Pike {Harper's Magazine, LIX, 801) ; D. C. Gil- 
man, James Monroe, 239-248; H. Adams, Albert Gallatin, S51, 
352 ; H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhoun, 27-41 ; W. G. Sumner, 
Andrew Jackson, 191-194; H. G. Wheeler, History of Congress, 
II, 109-124, 145-159; J. W. Burgess, Middle Period, 14-18, 
116-122, 155-157, 166-189; W. M. Meigs, Growth of the 
Constitution, 306, 307. 

SouKCES. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 
11 



162 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

8, §§ 1, 3, 7, 12; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2. —Debates iu the 
Federal Convention, iu J. Elliot, Debates, V, 543-545. — 
Hamilton's suggestions (1791), iu Annals of Congress, 2 Cong. 
(1791), 1015, 1016. — Oiiio Act of 1802 (Sect. 7, § 3), in 
Statutes at Large, II, 175. — Cumberland Road Act of March 
29, 1806, in Statutes at Large, II, 357. — Extracts from 
Jefferson's Message of Dec. 2, 1806 : Statesman's Manual^ I, 
190, 191 ; Annals of Congress, 9 Cong., 2 sess. (1806), 
14, 15; J. D. Richardson, Messages, I, 409, 410. — Gal- 
latin's Report of April 4, 1808, in American State Papers, 
Miscellaneous, I, 724-741. — Latrobe's Reports of March 
16 and April 1, 1808, in American State Papers, 3Iis- 
cellaneons, I, 910-916. — Madison's Veto of March 3, 1817: 
Annals of Congress, 14 Cong., 2 sess. (1817), 1059; Senate 
Journal, 14 Cong., 2 sess. (1817), 406; J. D. Richardson, 
Messages, I, 584. — Monroe's Veto of May 4, 1822: Aimals 
of Congress, 17 Cong., 1 sess. (1822), 1809-1863; Statesman's 
Manual, I, 492-512, II, 513-534; J. D. Richardson, Messages, 

II, 144-183. — Jackson's Veto of May 27, 1830 : Statesman's 
Manual, II, 719-728 ; House Journal, 21 Coug., 1 sess. (1830), 
733-742 ; J. D. Richardson, J/e.«;sa^e.s', II, 483-493. — Cleveland's 
Veto of May 29, 1896, iu J. D. Richardson, Messages, IX, 677- 
679. — Debates : Annals of Congress, 14 Gong., 2 sess. (1817), 
851-923; T. H. Benton, Ahridgmeyit, V, 676, 704-711.— 
House Resolutions of March 14, 1818, in Annals of Congress, 
15 Cong., 1 sess. (1818), 1381-1384. — T. Jefferson, Writ- 
ings (Washington ed.), IV, 131, 449, 478, VII, 77-79, IX, 
496-500; A.Gallatin, Writings, 1,395,396; Contemp>oraries^ 

III, § 131. 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress improve a waterway 
wholly within a State, without tlie consent of that State? — 
May Congress construct irrigation canals? — May Congress 
construct an interoceanic canal across the territory of Nica- 



45,46] MONROE DOCTRINE 163 

ragua ? — May Congress construct and operate grain elevators 
at tide-water terminals? 

§ 46. Paper No. 15. Application of the Monroe 
Doctrine. 

Bibliography. — ^a«t7^>oo^, §§ 19/, 20/, 20g, 20i, 20/, 21m, 
72, 79, 83, 89; Guide, §§ 178, 179, 192, 199; D. C. Oilman, 
James Monroe, 269-272, Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for 
Debate, No. xxv. 

Constitutional Discussions. — F. Wharton, Commentaries, 
§§ 174, 175; W. B. Lawrence, Commentaire sur les Elements 
du Droit International, II, 297-394; D. Webster, Works, III, 
178, 201-217; Dana's Wheaton, 97-112 notes. 

Historical Discussions. — G. F. Tucker, The Mojiroe 
Doctrine ; T. Roosevelt, American Ideals, No. xi ; J. W. 
Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, ch. xii ; W. F. 
Reddaway, The Monroe Doctrine ; W. E. Curtis, United 
States and Foreign Foioers ; T. S. Woolsey, America's 
Foreign Policy, 223-238; J. W. Burgess, Middle Period, 
123-128 ; J. H. Latane, Diplomatic Relations of United 
States and Sjxmish America; A. B. Hart, Foundations of 
American Foreign Policy, ch. vii (from American Dlstorical 
Meview, VII, 77-91); L. M. Keasbey, iV/cara^wa Canal and 
Monroe Doctrine; J. B. McMaster, With the Fathers, 1-54; 
H. Von Hoist, United States, I, 412-423 ; D. C. Gilmau, James 
Monroe, 156-174; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, II, 898-900; F. 
Snow, Treaties and Topics, part ii; J. B. Moore, Monroe 
Doctrine {Political Science Quarterly, XI, 1-29) ; J. W. 
Burgess, Recent Pseiido- Monroeism (Political Science Quar- 
terly, XI, 44-67) ; S. E. Baldwin, Modern Political Institu- 
tious, ch. xiii. 

Additional Historical Discussions. — W. Reid, Problems 
of Expansion, 18-20 ; J. B. McMaster, United States, V, 



164 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§| 

28-54, 433-459 ; R. Kush, Narrative of a Residence at the Court 
of London^ ch. xxiii; ej. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, 
129-149; T. K. Lothrop, William Henry Seioard, 387-395; 
F. Bancroft, William H. Seward, II, 419-442 ; J. B. Moore, 
A Hundred Years of American Diplom,acy {Harvard Law 
Mevieic, XIV, 165) ; R. Olney, Growth of our Foreign Policy 
{Atlantic Monthly, LXXXV, 289). 

Instances of Application of Monroe Doctrine. — 1824, 
Greek question ; 1826, Panama Congress ; 1845, Texas and 
Oregon questions; 1848, Yucatan question; 1850, Claytou- 
Bulwer treaty ; 1850-1860, Balize and Mosquito coast ques- 
tions; 1854, Ostend Manifesto ; 1861-1867, French intervention 
in Mexico; 1870, San Domingo; 1881, Nicaragua Canal; 
1881, Chile-Peru war; 1890, Bering Sea question; 1895, 
Venezulean question; 1900, Canal questions. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 
7, § 1; Sect. 8, §§ 3, 10-15, 18; Sect. 9, §§ 1, 6, 7; Sect. 10; 
Art. II, Sect. 1, § 1; Sect. 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, §§ 1, 2; 
Art. VI, §§ 1, 2. — Extracts from official declarations of 
the United States, m American History Leaflets, Nos. 4 (Mon- 
roe Doctrine), 6 (Bering Sea) ; Contemporaries, III, §§ 142, 
145, 147, 148, IV, §§ 177, 179, 192, 196. —Messages : Old 
South Leaflets, No. 56 ; W. MacDouald, Select Documents, No. 
43; J. D. Richardson, Messages, I, 183, 222, 361, 488, II, 105, 
116, 218, 260, 319, 334, 512, IV, 398, 512, 540, 582, VII, 61, 
100, 129, IX, 632, 655; Annals of Congress, 18 Cong., 1 sess. 
(1823), 12-23 ; Congressional Debates, 18 Cong., 2 sess. (1824), 
App., 2-8. — F. Wharton, Digest of Internatioyxal Laxo, §§ 
57-61, 72 ; Treaties and Conventions of the United States, (ed. 
1889) 441 (1850), 939 (1867) ; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 163, 
178, 179, 186-194, 202, 207; T. Jefferson, Writings (Wash- 
ington ed.), VII, 315-317 ; J. Madison, Writings, III, 339-354. 
— Ostend Manifesto : American History Leaflets, No. 2 ; 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents, No. 89. 



46,47) STATUS OF SLAVERY 165 

Specimen Questions. — Was the attempt to coustruct a 
Panama canal by a French company contrary to the Monroe 
Doctrine? — Would a German protectorate of Brazil be contrary 
to the Monroe Doctrine ? — AVould a transfer of Hay ti to Great 
Britain be contrary to the Monroe Doctrine? — Would an inde- 
pendent Canadian kingdom be contrary to the Monroe Doctrine? 

§ 47. Paper No. i5. Social and Economic Status 
of Slavery. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ I'dg, 19A, 133; Guide, §§ 
186, 187 ; 3Iinutes of Abolition Conventions (^American His- 
torical Beviev;, V, 804, 805). 

Social and Economic Discussions. — F. L. Olmstead, The 
Seaboard Slave States, especially chs. iii, viii, x ; F. L. Olm- 
stead, A Texas Journey, especially ch. vii ; F. L. Olmstead, 
The Back Country, especially chs. ii, viii, x ; F. L. Olmstead, 
The Cotton Kingdom, especially I, chs. iv, v, II, chs. v- 
viii. Appendix ; F. A. Kemble, lAfe on a Georgia Planta- 
tion; F. Douglass, My Bondage and Freedom ; F. Douglass, 
Life and Times ; H. R. Helper, Impending Crisis, chs. i, 
viii, ix; N. Adams, .^ South- Side View of Slavery ; J. F. 
Rliodes, United States, I, ch. iv ; J. Schouler, United States, 
I, 239-241, III, ch. xvii, IV, 203-209; A. H. Stephens, War 
between the States, II, 80-83 ; S. Northrup, Twelve Years a 
Slave ; J. D. DeBow, Industrial Besources of the South and 
West; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, ch. ix; W. Goodell, 
Slavery and Anti- Slavery ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, III, 
728-730; Goldwin Smith, United States, 221-228; J. E. 
Cairnes, Slave Poxoer, chs. ii-vi. 

Additional Social and Economic Discussions. — J. H. 
Hopkins, A View of Slavery ; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, 
chs. xvi, XXV ; S. Nott, Slavery and the Bemedy, chs. i, iii; 
L. M. F. Child, Authentic Anecdotes of American Slavery; 



166 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

L. Coffin, Hemiiiiscences ; H. Von Hoist, J. C. Calhoun, 124- 
183 ; C. Elliott, Sinfulness of American /Slavery, II, part v, 
cbs. i-iv, vi ; H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, chs. vi, xvi; 
M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves ; J. D. Butler, British 
Convicts Shipped to American Colonies {American Historical 
Hevieto, II, 12-33) ; J, G. Braekett, The Negro in Mary- 
land ; W. Harper, J. H. Hammond, T. R. Dew, W. G. Simms, 
Pro- Slavery Argument / R. Hildreth, Depotism in America ; 
Comte de Paris, Civil War, I, book ii, ch. i; W. H. Siebert, 
Underground Railroad; A. Barnes, Scrijjtural Vieic of Sla- 
very ; D. R. Goodwin, Southern Slavery in its Present Asjyects. 

Sources. — T. Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, 227-273; Coiv- 
temporaries, III, §§ 10, 19, 24, 169-173, 175, IV, §§ 23-28; 
Source-Book, §§ 46, 95, 98, 113; Gov. McDuffie's Message, 
in Am,erican History Leaflets, No. 10; Diary of John Har- 
rower {American Historical Review, VI, 65-107). 

Specimen Questions. — Was slavery an advantage to the 
large planters ? — Did slavery make more rapid the opening of 
lands to cultivation? — Did slavery produce more for the white 
race in general than they would have received under a system 
of white labor ? — Was slavery opposed to the improvement of 
agricultural processes on large plantations ? 

§ 48. Paper No. 17. Jacksonian Democracy. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19(7, 41; Guide, § 181. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, II, 
ch. i; Goldwin Smith, United States, 191-206 ; J. W. Burgess, 
Middle Period, 163-241 ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical 
History, VII, 281-290, 348-352; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in 
the United States, 67, 68, 133-145; C. H, Peck, Jacksonian 
Epoch, chs. iv-viii ; J. Parton, Andrew Jackson ; W. G. Sum- 
ner, Andrew Jackson: G. Tucker, United States, IV, chs. 
xxvi-xxix; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' Vievo,\, 119-734; 



47,48] JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 167 

H. Greeley, American Conflict^ I, 88-106 ; J. Schouler, 
United States, clis. xiii, xiv ; K. M. Onnsby, Whig Party, 
ehs. xviii-xxii ; J. H. Pattou, Democratic Party, 71-82, 168- 
171 ; A. D. Morse, Political Influence of Andrew Jackson 
{Political Science Quarterly, I, 153-162); M. Chevalier, Society y 
Manners, and Politics in the United States, chs. xvi, xvii ; J. 
S. Landou, Constitutional History, 178-184; J. B. McMaster, 
United States, V, cb. lii; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, ch. 
vii ; C. Schurz, Henry Clay, chs. x, xviii ; J. T. Morse, John 
Quincy Adams, 158-163, 169-175, 184-187, 195-242; Gold- 
win Smith, American Statesm^en {Nineteenth Century, XXIV, 
269-274). 

Additional Historical Discussions. — J. J. Lalor, Cyclo- 
pcedia, II, 626, III, 996 ; N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, 
I, 35-41, 56-74, 137, 141-146, 151-349; H. A. Wise, Seven 
Decades, ehs. v-vii ; C. W.Young, American Statesman, chs. 
xxxiii-xxxviii ; L.M.Salmon, Appointing Power, 54-66; S. 
H. Gay, Bryant's United States, IV, 291-315; A. Brad- 
ford, Federal Government, chs. xiii, xiv; J. A. Stevens, Albert 
Gallatin, 368, 372, 373; A. C. McLaughlin, I^evns Cass, ch. 
v; T. K. Lothrop, William Henry Seicard, 15-20; G. T. 
Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, chs. xvi-xx ; A. Kendall, Andrew 
Jackson^ P. A. Goodwin, Andrew Jackson; W. Cobbett, 
Andrew Jackson. 

Sources. — Congressiotial Globe, 23, 24 Congs. (1833-1837); 
T. H. Benton, Abridgment, X-XIII; J. D. Richardson, Mes- 
sages, II, 436-458, III, 1-308; W. MacDonald, Select Docic- 
ments, Nos. 46, 50-52, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64, 65; American 
History Leaflets, No. 24 ; Contemporaries, III, §§ 158-164; 
C. A. Davis, Letters of J. Downing, Major ; J. Q. Adams, 
Memoirs, VIII-X ; D. Webster, Works, I, 242, 267, 292, 345, 
360, 364, 421, II, 11. 12, 315, 585, III, 416. IV, 103, 351, 
477 ; C. Col ton. Private Correspondence of Henry Clay 



168 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

(Henry Clay, Works, IV), chs. vii-xi; C. Colton, Life and 
Times of Henry Clay, I, II; A. Kendall, Autobiography, chs. 
xii-xv ; B. P. Poore, Parley's Reminiscences, I, chs. vi, vii, x- 
xiii; J. Quinc}^ Figures of the Past, 352-375, 

Specimen Questions. — Did Jackson's democracy coincide 
with Jefferson's ? — Did Jackson believe that the President 
could construe the Constitution contrary to a decision of the 
Supreme Court ? — Was Jackson responsible for the spoils 
system in national politics ? — Was Jackson an advocate of 
the smallest possible action of national government? 

§ 49. Paper No. 18. Civil Service. 

BiBLioGUAi'HY. — Ha7idbook, §§ 1%, -Ilg, 48, 108; Guide, 
§§ 157, 1G7, 181; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, 
No. xvii. 

Constitutional Discussions. — L. M. Salmon, Appointing 
Power; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1524-1559; H. Von Hoist, 
Constitutional Law, § 58 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional 
Law, §§ 180, G42-6G1 ; W. O. Bateman, Political and Con- 
stitutional Law, § 295; J. R. Tucker, Coiistitution, §§ 357- 
359; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, 110-114; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Law, (ed. 1880) 104, 105, (ed. 1891) 107, 
108, (ed. 1898) 118, 119; J. D. Andrews, American Law, 
429, 430. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — G. M. Lam- 
phere. United States Government, 264-276 ; W. Rawle, View 
of the Constitution, ch. xiv ; J. Schouler, Constitutional 
Studies, 165, 166; C. H. Kerr, United States Senate, 104- 
135. 

Cases. — Wood ?;. United States (1882): 107 U. S., 414.— 
United States v. Ferreira (1851) : 13 Howard, 40 ; 19 Curtis, 
373; J. B. Thayer, Cases, IGO. — LJx parte Ilcnnen (1839): 
13 Peters, 230; 13 Curtis, 135. —Blake v. U. S. (1880): 



48,49] CIVIL SERVICE 169 

103 U. S., 227; E. McClaiu, Cases, 610.— U. S. v. Germaine 
(1878): 99 U. S., 508; E. McClain, Cases, 607.— U. S. 7;. 
Perkins (1886) : 116 U. S., 483. — Creushaw v. U. S. (1890) : 
134 U. S., 99. —U. S. V. Hartwell (1867) : 6 Wallace, 385. — 
Gratiot v. U. S. (1865) : 1 Court of Claims, 258. — Opinions 
of Attorneys General, III, 188. 

Historical Discussions. — J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, III, 
565-569; L. M. Salmon, The Appointing Power; J. N. Com- 
stock, Civil Service in the United States ; W. G. Sumner, Andrew 
Jackson, 145-149; T. H. Benton, Thirty Tears' View, I, 159- 
163 ; J. Parton, Andrew Jackson, III, 206-227 ; G. T. Curtis, 
Constitutional History, II, 142-145 ; W. M. Meigs, Growth of 
the Constitution, 224-229; B. Harrison, This Country of Ours, 
99-112, 296-298; G. Cleveland, Independence of the Executive 
{Atlantic Monthly, LXXXV, 721, LXXXVI, 1) ; F. J. Good- 
now. Comparative Administrative Law, II, 27-46, 97-100; C. 
R. Fish, Removals of Officials hy the Presidents of the United 
States (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Annual Re-port for 1899, I, 67-86); 
J. Bryce, Americari Commonwecdth , II, eh. Ixv. 

Sources. — - Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 3, 
§ 3; Sect. 5, § 1 ; Sect. 6, § 2; Sect. 8, §§ 9, 16, 18; Art. 
II, Sect. 2, §§ 2, 3; Sect. 3; Art. Ill, Sect. 1; Art. VI, § 
2. — The Federalist, (Dawson ed.) No. 76, (Ford ed.) pp. 463, 
505, 517. — Tenure of Office Act: Statutes at Large, III, 582; 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents, No. 42. — J. D. Richardson, 
Messages, III, 42, 53, IV, 492, 622, VIII, 375. — A. Kendall, 
Anlohiography, 297-317; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, VIII, 112, 
138, 144, 150,172, 179; Contemporaries, IV, § \^^. — House 
Reports, 52 Cong., 1 sess. (1892), No. 1669. — Debates on 
executive patronage, in Niles's Register, XLVIII, 384-392. — 
Reports of the United States Civil Service Commission (annual 
since 1884). 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress require the head of a 



170 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

department to state his reasons for a removal ? — May Con- 
gress create an oflice to be held during good behavior? — May- 
Congress require the President to appoint only persons who 
have passed a competitive examination? — May Congress by 
statute appoint specified persons to any otlice ? 

§ 50. Paper No. 19. Interposition and Nullification. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ \dg, 21o, 21e, 34, 57; Guidcy 
§§ 156, 183, 205. 

Constitutional Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States^ 
I, 396-408 ; A. H. Stephens, War between the Slates, I, 335-342^ 
422-430 ; R. Foster, Commentaries, §§ 32-34 ; D. F. Houston,. 
NulUJication ^ G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, 11, 5, 15-40; 
H. C. Black, Cotistitutional Law, 22-33 ; J. Davis, Confederate 
Government, I, 184, 221, 222; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 306— 
340, 350-372; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 25-44^ 
93-133 ; E. P. Powell, NuUiJication and Secession. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. I. C. Hare^ 
Constitutional Law, I, 30, 134; T. H. Benton, Thirty Tears* 
View, I, 334-362 ; D. Webster, Works, III, 448, 464 ; C. B. 
Loring, Nullification and Secession. 

Cases. — Lane County r. Oregon (1868) : 7 Wallace, 71, 76; 
E. McClain, Cases, 40. —Texas r. White (1868): 7 Wallace, 
700; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302; E. McClain, Cases, 838; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 552. — Legal Tender Cases (1872): 12 
Wallace, 457, 554. — McCulloch r. Maryland (1819): 4 
Wheaton, 316; 4 Curtis, 415; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 308; J. 
B. Thayer, Cases, 271 ; E. McClain, Cases, 1. 

IIisToincAL Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhoun^ 
it6-10;5; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, II, 234, 1050-1055, III, 
734 ; T. 11. Benton, Thirty Tears' View, I, 138-149, 167-180, 
297-299; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, 88-105; N. Sar- 
geant. Public Men and Events, I, 169-174 ; H. C. Lodge, Daniel 



49,50] INTERPOSITION AND NULLIFICATION 171 

Webster, 171-204; G. T. Curtis, Daniel Webster, I, 351-366; 
J. Schouler, United States, III, 482-488; H. A. Wise, Seven 
Decades, 121-135; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, 370-380; F. 
M. Anderson, Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Ken- 
tucky Resolutions (American Historical Review, V, 45-63, 225- 
252); E. G. Scott, Reconstruction during Civil War, 3, 192- 
205; P. L. Ford, The Federalist, lOOn, 129«; J. W. Burgess, 
Middle Period, ch. x ; J. S. Landon, Constitutional History, 
187-198. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble ; Art. 

I, Sect. 2, § 4; Sect. 4, § 1; Sect. 8, § 15 ; Sect. 10; Art. 
Ill, Sect. 2, § 23 ; Sect. 3, § 1 ; Art. IV ; Art. VI ; Amends. 
X; XI. — Hayne's speech: Congressional Debates, 21 Cong., 1 
sess. (1830), VI, 43-58 ; A. Johnston, American Orations, I, 
213-227; T. H. Benton, Abridgment, X, 423-449. — Webster's 
reply: Congressional Debates, 21 Cong., 1 sess. (1830), VI, 58- 
80 ; A. Johnston, American Orations, I, 228-282 ; D. Webster, 
Works, III, 270-342, 449-505; comments on Webster's reply, 
in A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 298-355. — Extracts 
from the two speeches : W. MacDonald, Select Documents, Nos. 
47-49; Contemporaries, § 159. — Calhoun's South Carolina 
exposition, in Works, VI, 1-58 ; Calhoun's speech against 
Webster, in A. Johnston, American Orations, I, 196-212. — Ex- 
tracts from Webster, Calhoun, and Hayne, in American History 
Leaflets, No. 30; Contemporaries, III, § 161. — J. Madison, 
Writings, IV, 18-20, 44, 80, 102, 196, 224. — Documents in 
Niles's Register, XLIII, Suppl. — Ordinance of Nullification: 

II. W. Preston, Documents, 300-303 ; I^'iles's Register, XLIII, 
Suppl. ; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, No. 53. — Jackson's 
proclamation to the people of South Carolina: J. D. Richard- 
son, Messages, II, 640-656 ; Niles's Register, XLIII, 260-264 ; 
W. MacDonald, Select Documents, No. 55. — Letters on the 
Nidlification Movement (American History Review, VI, 725-765, 



172 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

VII, 92-119). — The Federalist (Ford ed.), 100-102, 140, 173, 
203. 

Specimen Questions. — May Congress under any circum- 
stance annul a State statute? — Is it treasonable to refuse 
obedience to an act of Congress? — May a State constitution- 
ally refuse to observe a national statute which has been held 
unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court? — May Congress 
compel a State court to permit an appeal to the United States 
Supreme Court? 

§ 51. Paper No. 20. Constitutional Status of Slavery. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ I'dg, 19A; Guide, §§ 152, 161, 
177, 188, 189, 196-199, 202. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries (4th 
and 5th eds.), §§ 1915-1927 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, 
(ed. 1880) 213-217, (ed. 1891) 222-225, (ed. 1898) 233-240; 
R. Foster, Commentaries, 158-163; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, 
II, 554, 555, 629-634; J. Kent, Commentaries, II, 251-258; 
T. Walker, American Law, 182-187. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — J. N. Ponie- 
roy, Constitutional I^aw, §§ 116-118; F. Wharton, Commen- 
taries, §§ 181, 182; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, § 202; 
J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, I, ch. xii-xvi, 
II, ch. xxv-xxxi; T. R. R. Cobb, Law of Negro Slavery, 
116-225. 

Cases. —Dred Scott w. Sandford (1857): 19 Howard, 393; 
2 Miller, 1 ; J. B. Thaj'er, Cases, 480; American History Leaf- 
lets, No. 23; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 471; W. MacDonald, Select 
Documents, No. 91. — Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) : 16 Peters, 
539; 14 Curtis, 417; J. B. Thaj'er, Cases, 476. — Kentucky 
V. Dennison (1860): 24 Howard, 66; 4 Miller, 10; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 195«. — Lemmon v. the People (1860) : 20 New 
York Reports, 562 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 496. — State v. Mann 



50, .51] SLAVERY 173 

(1 829) : 2 Der. (N. C), 263 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 473. — Jones v. 
Van Zandt (1843) : Federal Cases, No. 7501. — Robertsons. Bald- 
win (1897): 165 U. S., 275; P:. McClain, Cases, 891. — Strader 
V. Graham (1850): 10 Howard, 82; 18 Curtis, 305. — Com- 
monwealth V. Ares (1836) : 18 Pickering (Mass.), 193. — Smith 
V. Smith (1839) : 13 Louisiana Reports, 444 ; T. D. Woolsey, 
International Law, 113, 114. — Louis r. Cabarrus (1834): 7 
Louisiana Reports, 170. — Lagrange v. Choteau (1828): 2 
Missouri Reports, 19. — Ralph v. Duncan (1833): 3 Missouri 
Reports, 140. — Thomas r. Generis (1840): 16 Louisiana 
Reports, 483; T. D. Woolsey, International Law, 113, 114. — 
Case of the Creole (1841) : T. D. Woolsey, International Law, 
114; H. Wheaton, International Law, (Boyd ed.) § 103A, (Dana 
ed.) 165 ; F. Wharton, Digest, § 38. — Somersett Case (1772) : 
Lofft's Reports, 18 ; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, 
I, 189-194; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 500, 501. — Case of Slave 
Grace (1827): 2 Haggard's Admiralty Reports, 94; H. 
Wheaton, International Law (Boyd ed.), § 133a. 

Historical Discussions. — J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, 
ch. i; H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, chs. i-xviii; J. Davis, 
Confederate Government, I, chs. i, ii, v ; J. Schouler, United 
States, I, 143-150, II, 57-59, 125-130, III, 133-173, IV, 203- 
224, V, 195-199, 376-381; H. Von Hoist, United States, I, chs. 
vii-ix, II, chs. ii, iv, III, chs. xvi, VI, ch. i; E. A. Pollard, 
Lost Cause, chs. i-iv ; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, 
201-226, 231-299 ; J. W. Burgess, Middle Period, chs. iii, xi, 
xviii, xxi ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, III, 725-738 ; J. B. Mc- 
Master, United States, III, 515-527, V, 184-226; C. Schurz, 
Henry Clay, chs. viii, xvii, xxi, xxvi ; A. B. Hart, Salmon P. 
Chase, chs. iii, v, x; J. W. Draper, Civil War, I, chs. xvii, xix, 
xxvi ; T. R, R. Cobb, Historical Sketch of Slavery, chs. ix-xi, 
xiii-xviii; W. H. Siebert, Underground Railroad; S. W. Mc- 
Call, Thaddeus Sterens, 72-88, 129-135, 210-228; T. K. Loth- 



174 COySTlTUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

rop, W. H. Seward, chs. iv, v, vii, x ; J. 8. Landon, Constitu- 
tional History, ch. xi. 

SouiicKS. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble; Art. I, 
Sect. 2, § 1 ; Sect. 3; Sect. 8, §§ 1, 3, 4, 10, 17, 18; Sect. 9, 
§§ 1, 4; Sect. 10, § 2 ; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, §§ 1, 3; Art. IV; 
Amends. V-X ; y^\ll-^Y .— Contemporaries, lU , §§ 174-184, 
IV, §§ 15-22, 29-33, 41-48, 124-131; Source-Book, §§ 91, 
94, 97, 101, lOG, 110, 113; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 
Nos. 4, 35-40, G9, 78, 82, 85, 93, 96; G. M. Stroud, Slave 
Laws; A. Johnston, American Orations (Woodburn ed.), II, 
3-343, IV, 1-195. 

SrECiMEN Questions. — Was the Federal government bound 
to take cognizance of the existence of slavery in some of the 
States? — Did vessels sailing from southern ports with slaves 
on board carr}' with them the State laws on slavery ? — Could 
the government of the United States legally hold slaves? — 
Was the slave of an ambassador of the United States free, if 
brought by his master into a free State? 

§ 52. Paper No. 21. Right of Expression of Opinion. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19A, 21r^, 40; Guide, § 188. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 
1880-1895; H. Von Ilolst, Constitutional Law, §§ 75, 76 ; II. C. 
Black, Constitutional Law, 540-560; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, 
II, § 326; J. W. Burgess, Political Science, I, 190-193; F. 
Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 555, 556 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitu- 
tional Law, (ed. 1891) 278-281, 283-293, (ed. 1898), 294-297, 
299-309; W. Rawle, View of the Constitution, 123, 124; A. V. 
Dicey, Law of the Constitution, 139-141. 

Cases. — United States v. Cruikshank (1875) : 92 U. S., 
542; E. McClain, Cases, 31. — Davis <\ Massachusetts (1897): 
167 U. S., 43. — ^x parte Jackson (1877) : 96 U. S., 727 ; E. 
McClain, Cases, 478. — /n re Rapier (1892): 143 U. S., 110; 



-,i,52] i:xpji/:ssioN of opinion 175 

E. McClaiu, Cases, 478 ; J, B. Thayer, Cases, 732. — Preston v. 
Finley (1896) : 72 Federal Reporter, 850. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, 11, 
111-146, 236-267, 284-289, 467-484; G. T. Cmtis, . James 
Buchanan, I, 319-357; Garrisons, William Lloyd Garrison, I, 
238-249; H. Von Hoist, /o^w C. Calhoun, 124-150, 165-184; 
H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, 143-146 ; H. Wilson, Slave 
Power, I, 307-343, 394-403, 423-427; J. Scbouler, United 
States, IV, 216-229 ; J. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, 243-262, 
306-308; J. J. Lalor, CijdopcEdia, 111, 167-169; G. P. Julian, 
Joshua R. Giddings, 51, 116—125; A. B. Hart, Salmon P. Chase, 
37-39; J. W. Burgess, Middle Period, 253-296; 8. G. Fisher, 
Evolution of the Constitution, 206, 207. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 5, 
§§1, 2; Art. VI, § 3; Amends. I; IX; X. — J. Q. Adams, 
Memoirs, IX, 350, XI, 109, — Jackson's message of Dec. 8, 
1835: Statesman's Manual, II, 911, 912; Congressional Globe, 
24 Cong., 1 sess. (1835), 10 ; J, I). Richardson, Messages, III, 
175. — Calhoun's report of Feb. 4, 1836, in Worhs, V, 190-208. 

— T. II. lieniow, Ahridgment, XII, 705-711, 752-759, 771. — 
Amos Kendall's correspondence, in Niles's Register, XLIX, 7-9. 

— T. H. Benton, Thirty Tears' View, I, 574-588,610-624.— 
Gag resolutions: H.Greeley, American Conflict, 1, 143-147; 
T. H. BQwtou, Abridgment, ^111, 24-29, 557-572, 702-707o — 
Debates on the censure of John Quincy Adams : T. H. Benton, 
Abridgment, XIII, 266-299; Contemporaries, III, § 184. 

Specimen Questions. — Is it a right of a citizen of the United 
States to have his petition to Congress read in the House where 
it is presented? — Can the United States refuse to deliver mail 
on suspicion that it contains unmailable matter? — May Con- 
gress exclude specified classes of petitions from the treatment 
accorded to other petitions? — May either House of Congress 
forbid all of its members to speak on a pending question ? 



176 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

§ 53. Paper No. 22. Ethics of the Mexican War. 
BiBLiO(;uAPiiY. — Handbook, §§ I'J/t, 2Uy ; Guide, §§ 193, 194:» 
Historical Discussions. — H. Voii Hoist, United States. HI, 

chs. iii-xii ; E. G. Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, No. ix ;. 

H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhoun, eh. iv ; C. Scburz, Henry Clay, 

II, eh. XXV ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VII, 
292, 408-412, 505-507; H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, 290-294; 
H. Greeley, America?i Conjlict, I, eh. xiv ; J.J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, 

III, 109; J. Y. Rhodes, United States, 1, 87-94; J. Schouler,. 
United States, IV, 518-543, V, 1-84 ; Nicolay and Hay, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, I, chs. xiv, xv ; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of 
Congress, I, eh. iv; J. H. Patton, Democratic Party, 122-130. 

Additional Historical Discussions. — G. T. Curtis, Daniel 
Webster, II, 290-293, 301-307; G. T. Curtis, 7a»ies Buchanan^ 
I, oh. xxi; H. Wilson, Slave Power, 11, chs. ii, iii; H. H. Ban- 
croft, Pacific States, VIII, eh. xiii ; S. H. Gay, Bryant\s United 
States, IV, 369-384; W. Jay, Review of the Mexican War; A. A. 
Livermore, War with Mexico Reviewed ; J. S. Jenkins, James 
Knox Polk, ch. ix; A. W. Young, American Statesman, elis. Ixvi, 
Ixvii; L. B. Chase, Polk Administration, chs. v-ix ; P. Young, 
History of Mexico, book vii, chs. i, v; histories of the Mexican 
War by R. S. Ripley, E. D. Mansfield, L. Moody, C. M. Wil- 
cox, N. C. Brooks, A. C. Ramsey, and J. S. Jenkins. 

Sources. — Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 30 Cong. (1845-49) ; 
T. H. Benton, Abridgment, XV, XVI; Congressional Docu- 
ments, 1845-49, especially Senate Docs., 29 Cong., 1 sess., 1, 
No. 1, VII, No. 337, VIII, No. 388, 29 Cong., 2 sess.. Ill, 
No. 107, 30 Cong., 1 sess., VII, Nos. 52, 60; House Exec. Docs., 

29 Cong., 1 sess., VI, No. 196, 29 Cong., 2 sess.. Ill, No. 19, 

30 Cong., 1 sess., II, No. 8, VIII, No. 69; J. D. Richardson, 
Messages, IV, 437-460; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 
chs. cxlix, clxi ; Source- Book, § 104 ; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 
7-14; J. R. Lowell, Biglow Papers ; J. C. Calhoun, Works, IV; 



53,54] POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY 177 

D. Webster, Works, V, 151, 253-301 ; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, 
XII; U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, 1, chs. iii-xiii; B. P. 
Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, I, ch. xxv ; N. Sargent, Public 
Men and Events, II, ch. vii. 

Specimen Questions. — Was war begun by the act of 
Mexico? — Was the failure of the Slidell mission a sufficient 
reason for war ? — Was the conquest of California a reason- 
able incident of war against Mexico? — Were the unsettled 
claims a sufficient reason for war ? 

§ 54. Paper No. 23. Popular Sovereignty. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19A, 42; Guide, § 199. 

Constitutional Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, 
III, 354-358, IV, 291-402, especially 381-389; G. T. Curtis, 
Constitutional History, II, 259, 260, 280, 281, 296, 297; J. W. 
Burgess, Civil War and the Constitution, I, 19-21, 24 ; R.Foster, 
Commentaries, I, 163; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, 
II, 131-135, 248-262; R. Johnson, Remarks on Popular Sov- 
ereignty; J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1322-1330. 

Cases. — American Insurance Co. v. Canter (1828) : 1 Peters, 
511; 7 Curtis, 685; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 350; C. E. Boyd, 
Cases, 583 ; E. McClain, Cases, 827 ; J. Marshall, Writings, 
373. — Dred Scott v. Saudford (1857) : 19 Howard, 393 ; 2 
Miller, 1 ; .J. B. Thayer, Cases, 480 (especially the dissenting 
opinions of J. J. McLean and Curtis). — National Bank v. 
County of Yankton (1879): 101 U. S., 129; E. McClain, 
Cases, 830?z. — Clinton v. Englebrecht (1871): 13 Wallace, 
434.— Murphy /». Ramsey (1885): 114 U. S., 15. —Mormon 
Church V. United States (1890): 136 U. S., 1; E. McClain, 
Cases, 835. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, IV, 
280-461; J. F. Rhodes, United States, I, 419-498; W. T. 
Young, General Cass, 302, 321, 325, 363, 371 ; A. C. Mc- 
12 



178 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Laughlin, Leiois Cass, 235-239, 272-276, 294-290, 326 ; W. 
Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 81-90 ; H. Greeley, American 
Conflict, I, 224-230 ; J. S. Laudon, Constitutional History, 234- 
245; J. Schouler, United States, V, 280-289; J, J, Lalor, 
Cyclopcedia, III, 281-284 ; T. Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, 
349, 352 ; H. Wilson, Slave Power, II, ch. xxx. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 8, 
§§ 17, 18 ; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2 ; Art. VI, § 2 ; Amend. XIII. 
— Leake's proposition of Feb. 17, 1847, in Congressional Globe, 
29 Cong., 2 sess. (1847), 444. — Dickinson's resolution of 
Dec. 14, 1847, in Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 1 sess. (1847), 
21, 27, 54, 157-160. —Cass' Nicholson letter of Dec. 24, 1847 : 
A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, 232, 233; M. W. McClusky, 
Political Text-book of 1860, 402-405. — Douglas' report of Jan. 
4, 1854: Senate Reports, 33 Cong., 1 sess. (1854), I, No. 15; 
American History Leaflets, No. 17; W. MacDonald, Select Docu- 
ments, No. 85 (see also Nos. 80, 87). — Appeal of the Inde- 
pendent Democrats, Jan. 19, 1854 : Congressional Globe, 33 
Cong., 1 sess. (1854), 281, 282; American History Leaflets, No. 
17. — S. A. Douglas, in A. Johnston, American Orations, II, 
218-255, III, 17-27. —S. P. Chase: Congressional Globe, 33 
Cong., 1 sess. (1854), App. 133-140 ; A. Johnston, American 
Orations, II, 183-212. — Charles Sumner, in A. Johnston, Ameri- 
can Orations, II, 212-218. — Jefferson Davis, Resolutions of 
May 24, 1800, in Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 1 sess. (1800), 
2?,lQ-'2Z?,l).— Contemporaries, IV, §§ 34-40, 44, 06; Source- 
Book, § 108. 

Specimen Questions. — Would a territorial law prohibiting 
the entry of free negroes have been valid under Douglas' 
doctrine of popular sovereignty? — Could a territory, in con- 
formity with Douglas' doctrine of popular sovereignty, have 
prohibited the sale of slaves brought from other parts of the 
Union? — Under the principles of popular sovereignty should 



54, 55] RIGHTS OF ALIENS 179 

the people have elected their own governor? — Did the doctrine 
of popular sovereignty logically give to the people of the 
territories control of the public lands? 

§ 55. Paper No. 24. Rights of Indians, Aliens, 
Chinese, and Negroes. 

BiHLiOGRAFiiY. — Handbook, §§ I'J^, 19/<, 20i, 215, 40, 65, 80, 
87, 98, 119 ; Guide, §§ 179, 185; Brookings and Ringvf alt, Briefs 
for Debate, Nos. ii, iii, xxviii. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries (4th 
and 5th eds.), §§ 1097-1101, 1102-1104, 1697-1701, 1928- 
1975; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, 140, 207-210, 340, 464- 
470, 527, 528; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, 73, 136-139, 
251-262 ; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, 552, 553, 558, 559, 732, 
796, 797 ; C. F. Randolph, Law and Policy of Annexation, 57- 
59, 63-76 ; G. F. Canfield, Legal Status of Indians (^American 
Law Review, XV, 21) ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, (ed. 
1880) 68, 77, 78, 205-244 ; (ed. 1891) 79, 213-251, 253-255 ; 
(ed. 1898) 88, 89, 224-263, 268-293 ; AV. O. Bateman, Political 
and Constitutional Law, §§ 155-160, 164-166; S. F'. Miller, 
Constitutional Law, 276-308, 401-412, 425, 426, 469-473 ; F. 
Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 261-266, 431-436, 584-594; J. 
Tiffany, Treatise in Government, §§ 378, 379, 380-392; H. 
Brannon, Fourteenth Amendment, chs. i, iv, vii-xii; A. P. Morse, 
in Harvard Law Review, XIV, 262. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — T. Walker, Amer- 
ican Law, §§ 53, 54 ; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional I^aw, 516, 
517; J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, II, 327; J. C. Ilurd, 
Law of Freedom and Bondage, ch. xxxii ; J. D. Andrews, 
American Law, 234, 589-630 ; C. E. Boyd, in Nation, LXVII, 
10 ; C. S. Patterson, The United States and the States, ch. xi. 

Cases. — Worcester v. Georgia (1832): 6 Peters, 515; 10 
Curtis, 214; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 583; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 590. 



180 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

—Elk V. Wilkins (1884): 112 U. S., 94; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 
b%l ; F. SnoWj Oases and Opinions, 230 ; E. McClain, Oases, 
969. — United States v. Kagama (1886): 118 U. S., 375; J. 
B. Thayer, Oases, 591; F. Snow, Oases and Opinions, 233. — 
United States v. llolliday (1865): 3 Wallace, 407; J. B. 
Thayer, Oases, 731, 1909 ; E. McClain, Oases, 270. — Yick Wo 
V. Hopkins (1886) : 118 U. S., 356; J. B. Thayer, Oases, 774; 
E. McClain, Case's, 917. — In re Lee Sing (1890): 43 Federal 
Eeportcr, 359; J. B. Thayer, Oases, 861. — In re Look Tin 
Sing (1884) : 21 Federal Reporter, 905 ; J. B. Thayer, Oases, 
578; Gee Fook Sing v. United States (1892): 49 Federal 
Reporter, 146; 7 U. S. Appeals, 27. — United States i\ Wong 
Kim Ark (1898): 169 U. S., 649; C. E. Boyd, Oases, 551; E. 
McClain, Oases, 964. —Carlisle v. United States (1872): 16 
Wallace, 147. — Smith r. Turner (1848): 7 Howard, 283; 17 
Curtis, 122. — Strauder v. West Virginia (1879): 100 U. S., 
303; J. B. Thayer, Oases, bh\.—Ex parte Virginia (1879): 
100 U. S., 339; J. B. Thayer, Oases, 548. — Lehew r. Brum- 
niell (1890): 103 Missouri Reports, 546; J. B. Thayer, Oases, 
574. —United States r. Rhodes (1866): 1 Abbott, U. S., 28; 
J. B. Thayer, Oases, 506. 

Sources. — Oonstitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 2, 
§ 1; Sect. 4, § 1; Sect. 9, §§ 2, 3 ; Sect. 10, § 1 ; Art. HI, 
Sects. 1, 2; Art. TV, Sect. 2, § 1 ; Amends. l-XY .— Contem- 
poraries, IV, §§ 152, 155, 205, 208 ; Revised Statutes, 347-349, 
378-380; Supplement to Revised Statutes, I, 68, 342, 458-461, 
534, 556. 

Historical Discussions. — As in Paper No. 9. 

Specimen Questions. — May an alien vote for Presidential 
electors? — May a Chinaman be naturalized as a citizen of the 
United States? — Is a negro citizen of Massachusetts entitled to 
the privileges of white citizens in South Carolina? — May a man 
be deprived of suffrage because his grandfather was a slave ? 



55, 5(5] JOHN BRO WN'S CAREER 181 

§ 56. Paper No. 25. Ethics of John Brown's Career. 

Bibliography. — Handbook^ § 19/<; Guide, §§ 200, 202. 

Historical Discussions. — J. F. Rhodes, United States, II, 
383-416; J. Schouler, United States, V, 437-444; H. Vou 
Hoist, United States, VII, eh. i; H. Von Hoist, John Brown; 
J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, I, 310; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Tears 
of Congress, I, 154-157; S. H. Gay, Bryant's United States, 
IV, ch. xvi ; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and the Constitution, I, 
37-43; J. E. Chamberlin, John Brown; W. E. Connelly, John 
Brown ; M. J. Wright, Trial and Execution of John Brown 
(Auier. Hist. Assoc, Papers, IV, 121); R. J. Hinton, John 
Brown and his Men ; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, 
258, 259, 269; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, III, ch. xi; 
R. D. Webb, Life and Letters of Captain John Brown ; Garrisons, 
William Lloyd Garrison, III, 417, 418, 440, 472, 474-493; 
J. N. Larned, History for Ready Reference, 3403 ; J. J. Ingalls, 
John Brown's Place in History (North American Review, 
CXXXVIII, 138-150). 

Additional Historical Discussions. — H.Greeley, American 
Conflict, I, ch. XX ; H. Wilson, Slave Power, II, 587-600 ; J. S. 
Pike, Pirst Blows of the Civil War, 445-452 ; J. Buchanan, 
Buchanan's Administration, 62-65 ; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 
70-74; G. L. Austin, Wendell Phillips, 180-192; O. B. Froth- 
ingham, Gerritt Smith, 234-237, 254, 255 ; D. S. Jordan, Story 
of the Innumerable Company, 186-201 ; O. P. Anderson, Voice 
from Harper's Ferry ; J. Redpath, Public Life of Captain John 
Brown; J. Redpath, Echoes of Harper's Ferry; A. B. Hart, 
Salmon P. Chase, 174-176; F. Bancroft, William H. Seward, I, 
409, 495-498, II, 531 ; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in United 
States, 240-242 ; C. E. Norton, in Atlantic Monthly, V, 378. 

Sources. — F. B. Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown ; 
F.B.Sanborn, Writings of H. D. 77iorea?<, X, 196-252 ; Ameri- 
can Anti-Slavery Society, Annual Report, 1860, 76-133 ; T. W. 



182 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Higginson, Cheerful Yesterdays, 196-234; Mason's report, iu 
Senate Reports, 3G Cong., 1 sess. (1860), No. 278; Congressional 
Globe, 36 Coug., 1 sess. (1860) ; F. Douglass, Life and Times, 
277-282, 306-308, 318-327 ; Contemporaries, IV, §§ 47, 48, 85; 
A. K. ]\IcCluie, Abraham Lincoln, 334-353. 

Specimen Questions. — Was John Brown a murderer? — 
Were the abolitionists responsible for the John Brown raid ? — 
Was John Brown a traitor to the United States? — Was John 
Brown justified in the death of the negro porter on the bridge? 

§ 57. Paper No. 26. Secession. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19/, 21a, 21e, 34, 50; Guide, 
§§ 204-208. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries (4th 
and 5th eds.), §§ 351-357, 467-481; H. Von Hoist, Constitu- 
tional Law, § 12 ; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional 
Law, 137-142 ; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, 64-93 ; J. 
Davis, Confederate Government,!, 184; G. T. Curtis, Consti- 
tutional History, II, 1-47, 80-83, 289-338; R. Foster, Com- 
mentaries, §§ 11, 13-16, 19, 20, 26-32, 36; J. R. Tucker, 
Constitution, §§ 171, 175; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, 
28-33 ; E. P. Powell, Nullification and Secession ; J. C. Ropes, 
Story of the Civil War, I, chs. i-iv. 

Additional Constitutional Discussions. — C. B. Loring, 
Nullification and Secession ; J. L. M. Curry, Southern States and 
American Union, ch. x ; W. Rawle, View of the Constitution, 
296, 297, 302, 303, 305, 306; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional 
Law, (ed. 1880) 26-29, (ed. 1891) 25-28, (ed. 1898) 27-30; J. 
C. Hurd, Theory of Our National Existence, 88, 105, 145, 286 ; 
J. Buchanan, Buchanan's Administration, 86-98 ; F. Wharton, 
Commentaries, §§ 374, 594w. 

Cases. — Texas v. White (1868): 7 Wallace, 700; J. B. 
Thayer, Cases, 302; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 552. — Whiter. Hart 



56, 57] SECESSION 183 

(1871): 13 Wallace, 646; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259. — Keith 
V. Clark (1878): 97 U. S., 454. — Sprott v. United States 
(1874) : 20 Wallace, 459. — Guun v. Barry (1872) : 15 Wallace, 
610. —United States v. Keehler (1869): 9 Wallace, 83.— 
Hickman ?'. Jones (1869) : 9 Wallace, 197. — Williams v. Bruflfy 
(1877): 96 U. S., 176. 

Historical Discussions. — R. H. Dana, Wheaton's Interna- 
tional Law, note 32; J. F. Rhodes, United States, III; G. T. 
Curtis, James Buchanan, II, ch. xv ; J. T. Morse, Abraham 
Lincoln, I, ch. viii ; H. Greeley, American Conjlict, I, ch. xxii ; 
J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, III, 693-702 ; J. W. Draper, Civil 
War, I, chs. xxvii, xxviii ; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of 
Secession, chs. xxvi, xxvii ; Comte de Paris, Civil War in 
America, I, 113-116; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 84-86; J. 
Davis, Confederate Government, I, 70-77, 168-177, 185-192; 
J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, chs. x, xi ; J. 
Schouler, United States, V, ch. xiv ; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, 
101-108; H. Wilson, Slave Power, III, 1-10, 109-126; M. M. 
Granger, Washington versus Jefferson, ch. v; S. W. McCall, 
T/iaddeiis Stevens, 115-130; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and the 
Constitution, I, ch. iv. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble ; Art. 
I, Sect. 8, §§ 1, 10-18; Art. Ill, Sects. 2, 3; Art. IV, Sect. 
4; Art. VI, § 2 ; Amends. IX; X; XIV. — Ordinances of 
secession and other documents, in Aynerican History Leaflets, 
No. 12. — Lincoln's inaugural address and first message to 
Congress: American History Leaflets, No. 18; J. D. Richard- 
son, Messages, VI, 5, 20; A. Lincoln, Works, II, 1, 55. — 
Ordinances of ratification (1789-1790): P. C. Centz, Republic 
of Republics, 523-528 ; W. Hickey, The Constitution, ch. iv ; 
J. Elliot, Debates, V, 319-335. — Contemporary speeches, in 
A. Johnston, American Orations, II, 46-135, III, 49-124. — 
Southern arguments, in A. H. Stephens, War between the States, 



184 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

I, 17-49, 441-452, 495-539, II, 5-15, 26-34, 263-271 ; J. 
Davis, Confederate Government, I, 168-176; Contemporaries, 
IV, §§ 53-55, 62. — Contemporary documents, Annual Cyclo- 
jo«(f(ta (1861-1865) ; E. McPherson, Political History of the Re- 
hellion; Pike, First Blows of the Civil War; "NY. MacDonald, 
Select Documents, Nos. 32, 94, 97 ; Contemporaries, III, § 123, 
IV, §§ 56, 61. 

Specimen Questions. — Had Texas any greater constitu- 
tional right of secession than South Carolina ? — Granting the 
right of secession, did Fort Sumter revert to South Carolina? 
— Did seceding States carry with them privileges gained by 
United States treaties? — Did Virginia reserve a right of 
secession in 1788? 

§ 58. Paper No. 27. Responsibility for the Civil 
War. 

Bibliography. — //a«c?5ooyt, § 19t, \i)j \ Guide, §§ 203, 206- 
209. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Von Hoist, United States, III, 
315, 316, VII, chs. vii-xi; J. F. Rhodes, United States, III, 
chs. xiii, xiv ; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, ch. x ; 
J. "W. Burgess, Civil War and the Constitution, I, chs. iv-vii; 
H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, chs. xxiii-xxv ; Goldwin 
Smith, United States, 221-254 ; J. Schouler, United States, V, 
ch. xxii ; F. Bancroft, Final Efforts at Compromise (Political 
Science Quarterly, VI, 401-423); S. Webster, Responsibility for 
Secession {Political Science Quarterly, VIII, 268-286) ; J. G. 
Nicolay, Outbreak of the Rebellion, chs. i-v ; A. B. Hart, Salmon 
P. Chase, chs. vii, viii ; G. Lunt, Origin of the War, chs. xii, 
xiii, xvi, xvii, xix, xx ; J. R. Lowell, Political Essays, 118-152; 
J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, chs. vii, viii ; J. G. Blaine, 
2\centy Years of Congress, chs. i, x-xii ; II. "Wilson, Slane 
Power. Ill, chs. i-vii ; A. II. Stephens, War between the States, 



57, 58] RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CIVIL WAR 185 

II, coll. xiii ; J. C. Ropes, Story of the Civil War, I, chs. i-v ; 
J. E. Cairnes, Slave Potver, ch. i ; M. M. Granger, Washington 

V. Jefferson, ch. iv. 

Additional Historical Discussions. — J. W. Draper, Civil 
War, I, book ii, chs. i, iii ; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, 51, 65-68, 
77-80, 219, 220; J. L. Motley, Causes of the Civil War {Living 
Age, LXX, 9-21) ; Nicolay aud Hay, Abraham Lincoln, II, chs. 
xvii-xxix, III; T. K. Lothrop, William H. Seward, chs. xii, 
xiii ; R. Johnson, Short History of the War, ch. i ; G. T. Curtis, 
James Buchanan, II, chs. xv-xxiv ; J. Davis, Confederate Gov- 
ernment, parts iii, iv, ch. i ; A. K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln, 
297-311; C. Coleman, JbAn J. Crittenden, II, chs. xiii-xv; H. 
C. Fletcher, American War, J, chs. i-iii ; J. N. Larned, History 
for Ready Reference, V, 3405-3422. 

Sources. — Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 2 sess. (1860- 
1861) passim, especially 1114 (Crittenden's plan), 794 (Vallan- 
digham's), 1254 (Peace Conference), 690 (Kellog's), 283, 379 
(Clark's) ; Senate Exec. Docs., 36 Cong., 2 sess. (1861), IV, No. 
2 (Message of Feb. 19) ; Senate Reports, 36 Cong., 2 sess. 
(1861), No. 288 (Committee of 13) ; House Miscellaneous, 36 
Cong., 2 sess. ; House Reports, 36 Cong., 2 sess. (1861), I, No. 
31 (Committee of 33) ; Opinions of Attorneys General, IX, 522- 
526 (Black); American Annual Cyclopcedia (1861), 166-225 
(Congress), 562-568 (Peace Conference) ; L. Fi. Chittenden, 
Reports of the Debates and Proceedings of the Conference Conven- 
tion ; Official Journal of the Conference Convention; A. Lincoln's 
First Inaugural and Messages: J. D. Richardson, Messages, 

VI, 5-12, 20-31, 44-58 ; Works, II, 1-7, 55-66, 93-106 ; Con- 
temporaries, IV, §§ 49-74 ; W. MacDonald, Select Documents, 
Nos. 93-96 ; American History Leaflets, Nos. 18, 26. 

Specimen Questions. — Would different behavior by the 
abolitionists have prevented the Civil War? — Could James 
Buchanan have prevented the war? — AVas Jefferson Davis a 



186 CONSTITCTIOXAL PAPERS [§§ 

traitor previous to the secession of Mississippi? — Could the 
Republicans by suitable concessions have prevented war? 

§ 59. Paper No. 28. Lincoln's Democracy. 

BiBLiOGKAriiY. — Handbook, i?§ l'.>/, IDJ; Guide, §208; D. 
Fish, Lincoln Literature. 

Historical Discussions. — J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, 
I, 4.06, 457, II, 23, 93-97, 332, 333, 403; J. F. Rhodes, [Tnited 
States, I, 92, 492, II, 62, 70, 266-268, 308, 344, 430-432, 457, 
473, 500-502, III, 300-305, 316-320, 334, 439, 631-633, IV, 
69-76, 120, 157-162, 199-216, 296-298, 350-354, 419-425, 
460-464, 518-522, 531-539; H. Greeley, American Conflicty 
I, 301, 302, 321-326, 418-429, 452-461, 466-470, II, 251, 
253, 257, 259, 490-492, 528, 562-564, 673, 675-677, 747, 748 ; 
J. Schouler, United States, V, 76, 77, 80, 81, 112, 127, 128, 
411-416, 459-465, 493-502, VI, 1-23, 111-126, 215-232, 463- 
477, 519-527, 565-568, 607-616, 622-633; Goldwin Smith, 
United States, 238-242, 248, 250-254, 280-288; H. Von Hoist, 
United States, VT, 267-300, VII, 16.5-186, 244, 245; J. W. 
Draper, Civil War, I, 506, II, 13-20, 36-38, 590-611, III, 
476-479, 601, 626-630; J. G. Blaine, Tiventy Years of Con- 
gress, I, 133, 140-150, 168-172, 279-299, 309-311, 332-336, 
350-354, 371, 435, 438-448, 453-457, 488-496, 503, 514-517, 
528-536, 546-549, II, 15-17; H. Wilson, Slave Poioer, II, 203, 
204, 566-577, 692-695, III, 1, 173-183, 213, 221-224, 246- 
250, 516-528, 560-590; A. H. Stephens, War between the 
States, I, 442-445, 520, II, 34, 35, 40, 49, 263-269, 277, 278, 
346, 351, 409-420, 433-444, 44,5-463; A. B. Hart, Salmon 
P. Chase, 187-198, 202-212, 260-270, 290-299, 302-333, 430- 
432 ; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and the Constitution, I, chs. 
i, iii, II, ch. xvi ; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, espe- 
cially II, chs. viii, ix, xi, III, ch. xxi, VII, chs. vi, viii, xv, 
xix, VIII, ch. vii. IX, chs. iii, v, viii, xvi, X, ch. xviii; R. II. 



58, 59] LINCOLN'S DEMOCRACY 187 

Gillet, Democracy in the United States, 259-266 ; H. C. Lodge, 
George Washingtoji, II, 303-309 ; C. Schurz, Abraham Lin- 
coln ; J. H. Choate, Abraham Lincoln; C. A. Dana, Lincoln 
and his Cabinet; H. Watterson, Abraham Lincoln; A. K. 
McClure, Abraham Lincoln. 

Additional Historical Discussions. — J. R. Lowell, Politi- 
cal Essays, 75-91 ; R. Johnson, Short History of the War, 40, 
41, 47, 201, 212-214, 458, 476, 480, 526-529; S. S. Cox, 
Three Decades, 227, 318, 343-345; J. C. Ropes, Story of the 
Civil War, I, ch. v; J. G. Nicolay, Outbreak of the Rebellion, 
ch. iv; S. McCall, Thaddeus Stevens, 111-113, 136-140, 185, 
186, 192-199, 216-226 ; T. K. Lothrop, William II. Seward, 
209-211, 231-233, 244-255, 279, 280, 332-386; J. Davis, 
Confederate Government, I, 322-325 ; J. N. Lai'ned, History 
for Ready Reference, V, 3417-3422 ; Lives of Lincoln by II. J. 
Raymond, J. G. Holland, W. H. Lamou, W. II. Ilerndon and 
J. W. Weik, I. N. Arnold, A. T. Rice, N. Hapgood and N. 
Brooks. 

SovRCES. — Contemporaries, IV, §§ 44, 50, 66,96, 97, 101, 
126-128, 145. — J. D. Ricliardson, Messages, VI, 1-297, espe- 
cially 5-12 (first inaugural), 20-31 (message of July 4, 1861), 
44-58, 126-142, 179-181, 243-255 (annual messages), 276 
(second inaugural), 157-159 (Proclamation of Emancipation). 
— A. Lincoln, Works, especially I, 178-180, 180-209, 226- 
235, 240-245, 273-518 (Lincoln-Douglas Debates), II, 1-7 
(first inaugural), 55-66 (message of July 4, 1861), 93-106, 
261-277, 445-456, 604-615 (annual messages), 656, 657 
(second inaugural), 439 (Gettysburg address), 287, 288 (Proc- 
lamation of Emancipation). — Inaugurals in Ame^'ican His- 
tory Leaflets, No. 18; L. E. Chittenden, Abraham Lincoln's 
Speeches ; Abraham Lincoln, Tributes from his Associates (in- 
cluding G. W. Curtis, G. S. Boutwell, G. F. Hoar, F. B. 
Sanborn). 



188 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Specimen Questions. — Did Lincoln think the people of 
Kentucky capable of popular government? — Did Lincoln ex- 
pect negro suffrage? — Would Lincoln have favored a property- 
qualification in the Chicago of 1901? — Did Lincoln yield to 
what he believed to be popular sentiment ? 

§ 60. Paper No. 29. Military Powers of the Presi- 
dent. 

^muoGUkiPUY. — Handbook, §§ 19/, 20/i, 20/, 21m, 50, 75, 
82, 85 ; Guide, §§ 213, 214. 

Constitutional Discussions. — J. Story, Commentaries (4th 
and 5th eds.), §§ 1199-1215, 1490-1492, 1564, 1799-1801; J. 
N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Laiv, §§ 431-436, 441-482, 662- 
668, 703-714; H. C. Black, Constitutional Law, 95, 99-102, 
118-120, 220-224, 599-602; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, 
171-174,905-984; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, II, 576-597, 643- 
652, 715-718; C. F. Randolph, Laiv and Policy of Annexation, 
106-121 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 11, 44, 48-50, 
55, 56 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Laiv, (ed. 1880) 52, 86- 
90, 100, 137, 287-289, (ed. 1891) 88-92, 103, 144, 145, 298- 
301, (ed. 1898) 98-102, 114, 121, 156, 157, 315-317; J. ^y. 
Burgess, Political Science, II, 154-156, 259-262; B. A. Hins- 
dale, American Government, 204-209, 298-303 ; J. J. Lalor, 
CylcopcEdia, II, 133, 542-546 ; J. D. Andrews, American Laiv, 
ch. xix ; W. A. Dunning, Civil War and Reconstruction; B. 
R. Curtis, Executive Power, in G. T. Curtis, Constitutional 
History, II, 668-677 ; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and the Con- 
stitution, I, 226-236. 

Additional Historical Discussions. — W. Whiting, War 
Powers of the President; W. Whiting, Military Government of 
Hostile Territory ; W. Whiting, War Powers under the Consti- 
tution of the United States ; G. B. Davis, Military Law in the 
United States; S. F. Miller, Constitution, 162-164. 349, 507, 



59,60] MILITARY POWERS 189 

624-626 ; J. Schouler, Constitutional Studies, 136-146, 163, 
167; W. Rawle, View of the Constitution, 109-111, 117, 118, 
151-161; T. Walker, American Law, 99, 100, 174-178; F. 
Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 457, 502, 503 ; A. Conkling, 
Powers of the Executive Department, 80-88. 

Cases. — Ex parte Merryman (1861): Taney's Reports, 246 ; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2361. — Prize Cases (1863): 2 Black, 
635; 4 Miller, 876; J. R Thayer, Cases, 2339; E. McClain, 
Cases, 515 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 342. —Martin r. Mott (1827): 
12 Wheaton, 19; 7 Curtis, 10; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2290; 
C. E. Boyd, Cases, 338; E. McClain, Cases, 518. — Luther -y. 
Borden (1848): 7 Howard, 1; 17 Curtis, 1; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 193, 254, 2352, 2391 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 647 ; E. 
McClain, Cases, 595. —Texas v. White (1868): 7 Wallace, 
700; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 552.— 
Ex jxirte MiWigan (1866): 4 Wallace, 2; J. B.Thayer, Cases, 
2376; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 351. — The Grapeshot (1869): 9 
Wallace, 129. — Fleming v. Page (1849): 9 Howard, 603; 18 
Curtis, 278.— United States v. Eliason (1842) : 16 Peters, 291 ; 
14 Curtis, 304. — Mississippi o. Johnson (1866) : 4 Wallace, 
475 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 196 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 652 ; E. 
McClain, Cases, 102. — Houston v. Moore (1820) : 5 Wheaton, 
1 ; 4 Curtis, 535. —The Protector (1871) : 12 Wallace, 700.— 
Cross V. Harrison (1853) : 16 Howard, 164 ; 21 Curtis, 66. — 
Jecker v. Montgomery (1851) : 13 Howard, 498 ; 19 Curtis, 
615. — Dooley v. United States (1901): 182 U. S., 222.— 
Downes v. Bidwell (1901): 182 U. S., 244. — Diamond Rings 
Case (1901). 

Historical Discussions. — J. F. Rhodes, United States, III, 
IV, especially III, 181-192, 216-251, 283-287, 325-360, 364, 
394, 438, 486, 553-558, IV, 55, 69-76, 157-172, 212-215, 
227-236, 245-255, 416-418; G. T.Curtis, James Buchanan, 
II, 330-365 ; J. C. Ropes, Stonj of the Civil War, I, chs. v- 



190 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

vii ; J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, chs. vii, viii ; J. Davis, 
Confederate Oovernment, I, 2G3-328; J. W. Draper, Ciiiil War, 
I, 558-567; E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, 103-111 ; H. Greeley, 
American Conflict, I, 4^28-4:58 ; A. H. Stephens, War between 
the States, II, 34-44, 344-355 ; Comte de Paris, Civil War in 
America, I, 140-148; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Con- 
gress, I, 292-300; S. G. Fisher, Evolution of the Constitution, 
158-lGl; W. M. Meigs, Growth of the Constitution, 216-218; 
G. C. Gorham, E. M. Stanton, I, chs. xiii, xiv. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Preamble ; Art. 
I, Sect. 1 ; Sect. 8, §§ 11, 15 ; Sect. 9, §§ 2, 6; Sect. 10, § 3; 
Art. II, Sect. 1, §§ 1, 7; Sect. 2, § 1 ; Sect. 3. — Lincoln's 
inaugural message and proclamations: Works, II, 1-7, 11- 
22, 34-36, 239; American History Leaflets, No. 12; Annual 
Cyclopoidia (1861), 600-607; Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 
2 sess. (1861), 1433-1435, 37 Cong., 1 sess. (1861), App. 1-4. 

— J. D. Richardson, Messages, V, 626, VI, 5, 13, 14, 98, 157, 
170; American History Leaflets, No. 26. — Speech of J. A. 
Bayard on executive usurpation, in Congresssional Globe, 37 
Cong., 1 sess. (1861), App. 12-19. —Speech of M. S. Latham, 
in Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 1 sess. (1861), 19-22. — 
Statutes of July 13 and 22, 1861, in Statutes at Large, XII, 
255,-268. — J. Buchanan, Buchanan's Administration, 108-134. 

— J. S. Black, in Opinions of the Attorneys General, IX, 516- 
526. — Gen. Scott's " Views," in J. Buchanan, Buchanan's Ad- 
ministration, 99-108. — South Carolina correspondence, in 
Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 2 sess. (1861), 817-819. — 
Lincoln's views: American History Leaflets, Nos. 12, 18; A. 
Lincoln, Works, 11, 32,33, 55-66. — D. Webster, Works, III, 
448-505. — J. C. Calhoun, Works, II, 262-309. — Acts of 
May 2, 1792, Feb. 28, 1795, March 3, 1807, July 29, 1861, 
May 31, 1870, April 20, 1871, in Statutes at Large, I, 264, 
424, II, 443, XII, 281-282, XVI, 140-146, XVII, 13-15. 



60,61] RECONSTRUCTION 191 

Specimen Questions. — May a Presideut carry on military 
operations without a declaration of war? — Could the Presideut 
have arrested and confined a member of Congress during the 
Civil War? — Could the President order the confiscation of 
property as a war measure? — Could the President suspend 
the operations of law of a loyal State, on the ground that it 
was an impediment to military operations? 

§ 6i. Paper No. 30. Reconstruction. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19/', 21a, 21e; J. J. Lalor, 
Cyclopcedia, III, 556. 

Constitutional Discussions. — W. A. Dunning, Ci'nl War 
and Meconstr action ; J. W. Burgess, Reconstriictioyi and the 
Constitution (in preparation) ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional 
Law, §§ bn, 13, 80; J. Tiffany, Treatise in Government, 316- 
322; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, ch. xi; R. Foster, 
Commentaries, § 38 ; J. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§ 291, 311; 
H. C. Black, Constitutional Laiv, 260-2G6 ; J. D. Andrews, 
American Law, 428, 429 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, 
(ed. 1880) 172, 173, 197, (ed. 1891) 178, 179, 205, (ed. 1898) 
190, 191, 21&; .1. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, 131, 509, 
747, 948; G. S. Boutwell, Constitution, ch. xlix. 

Cases. — Mississippi v. Johnson (1866) : 4 Wallace, 475 ; 
J. B. Thayer, Cat^es, 196; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 652; E. Mc- 
Clain, Cases, 102. — White v. Hart (1871): 13 Wallace, 646; 
J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259. —Keith v. Clark (1878) : 97 U. S., 
454. —Texas ik White (1868): 7 Wallace, 700 ; J. B. Thayer, 
Cases, 302 ; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 552. — Gunn v. Barry (1872): 
15 Wallace, 610. —White v. Cannon (1867) : 6 Wallace, 443. 
— United States v. Keehler (1869): 9 Wallace, 83. —Hick- 
man V. .Jones (1869): 9 Wallace, 197. — Sprott v. United 
States (1874): 20 Wallace, 459. — Williams v. Bruffy (1877): 
96 U. S., 176. — Ketchum r. Buckley (1878): 99 U. S., 188. 



192 CONSTITUTIONAL PAPERS [§§ 

Historical Discussions. — W. A. Dunning, Civil War and 
Reconstruction ; C. E. Cbadsey, The Struggle between Presi- 
dent Johnson and Congress orer Reconstruction ; E. G. Scott, 
Reconstruction during Cioil War; A. B. Hart, Sahnun P. Chase, 
chs. xiii, xiv; G. C. Gorham, E. M. Stanton, parts ix, x; J. 
S. Landon, Constitutional History, 250-261 ; M. Storey, Charles 
Sumner, chs. xvi, xviii; F. W. Moore, Rejyresentation of 
Seceding States {American Historical Revieiv, II, 279-293, 461- 
471); W. H. Barnes, 'Thirty- Ninth Congress, chs. iii, vi-xiii, 
xvii-xx, xxii ; W. Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 124- 
142; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopmdia, III, 540-556; E. Stanwood, 
Presidentifd J£lections, 236-276 ; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sum- 
ner, III, ch. xxi; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, 
II, 3-465 ; H. Wilson, Slave Power, III, 603-630. 

Sources. — Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 2, 
§§ 3, 4; Sect. 3, §§ 1, 2; Sect. 4, § 1 ; Sect. 5, §§ 1, 2; Sect. 
7, § 2; Sect. 10; Art. II, Sect. 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2; Art. IV, 
Sect. 2, § 1 ; Sect. 3, § 1; Sect. 4; Art. V; Art. VI, § 2; Art. 
VII; Amends. IX; X; X.UI-XV. — Conte7n2)oraries, IV, §^ 
141-157; Source-Book, §§ 127-132; Aynerican History LeafletSy 
No. 26. — Lincoln's proclamation of Sept. 22, 1862 : Works, 
II, 239; Annual Cyclopcedia (1861), 725, 726; J. D. Richard- 
son, Messages, VI, 96. — Proclamation of Jan. 1, 1863 : Works, 
II, 287, 288; J. D. Richardson, Messages, VI, 157. — Contem- 
porary speeches, in A. Johnston, American Orations, III, 249- 
311. — Acts of April 9, 1866, July 16, 1866, March 2, 1867, 
March 23, 1867, July 19, 1867, June 22, 1868, June 25, 1868, 
July 6, 1868, July 25, 1868, in Statutes at Large, XIV, 37, 
173, 428, XV, 2, 14, 72, 73, 83, 193. — Johnson's vetoes: 
Congressional Globe, 39 Cong., 1 sess. (1861), 915, 1679, 3849, 
39 Cong., 2 sess. (1867), 1969, 40 Cong., 1 sess. (1867), 313, 
741, 40 Cong., 2 sess. (1868), 3330, 3484, 4235. — J. D. Rich- 
ardson, Messages, VI, 398, 405, 422, 498, 531, 536, 648, 650, 
651. — E. McPherson, Reconstruction, parts i, ii. 



61, 62] AMERICAN DIPLOMACY 193 

Specimen Questions. — May a State forfeit its privileges in 
the Union while remaining a State of the Union ? — Could the 
two Houses of Congress refuse to admit Massachusetts Senators 
and Representatives to Congress?— May Congress divide a 
State which is in arms against the government without its con- 
sent? — Could Congress have aftixed as a condition of the 
entrance of Utah into the Union that it ratify an amendment 
to the Federal Constitution prohibiting polygamy ? 

§ 62. Materials for the Weekly Papers in History 14. 

Use freely the cross references to the Handbook, and other 
bibliographical references at the head of each paper {Hand- 
book, §§ 63-92). A bibliography of American diplomacy will 
be found in A. B. Hart, Foundations of American Foreign 
Policy, ch. viii (analysis at page x of the Contents). This list 
includes bibliographical aids, secondary works, and sources. 

The general works which will be of most service are enumer- 
ated in Foundations, §§ 78^1, 785, and in Handbook, §§ 9, 12, 
31cL Many of the biographies of diplomats will also be ser- 
viceable : see Foundations, § 79 i^; Guide, § 32. Books on 
special topics will be found in Foundations, §§ 78^, 78Z>. 
Critical estimates of the value of the principal secondary books 
in American history are printed in J. N. Larned, Literature of 
American History, a BibliograpJiical Guide. 

Many periodical articles are mentioned in the references for 
papers in diplomacy (Handbook, §§ 63-92), and in the list of 
diplomatic lectures (Handbook, § 20) ; other articles may be 
reached through the invaluable Index to Legal Periodical Liter- 
ature (2 vols.), by L. A. Jones, which refers to many sets not 
strictly legal in character. Special essays and scattered dis- 
cussions, if gathered into book form, can be reached through 
W. I. Fletcher, " A. L. A." Lidex to General Literature 
(2d ed.). 
13 



194 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Diplomatic sources are classified and the principal collec- 
tions indicated in Foundations^ § 79. Besides the list of 
reports containing international law cases in Foundations, 
§ 79 C, another list will be found in Handbook, § 31c. Lists 
of collections of treaties in Foundations, % 79 G^; Handbook, 
§ 31c. Some of the collections of sources in Handbook, § 3k/, 
are also useful for diplomacy. The most important sources 
are the official publications of the United States government, 
classified and enumerated in Foundations, § 79Z). 

The authorities most distinctly available for the papers in 
diplomacy will be found in the lists of Text-books, Essential 
Reference Books, and Special Collection in Diplomacy {Hand- 
book, §§ 9, 10, 12); in the parallel readings and references 
under the lectures in Handbook, § 20; and in the specific 
references in Handbook, §§ 63-92. Many of these books are 
reserved in the Heading Room of the Library under the rubric 
" Diplomatic History." 

§63. Paper No. i. Principles of European Claims 

to wild Territory. 

YiiMhioGiixviw. — Handbook, §§ 17, 20«, 64, 67; Guide, §§ 
82-90 ; A. P. C. Griflfin, List of Books relating to Coloniza- 
tion ; F. Snow, Cases and Opinioyis, xvii, xviii. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Winsor, Christopher Columbus, 
chs. ix-x\i, App. ; J. Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac, chs. i-iii, 
ix-xiii; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, II, chs. i-viii, IV, 
chs. i-iii, v, viii, ix; H. Plarrisse, Diplomatic History of Amer- 
ica ; E. G. Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, Nos. vi- 
viii; R. Hildreth, United States, I, ch. i; H. H. Bancroft, 
Pacific States, I, chs. ii-iv, ix, IV, chs. i-vi, XIII, ch. iii, 
XXII, chs. v-vii; W. Kingsford, Canada, I, chs. i-vi; C. 
Gayarre, Louisiana, I, 14-40, 57-59. 

TuiiATisES. — W. E. Hall, Liternational Laio (4th ed.), 106- 



62-64] EUROPEAN CLAIMS 195 

130 ; Lawrence^ s Wheaton^ 304-308 ; R. Phillimore, Interna- 
tional Laio (3d ed.), 1, 324-341, 349-352; J. N. Pomero}', 
International Laiv, §§ 91-103; T. A. Walker, International 
Law, 158-161 ; T. Twiss, Law of Nations, I, §§ 113-134 ; T. 
J. Lawrence, International Law, §§ 92-96 ; H. S. Maine, Liter- 
national Low, 66-71 ; C. Calvo, Droit Inter yiational (4th ed.), 
I, 23-25, 388-390, 432. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, I, §§ 17, 18, 34-36, 38; F. 
Snow, Cases and Opinions, 6-12. 

§ 64. Paper No. 2. Foundations of English Claims 
to America. 

BiiiLiOGRAPHY. — Handbook, §§ 20a, 63, 65; Guide, §§ 92- 
96 ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, III, 97-100, 121-126, 
153-168, 184-218, 411-420, VIII, 65-80. 

Historical Discussions. — C. F. Lucas, Historical Geogra- 
phy, V, cli. i; J. R. Brodhead, New York, I, 4, 10, 11, 92, 96, 
138, 257, 323, 324, 340, 663, 725, 735, II, 249-251; J. Win- 
sor, Mississippi Basin, cli. xv ; J. Winsor, Narrative and 
Critical, III, chs. i-iv; G. Bancroft, United States (10-vol. ed.), 
I, ch. iii ; J. R. Seeley, Expansion of England, lect. vii ; J. A. 
Doyle, English in America, I, ch. iv ; A. Brown, Genesis of the 
United States, I, 1-28; R. Hildreth, United States, I, chs. i, 
iii; Attempts toward Colonization {American Historical Review^ 
IV, 678-702). 

Treatises. — C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), I, 408- 
416. See also Handbook, § 63. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, I, §§ 26, 27, 32, 46-48, 51-54, 
72, 78, 106, 109; American History Leaflets, No. 9; W. Mac- 
Donald, Select Charters, Nos. 1, 4; A. Brown, Genesis of the 
United States, I, 88-90, 100, 102, 118-124, 260-264, 11,609, 
610, 669-675; " R. S.," Nova Britannia (P. Force, Tracts, I, 
No. 6) ; M. F. Farnham, Farnham Pajjers, Nos. 1-50 (Maine 
Hist. Soc, Collections, 2d ser., VII). 



196 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

§ 65. Paper No. 3. Theory of Indian Land-Holding. 

Bibliography. — ^awdfeooA;, §§ 20&, 55, 63, 64; Guide, § 80; 
R. Clarke «Sc Co., Bihliotheca Americana, a. v. Indian; T. W. 
Field, Indian Bibliography ; J. Sabin, Dictionary of American 
Bibliography, IX, 86 ; J. Winsor, Narratice and Critical, I, 
316-328, VII, 446. 

Historical Discussions. ■ — P. A. Bruce, Economic History 
of Virginia, I, 493-498; G. E. Ellis, Red Man and Wfdte 
Man, chs. iv, vi ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, I, 286, 
296-298, 300; M. Egleston, Land System, 4-7. 

Treatises. — J. Kent, Commentaries, III, 377-400; J. Story, 
Commentaries, I, §§ 3-38, 152-154; F. Wharton, Digest, II, 
§ 209; Dana's ^V^ieaton, note 24; H. S. Maine, International 
Law, 71-75 ; T, Twiss, Law of Nations, I, §§ 135-137; Laiv- 
rence's Wheaton, 68-70, 306; R. Phillimore, International 
Law (3d ed.), II, 340, 341, 345-349; C. Calvo, Droit Interna- 
tional (4tli ed.), I, 208-210, VI, 7. 

Cases. — Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1832): 5 Peters, 1; 
9 Curtis, 178; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 1-3. — Johnson V' 
Mcintosh (1828): 8 Wheaton, 543; 5 Curtis, 503; F. Snow, 
Cases and Opinions, 6-9. — Elk v. Wilkins (1884) : 112 U. S., 
94; F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 230-233. — United States v. 
Kagama (1886) : 118 U. S., 375 ; F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 
233-241. — Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas Railway Com- 
pany (1890): 135 U. S., 641. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, I, §§ 40, 45, 60, 64, 92, 123, 
127, 133, 152, 162; Mass. Hist. Soc, Collections, 3d ser., II, 
270, V, 35-59, 4th ser., V, 338, 5th ser., IX, 118-120; Colo- 
nial Laios of Massachusetts, (1660-1672) 160-162, 181, (1672- 
1686) 74, 75; Massachusetts Records, I, 243, 394, 400, III, 
281, IV, part i, 102, part ii, 282; W. W. Hening, Statutes of 
Virginia, I, 323-326, 456, 467, II, 138-143 ; New York Colonial 
Documents, I, 58, 99, 128, 287, II, 557, VI, 59, 294, 295, 850, 
851, 865, 962, VII, 76, 313, 473, 590. 



65-67] INDIAN LAND-HOLDING 197 

§ 66. Paper No. 4. Execution of the Acts of Trade. 

Bibliography. — Handbook^ §§ 19a, 206, 63; Guide, §§ 
133, 134, 146; J. Winsor, Narmtire and Critical, VI, 63-65; 
(x. L. Beer, Commercial Policy of England, 159-167 (Columbia 
University, Studies, III). 

Historical Discussions. — J. Winsov, Narrative and Critical, 
VI, 11, 12; Gr. Bancroft, IPnited /States (author's final ed.). 
Ill, 35, 59-62; J. G. Palfrey, Compendious History of New 
England, III, 148, 178-180, 317, 318, 330, 331, 339, IV, 297, 
298, 305, 331, 332, 381; W. Tudor, James Otis, chs. v, vi ; 
W. B, Weeden, Economic and Social History of New jEJngland, 
I, 238, II, 556-559 ; J. R. Seeley, Expansion of England, 65- 
70; R. Hildreth, United States, II, 197-199, 498-500; W. E. 
H. Lecky, England (Eng. ed.), II, 7-11, III, 299-310. 

Treatises. — W. J. Ashley, Surveys Historic and Economic, 
336-360; Gr. L. Beer, Commercial Policy of England, 32-34, 
123-143 (Columbia University, Studies, III); E. L. Lord, Indus- . 
trial Experiments in the British Colonies, 124-139 ; E. Chan- 
ning, Navigation Laivs, 12-16. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, I, §§ 54, 70, 135, 240,11, §§ 
45, 46, 49, 131, 146; American History Leaflets, No. 19; W. 
MacDonald, Select Charters, Nos. 22, 23, 25, 28, 34 ; Prince 
Society, Andros Tracts, I, xx, 41, II, 57; Colonial Laws of 
Massachusetts (1672-1686), 258, 289, 290; North Carolina 
Colonial Records, I, 244-246 ; Neiv York Colonial Documents, 
III, 44-47, 263, IV, 303, 461, 462, V, 58, 59; T. Pownall, 
Administration of the Colonies (4tli ed.), 281-312 ; Prince 
Society, Edward Randolph, II-V (see Indexes, s. v. Acts of 
Trade). 

§ 67. Paper No. 5. Execution of the Spanish Colonial 
Policy. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20a, 65; Guide, § 86; J. 



198 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Winsor, Narrative and Critical, II, 331-348, VIII, 246- 
294, 342-368; H. C. Morris, Colonization, \l, 336-340; A. 
Ireland, Tropical Colonization, 2ol, 258 ; R. G. Thwaites, 
Colonies, 45. 

Historical Discussions. — F. W. Blackman, Spanish Colo- 
nization in the Southwest, 7-14, 48-63 (Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Studies, VIII, 121-128, 162-177) ; P. S. Reinsch, Colonial 
Government ; T. G. F. Raynal, Historie des J^tablissemens et 
du Commerce des Europeens dans les deux Bides (ed. 1781), 
IV, 227-294; J. M. Callahan, Cuba and International Rela- 
tions, ch. ii; B. Moses, Spanish Ride in America, 17-26, 293- 
313; P. P. Leroy-Beaulieu, Colonisation chez les Peuj)les 
Modernes (3d ed.), 1-40, 251-273; E. J- Payne, European 
Colonies, 49-53 ; J. H. Latan6, United States and Spanish 
America, ch. i ; A. Helps, Sixinish Conquest ; J. Winsor, Nar- 
rative and Critical, VIII, chs. iv, v ; H. Butterworth, South 
America, 69-92 ; G. Bancroft, United States (10-vol. ed.), I, 
34-68 ; R. G. Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America, 
II, chs. viii-x. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, I, §§ 23, 29-31, 33, 36, 46, 48, 
II, § 118, III, § 45, IV, §§ 187, 188; Annual Register, IX, 
2, 18-20, XV, 10 12, XXVIII, 35-37, LII, 223-231, LVII, 
127. — Government documents on Cuba, Porto Rico, and the 
Philippines: President's message of April 11, 1898, House 
Documents, 55 Cong., 2 sess. (1898), LXIV, No. 405 ; consular 
correspondence, House Documents, 55 Cong., 2 sess. (1898), 
LXIV, No. 406 ; Senate report on affairs in Cuba, Senate Re- 
ports, 55 Cong., 2 sess. (1898), V; H. K. Carroll, Report of 
Porto Rico ; Gov. Allen's reports ; reports of Philippine Com- 
missions, Senate Documents, 56 Cong., 1 sess. (1899), XLIV- 
XLVI, 56 Cong., 2 sess. (1900), No. 112. 



67-69] COLONIAL POLICY 199 

§ 68, Paper No. 6. Rule of 1756. 

Bibliography. — Hatidbook, §§ 20c, 73, 76, 85, 87 ; F. Snow, 
Cases and Opinions, xxxviii. 

Historical Discussions. — A. T. Mahan, Sea Power and 
French Revolution, II, 234-239, 242, 266-269, 353-356 ; W. 
W. Story, Joseph Story, I, 2*85-289 ; J. Madison, Examination 
of the British Doctrine (Writings, II, 229-391; 1 Wheaton 
Reports, App. iii). 

Treatises. — W. E. Hall, International Laic (4th ed.), § 234 
R. Phillimore, Interyiational Law (3d ed.). Ill, 370-384; T 
D. Woolsey, International Laic (6th ed.), §§ 200, 201 
C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), I, 49, IV, 562-566 
T. Ortolans, Diplomatie de la Mer, II, book iii, eh. v 
A. G. Heffter, Droit International, § 165 ; F. Snow, Interna- 
tional Law, § 64 ; T. A. Walker, International Law, 258-262, 
399, 400 ; H. Wheaton, History of the Laic of Nations, 217-229 ; 
Lawrence's Wheaton, 814-819; Dana's Wheaton, § 508; H. 
W. Halleck, International Late (Baker ed.), II, 325-339; J. 
Kent, Commentaries, I, 81-85. 

SoLTtCES. — Contemporaries, III, § 120; F. Snow, Cases and 
Opinions, 502-508; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 330-333; 
other cases are titled in R. Phillimore, International Law, III, 
385, 386 ; F. Wharton, Digest, III, § 388 ; Annual Register, I, 
144-175, XLVIII, 246-248. 

§ 69. Paper No. 7. Territorial Policy of the Conti- 
nental Congress. 

\^n^\^(^c,\{\vn\. ^ Handbook, §§ 19&, 20^, 42, 75; Guide, §§ 
i:.0. 161; B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 429-432. 

Historical Discussions. — F. J. Turner, Western State Mak- 
ing (American Historical Review, I, 70-87, 251-269) ; C. E. 
Bond, County of Illinois (American Historical Review, IV, 
623-635); G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, I, 154- 



200 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

156, 1G8-183, II, 98-118; II. Hildreth, United States, III, 
398-400, 527-529; W. Kingsford, Canada, VI, 499-519; T. 
Roosevelt, Winnmg of the West, II, chs. x-xii. III, chs. i-vi ; 
J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, VII, 527-541 ; J. Winsor, 
Westward Movement, 167-169, 185-187, 198-208, 245-247, 
257-267, 280-293 ; B. A. Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xi-xvi ; 
Foundations, §§ 42-44 ; G. W. Curtis, Constitutional History, 
I, 90-94, 196-208. 

SotTRCEs. — Contemporaries, III, §§ 42-47 ; American History 
Leaflets, Nos. 22, 32; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xvi ; 
Journals of Congress, VI-XII (see Index, s. v. Territory, 
Territorial claims, West territory) ; Secret Journals of Congress, 

I, 427-447; Cutlers, Manasseh Cutler, I, 152-197, 292-305, 

II, 373-384. 

§ 70. Paper No. 8. Breaking the Instructions of Con- 
gress at Paris. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20d, 72; Guide, § 141; Y. 
Wharton, Digest, § 150. 

Historical Discussions. — G. Pellew, John Jay, chs. vii, 
viii ; W. H. Trescot, Diplomacy of the Revolution., ch. iv ; T. 
Lyman, United- States Diplomacy (2d ed.), I, 100-106, 118- 
128; F. Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, I, 
Introduction, §§ 109-111, 158; F.Wharton, Digest, III, App. § 
150; G. Bancroft, United States (final ed.), V, 472-474, 525- 
527, 547-553, 562-580; R. Hildreth, United Stales, III, 413, 
417-420; J. Adams, Works, I, 340-342, 363-376, 386-396; H. 
Douiol, Participation de la France, V, chs. v, vi; W. E. H. 
Lecky, England (Eng. ed.), IV, 255-264 ; J. Winsor, Narratire 
and Critical, VII, ch. ii. 

Treatises. — R. Phillimore, Liternational Law (3d ed.), II, 
255; C. Calvo, Droit Liternational (4th ed.), Ill, 171, 172; 
W. E. Hall, Internationcd Laio (4th ed.), 347 ; Lawrence's 
WJieaton, 443-452; Dana's Wheaton, §§ 257-262. 



€9-71 J INSTRUCTIONS OF CONGRESS 201 

Sources. — F. Wharton, Revolutionary Diplomatic Corre- 
spondence, IV-VI (see Index, s. v. Peace commissioners) ; J. Jay, 
Correspondence and Public Pap)ers, II, 345-347, 353, 366-452, 
III, 14-19, 56-64 ; J. Adams, Works, III, 299-303, 307-314, 
336, 347, 366, VII, 150, 15l, 627, 653, VIII, 87-91, IX, 514- 
517 ; B. Franklin, Works (Bigelow ed.), VIII, 228-234, 239, 
240; Secret Jonryials of Congress, II, 224-228, 339, 340, 445, 
446. 



§ 71. Paper No. 9. Navigation of the Mississippi 
and St. Lawrence. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, § 20e ; Guide, § 153. 

Historical Discussions. — T. Lyman, United States Diplo- 
macy (2d ed.), I, 221-258; W. H. Trescot, Dipdomatic History 
of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, 43-50, 225- 
267 ; G. Bancroft, History of the Constitution, II, 295-298 ; 
"W. Kingsford, Canada, IX, 305, 306 ; T. Roosevelt, Winning 
of the West, III, ch. iii ; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History^ 
I, 208-220, 671-673. 

Treatises. — Lawrence' sWlieaton, 346-362 ; Dana's Wlieaton, 
§§ 193-205, note 118; H. Wheaton, History of Law of Nations, 
498-517; F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 32-41 ; E. Phillimore, 
Liternational Laio (3d ed.), I, 223-228, 240-247; J. N. 
Pomeroy, Liternational Laic, §§ 131-136; W. E. Hall, Liter- 
national L^aio (4th ed.), 136-146 ; T. J. Lawrence, International 
Lmvo, § 112; P. Cobbett, L^eading Cases, 45, 46; C. Calvo, 
Droit Liternational, I, 433-435, 447-451. 

Sources. — J. Q. Adams, Duplicate. Letters; F. Wharton, 
Digest, I, § 30 ; American State Papers, Foreign, I, 247-263, 
271-274, 438, 439, 533-549, V, 539-543, 561-563, 571-579, 
VI, Ibl-lu. 



202 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

§ 72. Paper No. 10. Policy of American Isolation. 

BiBLiOGUAPHV. — Handbook, §§ 19cZ, 20(', 70, 79,92; Guide, 
§§ 164, 178. 

Historical Discussions. — T. Lyman, United States Diplo- 
macy (2d ed.), I, 291-312; W. H. Trescot, Diplomatic History 
of the Administrations of Washington and Adams, 137-146; 
R. Hildreth, United States, IV, 412-415, 686, V, 421 ; Foun- 
dations, §§1, 6, 8, 12; T. Roosevelt, American Ideals, No. 
xii ; R. Olney, International Isolation of the United States 
{Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI, 577-588) ; T. D. Woolsey, Ameri- 
ca's Foreign Policy, 1-21, 169, 170, 188-191. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, HI, 92-94 ; American History 
Leaflets^ No. 4 ; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xviii ; F. 
Wharton, Digest, § 45 ; G. Washington, Writings (Sparks ed.), 
X, 533-548, XII, 202-209, 228-233. 



§ 73. Paper No. 11. Was France Entitled to Com- 
plain of the Jay Treaty ? 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 19d, 20e, 76; Guide, § 162; 
J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, II, 638. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, V, 4414-4432; H. 
Flanders, Lives of the Chief Justices, I, 401-414; R. Hildreth, 
United States, IV, 539-556, 591-616, V, 73-78; H. Von 
Hoist, United States, I, 131-138; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcediay 
II, 634-638; J. Schouler, United States, I, 308-326; T. 
Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States (2d ed.), I, 177-208; 
W. H. Trescot, Diplomatic History of the Administrations of 
Washington and Adams, 69-128, 152-168; W. Jay, John Jay, 
I, 322-342 ; G. Pellew, John Jay, ch. xi ; D. C. Gilnian, James 
Monroe, (ed. 1885) 57-67, 221-229, (ed. 1900) 60-70, 252- 
260; Jat/s Treaty (Nation, LXI, 460, 461) ; F. C. Gray-, Jay's 
Treaty (North American Review, XVII, 142-180); W. C. 



72-74] ISOLATION AND JAY TREATY 203 

Rives, James Madison, III, 527-534, 545-547, 569-578; H. 
S. Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, 267-284. 

Sources. — American State Papers, Foreign, I, 470-525, 
559-583, 594-598, 711, 712, 730-747 ; Annals of Congress, 4 
Cong., 1 sess. (1796), 970-1291; T. H. Beutou, Abridgment, 
I, 702-754; M. Carey, American Remembrancer; J. Monroe, 
Vieio of the Conduct of the Executive ,' F. Wharton, Digest, § 
150a; Contemporaries, III, §§ 96, 97; G. Washington, Writ- 
ings (Sparks ed.), XI, 483-487, 504-529. 

§ 74. Paper No. 12. Allegiance and Impressment. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20e, 87; Guide, §§ 162, 
170-172, 192; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, I, 62, II, 85; F. Snow, 
Cases and Opinions, xxiv ; J. Winsor, Narratire and Critical, 
VII, 521, 522. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, I, 842, 843, 898, 899 ; 
H. Adams, United States (see Index, s. v. Impressment) ; R. 
HUdreth, United States, IV, 442, 540, 563, 627, V, 73, 268, 
534-536, 653-657, 661, VI, 262, 296, 349-353, 389, 457, 491 ; 
T. Lj'man, Diplomacy of the United States (2d ed.), II, 11-17; 
W. H. Trescot, Diplomatic History of the Administrations of 
Washington and Adams, 88-90, 116; G. Tucker, United States, 

I, 520, II, 87, 88, 209-211, 285, 297; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, 

II, 79-82. 

Treatises. — W. E. Hall, Internationcd Law (4th ed.), 224, 
225, 257-280; J. Kent, Commentaries, I, 153-158; Laiorence's 
IVIieaton, 210-219; Dana's Wheaton, §§ 108, 109, note 67; 
F.Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 194-197, 238; T. A. Walker, 
International Law, 123-131; H. W. Halleck, Ldernational 
Laio (Baker ed.), II, 300-304; Essay on Naturcdizati07i and 
Allegiance ; H. Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations, 585, 
737-749 ; H. Wheaton, Enquiry into the Validity 0/ the British 
Claim; W. B. Lawrence, Visitation, and Search, 1-5, 13-15, 



204 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

123; T. Coxe, Examination of the Conduct of Great Britain^ 
43-48. 

Cases. — Talbot V. Janson (1795): 3 Dallas, 133 ; 1 Curtis, 
128. — M'llvaiue v. Coxe's Lessee (1808): 4 Cranch, 209; 2 
Curtis, 74. — Inglis v. Trustees of the Sailor's Snug Harbor 
(1830): 3 Peters, 99; 8 Curtis, 305. —White v. Hart (1871): 
13 AYallace, 646. 

Sources. — American State Papers, Foreign, I-III (see 
Indexes under Impressment, Seamen), especially II, 489, III, 
25, 36-87, 137, 140, 154, 173-176, 348, 574-583, 695-699, 
704, 739, VI, 368-372; Annals of Congress, 3 Cong. (1794), 
772-774,4 Cong., 1 sess. (1796), 381-400, 802-820; British 
acts and ti'eaties, in R. Phillimore, International Law (3d ed.), 
I, 653-666 ; T. Dwight, Hartford Convention, 52-64, 225-228 ; 
F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 171, 173, 202, 331; F. Snow, Cases 
and Opinions, 213-219; Contemporaries, III, §§ 116-119; 
J. Sparks, Gouverneur Morris, II, 20-23, III, 276, 280, 281 ; 
T. Jefferson, Writings (Washington ed.). Ill, 204-207, 334, 
442-444, 525, IV, 133, V, 54, 63, 64, VI, 427, 467 ; H. S. 
Randall, Thomas Jefferson, II, 476, III, 298, 380?i, 400n ; D. 
Webster, Works, II, 540, V, 140-146, VI, 318-328, 353, 356, 
453-455, 522-528 ; J. Adams, Inadmissible Principles of the 
King of England's Proclamatioit {WorTis, IX, 312-330). 

§ 75. Paper No. 13. Status of Territory Annexed but 
not yet Organized. 

BiBLiouiJAriiY. — Handbook, §§ 19e, 20e, 42, 69 (with cases), 
82, 91 ; Guide, § 168; A. P. C. Griffin, List of Books on Porto 
Hi CO. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Adams, United States, H, 
118-131, 399-401; F. X. Martin, Louisiana, cli. xxvii; P. S. 
Reinsch, Colonial Gorernment, part vii ; S. E. Baldwin, His- 
toric Policy of the United States (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Annuai 



74,75] STATUS OF TERRITORY 205 

Report for 1893, 369-390); D. S. Jordan, Imperial Democracy, 
Nos. iii, iv ; W. Reid, Problems of Expansion ; G. C. Lewis, 
Gorernment of Dependencies (Lucas ed.), Introduction; T. 
Williams, Ethical and Political Principles of Expansion (Amer. 
Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XVI, 227-242) ; Foundations, chs. 
V, vi ; A. L. Lowell, Colonial Expansion (Atlantic Monthly, 
LXXXIII, 145-154). 

Tkeatises. — Lawrence's Wlieaton, 55, 56, 99n, 100>i, 312- 
316, 513n, 514?^, 591-597, 6837i, 684n ; F. Wharton, Commen- 
taries, §§ 460-465; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 53; 
J. H. Giddings, Democracy and Empire, chs. i, xvi, xvii; J. 
N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 490-499 ; L. S. Rowe, 
Insidar Decisions (Amer. Acad. Pol, Sci., Annals, 226-250) ; 
J. W. Burgess, Government of Distant Territory, Constitution 
and Newly Acquired Territory (Political Science Quarterly, 
XIV, 1-18, XV, 381-398) ; J: Lowndes, Laic of Annexed Ter- 
ritory (Political Science Quarterly, XI, 672-693) ; E. Freund, 
Control of Dependencies through Protectorates (Political Science 
Quarterly, XIV, 19-38) ; R. D. Hunt, Legal Status of Califor- 
nia 1846-1849 (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XII, 387-408) ; 
A. L. Lowell, Status of Oar New Possessions (Harvard Laio 
Review, XIII, 155-176); C. F. Randolph, Notes on the Law 
of Territorial Exjoansioii ; T. Farrar, Mamial of the Constitu- 
tion, §§ 418-433. 

Cases. -De Lima r. Bidwell (1901): 182 U. S., 1. — Dooley 
u United States (May, 1901): 182 U. S., 222. — Downes v. 
Bidwell (1901) : 182 U. S., 244. — Diamond Rings (Dec. 1901): 
Dooley v. United States [2d case] (Dec. 1901). 

Sources. — Contemporaries, III, 113, 114, IV, 186-191; 
American History Leaflets, No. 32; M. Hill, Liberty Docu- 
ments, ch. xxiv; F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 3-5, 354, 355; A. H. 
Howe, Insular Cases (House Documents, 56 Cong., 2 sess. 
(1901), No. 509) (briefs and arguments in the Porto Rican and 
Philippine cases). 



206 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

§ 76. Paper No. 14. Legal Objections to the Orders 
in Council and Decrees. 

Biblio(;kaphy. — //a»d6oofc, §§ 19e, 20c, 73, 74, 80, 86, 88; 
Guide, §§ 170-172; J. Wiusor, Narrative and Critical, Y II, 
520, 521. 

Historical Discussions. — H. Adams, United States (see 
Index, s. v. Decree and Order in Council) ; T. Lyman, Dijilo- 
macy of the United States (2d ed.), I, 406-422, II, 23-48 ; A. 
G. Stapleton, George Canning, 139-153 ; A. T. Mahan, Sea 
Power and French Revolution, II, 269-292, 313, 351-357 ; 
Arbitrations, I, 299-316, V, 4447-4456. 

Treatises. — T. A. Walker, International Latv, 412-428; 
R. Phillimore, Internationcd Law (3d ed.). Ill, 311-313, 
515-521 ; T. D. Woolsey, International Law (6th ed.), § 206; 
Lawrence's Wheaton, 736-769?i ; H. W. Halleck (Baker ed.). 
International Law, II, 325-339 ; F. DeCussy, Phases et 
Causes Cel^bres du Droit Maritime, II, 276-280. 

Sources. — American State Papers, Foreign, III, 29-31, 
203-206, 209-213, 220-220*, 259-291, 384, 405-407, 417-421, 
431-433, 509-512, 609-612; F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 359-361, 
388; Coyitemporaries, §§ 118, 120-122; Sorirce-Book, § 81; 
II. Adams, Albert Gallatin, 365n ; T. C. Hansard, Parliamen- 
tary Debates, X, 314-339, XXI, 1092-1163, XXIII, 486-547; 
J. Stephen, War in Disguise/ G. Morris, Ansiver to War in 
Disguise. 

§ 77. Paper No. 15. Fishing Rights in and about the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, § 20e ; Guide, §§ 141, 172, 
174 ; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, VII, 170, 171, 523- 
525 ; C. B. Elliott, United States and the Northeastern Fish- 
eries, 135-144 ; C. Isham, Fishery Question, 85-89. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, I, 426-430, 703- 



76, 77] ORDERS IN COUNCIL 207 

753 ; C. B. Elliott, United States and the Northeastern Fish- 
eries ; C. Isham, Fishery Question; J. I. Dorau, Orir Fishery 
Mights in the North Atlantic; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of 
Congress, II, 615-637; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic 
Questions, 451-529 ; T. Lyman, Diplomacy of the United States 
(2d ed.), I, 114-117, II, 86-101 ; W. Kingsford, Canada, VII, 
140, 141, 147, IX, 344, 345; L. Sabine, Report on the Prin- 
cipal Fisheries of the American Seas, 325-340, 389-489 (House 
Fxecntire Documeiits, 32 Cong., 2 sess. (1853), No. 23); E. 
Schuyler, American Diplomacy, 404-420 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclo- 
pcBdia, III, 941-944 ; J. B. McMaster, Uiiited States, IV, 270- 
273, 457-469; P. H. Smith, Acadia, 313-318; W. E. Curtis, 
United States and Foreign Poivers, 163-168; H. Y. Hind, 
Fraudulent Records; H. Y. Hind, Fisheries Commission 
Frauds ; W. V. Wells, Samuel Adams, III, 65, 149-152. 

Treatises. — T. Twiss, Laio of Nations, I, §§ 185, 191 ; F. 
Snow, Treatises and Topics, 427-470 ; F. Snow, International 
Law, § 12; Laiorence:s Wheaton, 312-314, 323-328w, 462- 
471; Dana's Wheaton, note 142; T. J. Lawrence, Interna- 
tional Law, § 111 ; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 350-353, 364- 
368 ; T. D. Woolsey, International Law (6th ed.), § 59. 

Sources. — Secret Journals of Congress, II, 148-1 67. — Official 
correspondence : American State Papers, Foreign, III, 348- 
407, 809-811, V, 675-696, 735-752 ; House Executive Docu- 
ments, 41 Cong., 3 sess. (1870), I, 407-433; 46 Cong., 2 sess. 
(1880), XXIV, No. 84; 49 Cong., 1 sess. (1885), I, 460-469; 
49 Cong., 2 sess. (1886, 1887), I, 334-527, XVIII, No. 19, 
XXIV, No. 153. — Treaties: Treaties and Conventions (ed. 
1889), 371, 377, 415, 416, 449, 450, 452, 486, 487, 491, 498- 
500; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 65, 79-81, 90-92, 98, 99. — 
Statutes of the United Kingdom, 59 Geo. Ill, ch. 38. — Hali- 
fax Commission, Documents and Proceedings. — F. Wharton, 
Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution (see Index, s. v. 



208 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Fisheries) ; F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 301-308 : J. D. Richard- 
son, Messages, V, 277, VII, 102-104, 225, VIII, 449, 500, 
603-607, 620-630, 779, 780; J. Adams, Works, I, 381-384, 
111,302, 327-339, 345, X, 131-133, 137, 159-161, 403-405; 
B. Franklin, Works (Bigelow ed.), VIII, 122n, 164n, 165n, 
168?i; J. Q. Adams, Duplicate Letters; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs 
(see Index, s. v. Fisheries) ; Contemporaries, II, § 217, III, 
§ 128, IV, § 173. 

§ 78. Paper No. 16. Doctrine of Recognition of New 
States. 

Bibliography. —Handbook, §§ 19/, 20/, 79, 84, 91 ; Gidde, 
§ 178. 

Historical Discussions. — J. H. Latane, United States aiid 
Spanish America, eh. ii ; H. H. Bancroft, Pacific States, 
VIII, 46-53, XI, 300-303; J. M. Callahan, (7?t6a and Interna- 
tional Relations, ch. v ; T. Lyman, Diplomacy of the United 
States (2d. ed.), II, 422-492; M. Bernard, Neutrality of 
Great Britain, 122-170; W. E. Curtis, United States and 
Foreign Powers, 76-78, 85 ; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years of 
Congress, I, 571-580, 595-600. 

Treatises. — Lawrence's Wheaton, ^(S-bln; Dana's Whea- 
ton, §§ 20-27, notes 15, 16; T. J. Lawrence, International 
Law, §§ 57-60; F. Snow, International Lav), §§ 8-10; A. 
S. Hershey, Recognition of Cuban Belligerency, Intervention 
and Recognition (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, VII, 450- 
461, XI, 353-380); J. N. Pomeroy, International Law, 264- 
312; W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), 87-95; J. C. 
Bluntschli, Droit International (2d ed.), 67-73; C. Calvo, 
Droit International (4th ed.), I, 84-98; A. W. Heffter, Droit 
International, § 23 ; T. D. Woolsey, International Law (6th 
ed.), §§ 39-41 ; E. 8. Creasy, Platform of International Law, 
677-681; T. A. Walker, International Law, 115-118. 



77-791 RECOGNiriON AND MONROE DOCTRINE 209 

Cases. — Kennett r. Chambers (1852): 14 Howard, 38; 20 
Curtis, 24. 

Sources. — Contemporaries, III, §§ 142, 145, 146; F. 
Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence of the Revolution (see 
Index, 8. V. Independence) ; F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 70, 71 ; 
American State Papers, Foreign, IV, 173-183, 412-418, 818- 
851, V, 794-797, VI, 1006-1014 ; Monroe's message on recog- 
nition, in J. D. Richardson, Messages, II, 116-118; Jackson's 
message on Texas, in J. D. Richardson, 3Iessages, III, 265- 
269 ; Polk's message on the French republic, in J. D. Richard- 
sou, Messages, IV, 579, 580; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs (see 
Index, s. v. South America, South American independence) ; A. 
Gallatin, Writings, II, 73, 74, 240, 241 ; J. Madison, Writ- 
ings, III, 267 ; J. Mackintosh, Miscellaneous Works (ed. 
1851), 747-768. 

§ 79. Paper No. 17. Extent of the Monroe Doctrine. 

BiBhiOGRj^pny. — Handbook, §§ 19/, 20/, 46, 72, 83, 89: 
Guide, § 178; J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical, VII, 524; 
D. C. Gilman, James Monroe, 277-294. 

Historical Discussions. — D. C. Gilman, James Monroe^ 
ch. vii ; J. H. Latane, United States and Spanish America, 
266-289 ; T. J. Lawrence, Essays on Disputed Questions, 89- 
162; Foundations, ch. vii; M. D. de Beaumarchais, Doctrine 
de Monroe ; J. W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy y 
438-478 ; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Questionsy 
No. iv; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 237-4:27 ; W. E.Curtis, 
United States and Foreign Powers, 93-106; T. Lyman, 
Diplomacy of the United States (2d ed.), II, 467-489 ; J. B. 
McMaster, With the Fathers, 1-54 ; J. W. Burgess, Recent 
Pseudo- Monroeism (Politicdl Science Quarterly, XI, 44-67) ; 
T. Roosevelt, American Id&ds, No. xi; J. B. Moore, Monroe 
Doctrine {Political Science Quarterly, XI, 1-29) ; H. Petin, 
14 



210 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

J^tats-JJnis et la Doctrine de 3Ion)'oe ; W. F. Reddaway, Mon- 
roe Doctrine ; G. F. Tucker, Monroe Doctrine. 

Tkeatisks. — Lawrence's Wheaton, 124«, 155-159; Dana's 
If'heaton, note 36; T. A. Walker, International Dau\ 137- 
150; C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), I, 285-300, 
337-350. 

Sources. — Official correspondence : American State Papers, 
Foreign, V, 834-897, 900-905, 907-910, 916-919, VI, 364- 
366, 579, 580, 582, 583; Senate Executive Documents^ 46 
Cong., 2 sess. (1880), No. 112; 47 Cong., 1 sess. (1882), No. 
194; 48 Cong., 1 sess. (1883), No. 26 (reprint of last three 
documents, in United States, Department of State, Correspond- 
ence relatire to the Canal, Clayton-Bidicer Treaty, and the 
Monroe Doctrine). — J. D. Richardson, Messages, II, 217- 
219, IV, 212, 398, 539, 540, 581-583, VII, 61-63, 99-101, 
129, IX, 632, 655-658; J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 163, 177- 
215; R. Rush, Residence at the Court of London, especially 
chs. xx-xxiv ; G. Canning, in R. Phillimore, International 
Laio (3d ed.), II, 545-559, III, 886-896; F. Wharton, 
Digest, I, §§ 57-68; American History Leaflets, No. 4; Coii- 
temporarles. III, §§ 143-150; M. Hill, Liberty Documents, 
ch. XX. 

§ 8o. Paper No. i8. Application of a Personal Status 
in a Foreign Country. 

Bibliography. — Handhooh, § 20^. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, III, 2449-3424. 

Treatises. — Laiurence's Wheaton, 173n-177n, 508n, 917- 
930; R. Phillimore, International Law (3d ed.), I, 443-459, 
II, 3-7; J. N. Pomeroy, Internationcd Law, §§ 204-214; 
W. E. Hall, International Laic (4th ed.), §§ 62, 71-74, 87; 
J. C. Bluntsehli, Droit International (2d ed), 221-234; F. 
Snow, International Laiv, §§ 15, 24; J. B. Moore, Extrater- 
ritorial Crime and the Cutting Case. 



79-82] PERSONAL STATUS 211 

Sources. — F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 172-174, 22.')- 
229. — Cutting case: House Executive Documents^ 49 Cong., 
1 sess. (1886), XXXV, No. 371 ; Case of the American A. K. 
Cutting. 

§ 8i. Paper No. ig. Responsibility of a Government 
for not carrying out a Treaty. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, § 200. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, V, 4457-4485 ; W. 
G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, (ed. 1890) 170, 171, 295, 343- 
348, (ed. 1900) 216-218, 344, 402-408; M. Bernard, Lectures 
on Diplomacy, 163-205. 

Treatises. — E. W. Huffcut, International Liahility for 
Moh Injuries (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, II, 69-84) ; J. 
Bryce, Legal and Constitutional Aspects of the Lynching at 
Ne%o Orleans {Neio Review, IV, 385-397) ; F. Snow, Interna- 
tional La\o, §§ 22, 31; C. Calvo, Droit International (od 
ed.). Ill, 142-156, 388-393; W. E. Hall, International Laic, 
345-349; Lawrence's Wheaton, 455-460; H. W. Halleck, 
International Law (Baker ed.), I, 231-234, 237-242; J. ^\. 
Burgess, Federal Government and International Responsi- 
bility {Political Science Quarterly, VI, 338-346). 

Cases. — Foster r. Neilson (1829): 2 Peters, 253, 314; 8 
Curtis, 108, 121. — Head Money Cases (1884): 112 U. S., 
580, 597. — Geofroy v. Riggs (1890) : 133 U. S., 258. 

Sources. — Official correspondence on New Orleans mobs : 
Senate Executive Documents, 32 Cong., 1 sess. (1851), I, pp. 
(!0-66, IX, No. 86 ; House Executive Documents, 52 Cong., 
1 sess. (1891), I, 658-728. — F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 67, 148c, 
318; F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 181-183. 

§ 82. Paper No. 20. Government of Military Con- 
quests, previous to Cession. 

liiiJLKxiRAi'HY. — Handbook, §§ 19//, 20(7, 42, 69, 91 ; F. 



212 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Snow, Cases and Opinions^ xxxv ; A. P. C. Griffin, Jjist of 
Books on Cuba ; A. S. Taylor, Bihliographia Calif ornica. 

Historical Discussions. — E, G. Bourne, Essays in Histor- 
ical Criticism, No. ix ; T. H. Hittell, California, II, 458- 
468, 573-637, 655-672 ; H. H. Bancroft, Pacific States, VIII, 
448, 529, 530, XVII, ehs. ix-xvii. 

Treatises. — R. D. Hunt, Legal Status of California, 
1846-1849 (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XII, 387-408) ; C. 
Becker, Acquisition and Government of Dependent Territory 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XVI, 404-420) ; E. Freund, 
Control of Dependencies through Protectorates {Political 
Science Quarterly, XIV, 19-38) ; C. Calvo, Droit Interna- 
tional (4th ed.), IV, 212-235, 387-395; J. Kent, Commentaries, 
I, 93n ; Lawrence's Wheaton, 682-685/?; Dana's Wheaton, 
note 169-, H. W. Halleck, hitemational Law (Baker ed.), II, 
444-460, 493-507; R. Phillimore, International Laio (3d 
ed.), in, 812-816; W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), 
481-504, 587-595. 

Cases. — F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 364-380. — United 
States V. Rice (1819): 4 Wheaton, 246; 4 Curtis, 391.— 
Fleming v. Page (1849): 9 Howard, 603; 18 Curtis, 278.— 
Jecker v. Montgomery (1851): 13 Howard, 498; 19 Curtis, 
615. —New Orleans v. Steamship Co. (1874): 20 Wallace, 
387. — Mechanics Bank v. Union Bank (1874): 22 Wallace, 
276. — Harrison v. Myer (1875): 92 U. S., 111. — Gates v. 
Goodloe (1879): 101 U. S., 612. 

Sources. — Military government of Mexico : House Execu- 
tive Documents, 29 Cong., 2 sess. (1846)., No. 19; 30 Cong., 
2 sess. (1849), No. 47. — Military government of California : 
W. Colton, Three Tears in California, 17, 47, 55, 65; W. T. 
Sherman, Memoirs, I, 30, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41. — F. Wharton, 
Digest, §§ 3, 4, 354, 355. 



82-84] MOSQUITO QUESTION AND FILIBUSTERS 213 

§ 83. Paper No. 21. The Mosquito Question. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20^, 80, 89; I, D.Travis, 
British Mule in Central America, 34-36 ; I. U. Travis, 
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 309-312 ; D. C. Gilmau, James Mo)i- 
roe, 285, 286. 

Historical Discussions. — L. M. Kenshey, Wicaraffua Caftal 
and the Monroe Doctrine, chs. viii-xii ; H. H. Bancroft, Pacific 
States, III, ch. xii ; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 353, 354 ; F. 
Snow, Treaties and Topics, 326-347; I. D. Travis, Clayton- 
Bulwer Treaty; J. C. Rodrigues, Panama Canal, 26-37, 
173-232; I. D. Travis, British Rule in Central America; 
J. Schouler, United States, V, 174-177, 310-312, 339-342, 
365, 454 ; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Questions, 
159-167; C. P. Lucas, Historical Geography of the British 
Colonies, II, cli. ix ; T. J. Lawrence, Assays on Disputed 
Questions, No. iii; G. T. Curtis, James Buchanan^ I, ch. xxii, 
II, ch. V. 

Treatises. — Laxorence's Wheaton, 70n, 71?i, 369, 370, 
455m. 

Sources. — Official correspondence : Senate Executire Docu- 
ments, 31 Cong., 2 sess. (1851), No. 43; 32 Cong., 2 sess. 
(1853), Nos. 12, 27; House Executive Documents, 31 Cong., 
1 sess. (1850), No. 75; Parliamentary Papers, (1856) LX, 
[2052], [2107]; (1860) LXVIII, [2748] ; F.Wharton, Digest, §§ 
145, 146, 150/, 287-297. —G. Henderson, British Honduras; 
E. G. Squier, NicaTcigua, II, 250-302, 412-452; P. F. Stout, 
Nicaragua, chs. xvii-xxvii. 

§84. Paper No. 22. Responsibility for Filibusters. 

BiBLiotiRAPiiY. — Handbook, §§ 29y, 91 ; Guide, § r.»;». 

Historical Discussions. — J. J. Lalor, Cyclopxjedia, IF, 184; 
J. M. Callahan, Cuba and International Pelations, chs. vii-ix; 
J. H. Latane, United States a)id Spanish Ame^'ica, 107-113, 
148; Dupuy de Lome, hi C. Carlisle, Daws of Neutrality, I. 



214 DIPLOMATfC PA/'EHS [§§ 

TincATisKs. — L'mrr.nce's Wheaton, 728-733 ; T. A. Walker, 
Inttr/uttiontil Z/'iw, 4.'}8-4r)7 ; W. K. Hall, International Law 
(4th ed.), 013-61G, 627, 028; H. W. Halleck, International 
Law (leaker ed.), H, 199-204 (with the notes). 

Soiucios. — F. \y\\\xvton. Digest, §§ 60, 395^r, 402; F. Snow, 
Ca.sv.s- (tnd Opinion..^, 402-420, 443-459; C. Carlisle, Laws of 
Neutralitu (documents and cases). 

§ 85. Paper No. 23. Effect of Lincoln's Blockade 
Proclamations. 

BiuLiocnAi'iiY. — Handbook, §§ 19_;, 20/«; Guide, § 212. 

Historical Disor.ssioNs. — J. R. Soley, Blockade and 
Critisers, chs. ii-vi; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, 
oh. XV ; M. Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 79, 80, 90, 
91, 226-246; J. W.Foster, Century of Atnerlcan Diplomacy ^^ 
366, 367; J. F. Rhodes, United States, III, 417-421/i. 

Tkeatises. — W. E. Hall, International I^<iw (4th ed.), 39— 
12, 718-725; T. I). Woolsey, International Jjaw (6tli ed.), 
4J§ 202-206; F. Snow, Inter natiomd Law, %% 62, 63; Law- 
re)ice''s Wheaton, 819-850/1 ; Dana's Wlieaton, notes 233, 
235; T. A. Walker, International Law, 460, 516-520; F. 
Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 233-235 ; T. J. Lawrence, Inter- 
national Law, § 270; J. Kent, Commentaries, I, 143-153; J. 
P. Deane, Law of lilockade ; C. Calvo, Droit International 
(4th ed.), V, 145-147; W. DeBurgh, Maritime International 
Law, ell. vii. 

Cases. — F. Snow, Cases and Opinions, 490-502. — Prize 
Cnses (1863): 2 Black, 635; 4 Miller, 876; Lawrence's 
Wheaton, Suppl., 13-33; F. Snow. Cases and Opinio?is, 
254-259. 

SorucEs. — Lincoln's Ijlockude proclamations: J. D. Rich- 
ardson, Jfessayes, VI, 11. 15; A. Lincoln, Works, II, 35, 
lis. — American. Annual Ci/rlo>Hvdia, (1861) 70-72, (1862) 



84-86] CONTINUOUS VOYAGKS 215 

193-197, (1863) 705-76'); F. Wbtirton, Digest, §§ 69, 3r>9- 
365 ; F. B. Butts, A Crultie along the Blockade ; T. E. Taylor, 
Running the lUockade ; W. Watson, Adi^entureH of a Blockade- 
runner ; J. Wilkinson, Narratire of a Blockade-runner ; Con- 
temporaries, IV, § 116, 

§ 86. Paper No. 24. Doctrine of Continuous Voyages. 

BiHLi(»(iHAi'ny. — ILindhook, §§ 20/t, 68, 176; Guide, §§ 
170, 212 ; F. Snow, Cases and Ojn'nions, xxxix, 

IIisTOKicAL Discussions. — Arbitrations, I, 094, 695, V, 
3928-3935; M. Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain, 299- 
319 ; A. T. Mahan, Sea Bower and FrencJt Meiwlution, II, 
268, 269 ; J. M. Callahan, Diplomatic History of the Southern 
Confederacy, 171-176; K. Ilildreth, United States, V, 562- 
565, 657, 658; J. B. McMaster, United States, III, 222-228; 
T. Lyman, Dij^lomacy of the United States (2d ed.), II, 5-9; 

II. Adams, United ^States, II, 327-329, III, 44, 45, 50-53, 
409-411 ; F. Bancroft, W. H. Seward, II, 376-380. 

Treatises. — T. J. Lawrence, International Law, § 276; 
G. Gessner, Rkforme du Droit Maritime de la Guerre {Reiuie 
de Droit International, VII, 236-255) ; Brincipes ap>pliques 
dans I' Affaire du Springbok {Revue de Droit International, 
XIV, 328-331) ; R. Pliillirnore, International Lata (3d ed.), 

III, 382-384; W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), 694w, 
695y/ ; T. I). Woolsey, International Law (6th ed.), § 207 ; 
J. C. Bluntsclili, Droit International (2d ed.), 468?*; C. 
Calvo, Droit International {^ih. ed.), V, 43-50; La'wrence's 
Wheaton, llln-llihi, 816«, 817w, 960-976; Dana's Wheaton, 
note 231; F. Wharton, Com.mentaries, § 233; T. A. Walker, 
International Lav;, 512-516, 525; F. Snow, InP'r national 
Lavi, § 65 ; H. W. Ilalleck, International Law (Baker ed.), 
II, 336-339; R. Kleen, ('ontrahande de Guerre, 30-37; II. 
Glass, Marine International Law, 95-97 ; T. Twiss, Doctrine 



216 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

of Continuouti Voy((«jes ; T. K. Holland, Manual of Naval 
Priz/\, 15, 22, 3Sit.; J. Kent, Commentaries^ 8o>4; L. Gessner, 
Condemnation of the Cargo of the Springhoh ; T. Twiss, 
'Belligerent Rights on the High Seas, 18-32. 

Cases. —The Essex (ISO;")): 5 C. Robinson, 369; P. Cob- 
hett, Zeading Cases, 334. —The William (180G) : 5 C. Rob- 
inson, 385 ; F. Snow, Cases and Ojnnio)is^ 505-509 ; P. 
Cobbett, Leading Cases, 333, 334. — Jecker v. Montgomery 
(1855): 18 Howard, 114; 1 Miller, 94. —The Stephen Hart 
(1803) : Blatchford's Prize Cases, 387 ; F. Snow, Cases and 
Opinions, 509-514; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 335,336. — 
The Bermuda (1865) : 3 Wallace, 514. — The Springbok (1866) : 
5 Wallace, 1 ; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 337. — The Peter- 
hoff (186G): 5 Wallace, 28; P. Cobbett, Leading Cases, 338, 
339. 

Sources. — Seizure of the Peterhoff ; Papers relating to 
the Illegal Seizure of the Springbok y' F. Wharton, Digest, §§ 
362, 375, 388; J. Madison, Writings, II, 213, 214, 229, 391; 
American Annual Cgclopcedia {\8Q3), 765-769. — Official cor- 
respondence: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, LXXII, [3119], 
pp. 280-293, [3183], [3195]; House LJ.i-ecutive Documeyits, 37 
Cong., 1 sess. (1862), I, 293-306, 381; 38 Cong., 1 sess. 
(1863), I, 536, 539-557. 

§ 87. Paper No. 25. Right of Expatriation. 

BiBLioGUAi'iiY. — Handbook, §§ 20*, 74 ; F. Snow, Cases 
and Opinions, xxiv. 

Historical Discussions. — J. J. Lalor, Cyclopcedia, II, 959- 
963; Arbitrations, III, 2560-2583. 

Treatises. — C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), II, 
38-41, 58, 64-68, 71-73, 115, 116, 126; Lawrence's Wheaton, 
160h, 891-930; Dana's Wheaton, notes 49, 78; G. H. Tea- 
man, Allegiance and Citizenship ; P. Webster, Laio of Citi- 



86,87] RIGHT OF EXPATRIATION 217 

zenship ; J. T. Morse, Expatriation and Naturalization {North 
American Review^ CVI, 612-629) ; J. Kent, Cornn^entnrieSy 
II, 43-50; Alexander Cockburn, Nationality; C. P. Daly, 
Naturalization / T. A. Walker, International Law^ I, 350- 
360; Tucker's JBlackstone, I, 96; W. E. Hall, International 
Law (4tb ed.), 239-255; F. Wharton, Conflict of Laws, §§ 
2-4, 40; R. Philliraore, International Laxo (3d ed.), I, 452, 
453, 446-453, IV, 29, 30, 274-279. 

Cases. — ^neas Macdonald's Case (1745) : 18 Howell, State 
Trials, 857. — Talbot r. Janson (1795) : 3 Dallas, 133; 1 Cur- 
tis, 128. — Isaac William's Case (1799): F. Wharton, State 
Trials, 652-658. — Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy 
(1804) : 2 Cranch, 64; 1 Curtis, 450. —The Santissima Trini- 
dad (1822): 7 Wheaton, 283, 347; 5 Curtis, 268, 278.— 
Inglis V. Trustees of the Sailor's Snug Harbor (1830) : 3 Peters, 
99, 125; 8 Curtis, 305, 317. — Shanks v. Dupont (1830): 3 
Peters, 242; 8 Curtis, 395. —Minor v\ Happersett (1874): 21 
Wallace, 162. 

Sources. — F.Wharton, Digest, §§ 171, 172; F. Snow, 
Cases and Opi?iions, 213-219 ; Essay on Naturalization and 
Allegiance; D.Webster, Works, Yl, 454; T.Jefferson, Writ- 
ings (Washington ed.), 73; J. Adams, Works, IX, 313, 314, 
321, X, 282. — Opinions of the Attorneys General, VIII, 
157, IX, 62-64, 356-363, XII, 319-326, XIV, 154-157, 29.5- 
301. — Report of the Royal Commission on the Laws of 
Naturalization and Allegiance (^Parliamentary Papers, 1868- 
69, XXV, [4109]). — Official correspondence: Tousig Case, 
House Executive Documents, 33 Cong., 1 sess. (1854), VIII, 
No. 41 ; Koszta Case, House Executive Documents, 33 Cong., 
1 sess. (18.54), XI, No. 91; compulsory military service, 
Senate Executire Documents, 36 Cong., 1 sess. (1860), XI, 
No. 38. — Naturalization treaties : Treaties and Conventions 
(ed. 1889), 37, 38, 43, 49, 66-68, 563-565, 790, 791; F, 



218 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Snow, Treaties and Topics, 230-234; F. Wharton, Conflict 
of Laics, § A:H. 

§ 88. Paper No. 26. Consequential Damages. 

BiBLiOGKAPiiv. — Ilandhooh, §§ 20i, 76; Guide, § 212; 
Arbitrations, 1, ch. xiv, notes, IV, eli. Ixv, notes. 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, I, 55;j-5G0, 623- 
628, IV, 4057-4178; C. Gushing, Treaty of Washington, ch. 
ii; C. F. Adams, Charles Francis Adams, 307-315, 357, 380- 
397; C. C. Beanian, National and Private Alabama Claims; 
G. Bemis, Precedents of American Neutrality ; M. Bernard, 
Neutrality of Great Britain, 151-170, 331-439, 480-496; J. 
G. Blaine, Twenty Tears of Congress, II, ch. xx; J. W. 
Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, 384-387, 422-428. 

Treatises. — W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), §§ 
217, 221-225; H. W. Halleck, International Law (Baker ed.), 
II, 183-195; T. A. Walker, International Laic, 459-502; R. 
Phillimore, International Law (3d ed.), Ill, 250-282 ; Dana^s 
Wheaton, 425, 428, 435-439, note 215 ; F. Snow, Interna- 
tional Law, §§ 58-60 ; T. D. Woolsey, International Lain^ 
§§ 163-170; J. C. Bluntschli, Opinio7i impartiale sur la Ques- 
tion de r Alabama {Revue de Droit International, II, 452- 
485) ; T. J. Lawrence, International Law, §§ 258-263. 

Sources. — Official correspondence : Foreign Relations (1863), 
part i, pp. 4-9, 32-47, 59-79, 89-93, 157-160, 183, 256, 306- 
308, 356-364, 379-381, 392-396 ; (1865) part i, pp. 311, 316-320, 
335, 395-397, 554-561, 576-610, 631-650, 660, 668-670; (1866) 
part i, pp. 59, 68, 74, 89 ; (1867) part i, pp. 36, 41-43, 75, 123, 
191-193, 209-211; (1868) part i, pp. 159-173 (same documents 
in House Executive Docutnents, No. 1, of the sessions of Con- 
gress covered by these years) ; W. H. Seward, Works (Baker 
ed.), V, 408-410, 446-470, 475, 476. — Geneva arbitration: 
House Executive Documents, 42 Cong., 3 sess. (1873), I, parts 



87-89] CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES 219 

ii-v. — F. Wharton, iJii/cst, §§ 227, 39G-402a, 405; F. Snow, 
Cases and Opinions, 402-461 ; Treaties and Conventions (ed. 
1889), 413-430. — J. Bigelow, France and the Confederate 
Nacy ; J. D. Bulloch, Secret Service of the Confederate States^ 
I, chs. ii, v; R. Semmes, Service Afloat; A. Sinclair, Two 
Years in the Alabama ; J. C. B. Davis, Jlfr. Fish and the 
Alabama Claims. — Ameriran A/maal Cyc/opa^Alia, (1862) 
380-384, (1863) 340-350, (1867) 267-272, (1868) 215-217, 
(1870) 227, 228, (1871) 253-263, (1872) 239-263; A?inual 
Register (1872), part i, 88-118. 

i^ 89. Paper No. 27. Questions of the Isthmus Canal. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20/, 72, 78, 83; D. C. Gil- 
man, James Monroe, 285, 286, 289-291 ; Brookinsis and Riug- 
walt, Briefs for Debate, No. xxv. 

Historical Discussions. — J. H. Latan^, United States and 
Spanish America, ch. iv ; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics, 
326-347; I. D. Travis, Clayton- Bulxver Treaty; J. C. Ro- 
digues, Panama Canal; A. T. 'W^x^w, Interest of America in 
Sea Poller, No. iii ; L. M. Keasbey, Nicaragua Canal and 
the Monroe Doctrine ; E. R. Johnson, Nicaragua Canal and 
Economic Development (Anaer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, VII, 
38-48); J. W. Miller, Advantages of the Nicaragua Route 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, VII, 32-37) ; J. A. P^airlie, 
Econondc Effects of Ship Canals (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., 
Annals, XI, 54-78); L. M. Keasbey, Clayton -Buhver Treaty 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XIV, 285-309) ; P. C. Hains, 
Canal from a Military Point of Viev) (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., 
A7inals, XVII, 397-408); W. B. Munro, Neutralization of the 
Suez Canal (7\mer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XVII, 409-430) ; 
T. J. Lawrence, Essays on Disputed Questions, Nos. ii, iii ; 
M. M. de Peralta, El Canal Inter oceanico ; J. B. Henderson, 
American Diplomatic Questions, ch. iv. 



220 DIPLOMATIC PAPERS [§§ 

Treatises. — R. Phillimore, International Law (3d ed.), I, 
304-311 ; C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), I, 507-516; 
W. E. Hcall, International Law (4th ed.), §§ 107-109, HI. 

Sources. — Report of the Isthmian Canal Commission : Senate 
Documents^ 57 Cong., 1 sess. (1901), No. 54. — J. D. Rich- 
ardson, Messages, VII, 610, 611, VIII, 327, 328. — American 
A?iniial Cyclopcedia, New Series (see the General Index) ; F. 
Wharton, Digest, §§ 287-297; Ayon, Consider aciones sobre 
la Cuestion de Limites Territoriales entre las Bepublicas de 
Nicaragua y Costa Rica. 

§ go. Paper No. 28. Control of Seal Catching. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 20/, 77; American History 
Leaflets, No. 6 ; F. Wharton, Digest, § 309. 

Historical Discussions. — 8. B. Stanton, £ehring Sea Dis- 
pute, cli. vi; 8. B. Stanton, Behring Sea Controversy ; Arbitra- 
tions, I, 755-960, III, 2123-2131, V, 4759-4767, 5067; J. 
Stanley-Brown, Beri/irf Sea Controversy from an Economic 
Standpoint {Yale Review, II, 196-210); J. B. Henderson, 
American Diplomatic. Questions, 3-29, 513-525 ; P. Cobbett, 
Leading Cases, 359-363 ; E. J. Phelps, Behring Sea Contro- 
versy {Harper's Magazine, LXXXII, 766-774). 

Treatises. — C. Calvo, Droit International (4th ed.), I, 471, 
489, VI, 370-446 ; T. J. Lawrence, International Laio, § 106 ; 
W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), 146-166, 267w; 
Dana's Wheaton, §§ 168-171 ; T. D. Woolsey, International 
Law (6th ed.), §§ 59, 60; F. Snow, Treaties and Topics^ 
471-509; T. A.Walker, International Law, 175-204; T. B. 
Browning, Behring Sea Controversy {Law Quarterly Review, 
VII, 128); Or. H. Knott, Arbitration of Behring Sea Contro- 
versy {American Law Kevieio, XXVII, 684). . 

Sources. — Official correspondence, 1886-1896 : British 
and Foreign State Papers, LXXIX, 1240-1306, LXXXI, 



89-91] CONTROL OF SEAL CATCHING 221 

1072-1091, LXXXIII, 306-357, LXXXIV, 453-590, LXXXV, 
1158-1169, LXXXVI, 1312-1320, LXXXVII, 1119-1165, 
LXXXVIII, 8-13, LXXXIX, 776-957 (the same documents 
are in Foreign Helations, and in House Executive Docmnents, 
No. 1, of the several sessions of Congress covered by these 
years. See the Indexes, s. v. Bering Sea). — Bering Sea arbi- 
tration : Senate Executive Documents, 53 Cong., 2 sess. (1894), 
VII, No. 177. —J. D. Richardson, llessages, IX, 14, 110, 
146, 313, 394, 494-498, 583, 630, 631, 69l-6d3. — American 
History Leaflets, No. 6; Contemporaries, IV, § 178; F. 
Snow, Cases and Opinions, 184-194, 521-528; F, Wharton, 
Digest, §§ 7, 8, 32, 159, 309; Annual Register (1892), part i, 
346-348; American Anmcal Cyclopaedia, (1891) 834-836, 
(1893) 79-86. 

§ gi. Paper No. 29. Protectorate of Cuba. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, i% 20/, 67, 72, 78,79, 82; A. 
P. C. Griffin, List of Books on Cuba. 

Historical Discussions. — J. H. Latane, United States and 
Spanish America, ch. iii; J. M. Callahan, Cuba and Lnterna- 
tional Helations, ch. xiv; T. S. Woolsey, America's Foreign 
Policy, 7-111. 

Treatises. — W. E. Hall, International Law (4th ed.), 130- 
136; T. Twiss, Law of Nations, §§ 26,30; C. Calvo, Droit 
International (4th ed.), I, 203, 204, 363, 364; C. Carlisle, 
Laxos of Neutrality, I, II. 

Sources. — Treaty of peace with Spain, and documents : 
Senate Documents, 55 Cong., 3 sess. (1899), No. 62, part i. — 
Reports of Governors of Cuba : House Documents, 56 Cong., 
1 sess. (1899), VII; 2 sess. {\^0Q). — Contemporaries, IV, 
, §§ 180-184; Source-Book, §§ 140-144; America?i Annucd 
* (7yc/o/)fiec/m (1899), 236-238; International Year Book (1900), 
279, 280. 



222 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

§ 92. Paper No. 30. The Policy of the Open Door. 

Biblio<;raphy. — Handbook., §§ 20/, G6, 78 ; A. V. C. Grif- 
fin, Lht of Book ii on Colonizatio/i, 115-lol. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Strong, Exjnoisio?! ; C. A. 
Conant, United States in the Orient; A. T. Maliau, Problem 
of Asia, Nos. i, ii; American Academy of Political and Social 
Science, Foreign Policy of the United States y J. M. Callahan, 
America-n Relations in the Pacific and the Far East, 72-113, 
155-164; W. E. Griffis, America in the Fast, 58-91, 211-225; 
P. S. Reinsch, World Politics ; I. Nitobe, Interconrse betineen 
the United States and Japan, ch. iii. 

Sources. — Official correspondence : Foreign Relations, 1899- 
1900 (see Indexes, under China) ; Contemporaries, IV, § 193. 
— Annual messages of the Presidents, 1900, 1901. — American 
Annual Cyclopcedia (1900), 94 ; International Year Book 
(1900), 899. 

§ 93. Materials for the Weekly Papers in Govern- 
ment 12. 

The bibliography of American government has not yet been 
worked into convenient form : a few aids are listed in Hand- 
book, § 13. Titles of the books most suitable for Government 
12 are printed in the lists of Text-books, Essential Reference 
Books, and Special Collections in Government {Handbook, §§ 
9, 10, 13) ; in the specific references inserted in the list of 
lectures in Government {Handbook, § 21) ; and in the refer- 
ences to thirty selected topics in Government (Handbook, §§ 
94-123). Use freely the cross references to the Handbook at 
the head of each paper. 

The secondary books are not very numerous, and most of 
the useful titles are included in some of the sections of the 
Handbook just cited (§§ 0. 10, 13, 21, 04-123). Treatises on 
American Constitutional Law (select list in Handbook, § o\b), 



92-94] GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION 223 

treatises on American government, and treatises on interna- 
tional law {Foundations, § 78(7) touch on many governmental 
relations. 

Much of the available material on government appears in 
periodicals: the best for our purpose SiVe Municipal Ajfairs ; 
Political Science Quarterly ; Yale Review ; American His- 
torical Review ; Quarterly Journal of Economics ; Quarterly 
Journal of Political Economy ; Atlantic Monthly; Forum; 
North American Revieio / Nation ; also the publications of the 
American Historical Association, American Academy of Polit- 
ical and Social Science, and American Economic Association. 
These sets and others can be reached — so far as they contain 
material on public law and public science — • through A. L. 
Jones, Index to Legal Periodical Literature (2 vols.). Col- 
lected essays (often very useful and very hard to locate pre- 
vious to Fletcher's second edition) are carefully catalogued in 
W. I. Fletcher, " A. L. A." Index to General Literature (2d 
ed., 1901). 

On source materials on government there is as yet no proper 
guide; the lists of lectures (^Ha^xdhooh, § 21) and the special 
references below {Handbook, §§ 94-123) attempt some guidance 
to first-hand materials. Reports of judicial cases — often deter- 
mining questions of national, State, or local government — are 
enumerated in Ha)idbook, § 31c. 

§ 94. Paper No. i. Growth of Urban Population. 

BiBLroGHAi'HY. — Handbook, § 2\<t\ C. D. Wright, Prac- 
tical Sociology, §§ 9, 66, 72 ; E. C. Lunt, Key to United St'/tes 
Census, 36, 37; Municipal Affairs, V, 227-230. 

Historical Discussions. — A. F. Weber, The Growth of 
Cities (Columbia University, Studies in. History, Economics, 
and Public I^aw, XI) ; A. B. Hart, Practiced Essays, Xo. viii ; 
D. F. Wilcox, Study of City Goveryiment, cli. v; II. G. AVad- 



224 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

lin, C. Boyd, F. A. Bushee, in Amer. Stat. Assoc, Publica- 
tions, II, 159-173, III, 416-428, VI, 239-274; A. F. Weber, 
in Municipal Affairs^ V, 367-375 ; E. J. James, Growth 
of Great Cities (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals^ XIV, 1-30) ; 
H. J. Fletcher, Remedies {Forum, XIX, 737-745;; C. D. 
Wright, Practical Sociology, chs. viii, ix. 

Sources. — U. S. Census Bureau, Report on Population of 
the Eleventh Census, 2 vols. ; U. S. Census Bureau, Bulletins 
of Twelfth Census, Nos. 62, 65, 70, 103. 

§ 95. Paper No. 2. Theory of the Social Compact. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21«, 316, 132a, 139a. 

Historical Discussions. — Gr. P. Fisher, Jefferson and the 
Social Compact Theory ( Yale Revieio^ II, 403-417) ; A. C. 
McLaughlin, Social Compact {American Historical Review^ 
V, 467-490) ; W. W. Willoughby, Nature of the State, chs. iv, 
V ; A. L. Lowell, Essays on Government, No. iv ; D. G. Ritchie, 
Social Contract Theory {Political Science Quarterly, VI, 
656-676). 

Treatises. — J. A. Jajneson, Treatise on Constitutional 
Conventions, ch.. ii; W. A. Duer, Constitutional Jurisprudence, 
lect. ii ; D. Webster, Works, I, ch. vii ; T. D. Woolsey, 
Political Science, I, §§ 36, 37, 61-70; J. R. Tucker, Consti- 
tution, § 43; E. Mulford, The Nation, ch. iii; Tayler, Right 
of the State to be. 

Sources. — J. J. Rousseau, Du Contrat Social, book 1, chs. 
iii-ix, book ii, chs. i-v ; R. Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, book 
i, § 10 ; .Tohn Locke, Two Treatises on Government, book ii, 
chs. viii, ix; T. Hobbes, Leviathan, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii ; 
Thomas Paine, Cornmon Sense ; E. Burke, Refections on the 
Revolution in France, II, 368. 



94-97] RELIGIOUS LIBERTY 225 

§ g6. Paper No. 3. Theory of Religious Liberty. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 2 la, 3 IS, 140c ; G. W. Paschal, 
Constitution Analyzed, 254, 255. 

Historical Discussioxs. — J. Bryce, Commonwealth, II, 
chs. cvi, cvii-, W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, I, 
505-509 ; L. J. Jennings, Eighty Years of Republican Govern- 
onent, ch. ix ; P. Schaff, Church and State in the United States 
(Amer. Hist. Assoc, Pa^^ers, II, 391-543) ; G. J. Bayles, Amer- 
ican Civil Church Law {Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 
511-520) ; monographs on Bishop Hill, New England, Mary- 
land, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, in Johns Hopkins 
University, Studies, X, Nos. 1-6, 8, 9, XI, Nos. 5, 6, XII, 
No. 4, XVIII, Nos. 10-12; H. V. Ames, Constitutional 
Amendments, § 173. 

Treatises. — H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laxo, §§ 74, 78; 
T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, ch. xiii ; F. Wharton, 
Commentaries, § 553 ; J. N. Pomero}^ Constitutional Law, 
§ 148; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, ch. xiii; H. 
C. ^XdiCk, Handbook of Constitutional Law, §§ 196-198; R. 
Phillimore, International T^aw, II, 343-363 ; American Lavy 
Beview, XXVI, 789, XXXII, 581. 

Sources. — Bills of Rights and Colonial Charters, in B. P. 
Poore, Charters and Constitutions ; S. G. Fisher, Evolution, 
of the Constitution, 190-199. 

§ 97. Paper No. 4. Citizenship by Annexation. 

Bibliography. —Handbook, §§ 2lb, 40, 42, 74, 80, 82, 132. 
140(7; Max Farrand, Legislation of Congress for Government 
of Territories, 95, 98 ; A. H. Howe, Insular Cases (see Hand- 
book, §§ 42, 75). 

Historical Discussions. — Arbitrations, IV, 2509-2517; 
W. Re id. Problems of Expansion. 

Treatises. — C. F. Randolph, Notes on Laio of Territorial 
15 



226 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

Ex2)cinsion ; W. L. Scruggs, Ambiguous Citizenship {Political 
Science Quarterly^ I, 199-205) ; Lawrence's Wheaton, 893- 
900; Boyd Winchester, Citizenship in its International Rela- 
tionships {America?i Law Hevieio^ XXXI, 504) ; R. Philliinore, 
International Law^ I, 443-453 ; W. E. Hall, International Laio 
(4th ed.), 593-595. 

Sources. — M. Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxiv; compare 
sources on territorial status (Handbook, §§ 42, 82) ; Philippine 
Information Society, Facts about the Filipinos ; Philippine 
Commissioners, Hejjorts / A. H. Howe, T/ie Insular Cases (see 
Handbook, §§ 42, 75). 

§ 98. Paper No. 5. Rights of Indians. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 216, 21/, 35, 50 (with cases), 
65, 1326, 132c, 148Z; G. W. Paschal, Constitution Annotated, 
110-112 ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Periodical Literature, 
II, 229 ; W. I. Fletcher, " A. L. A" Index to General Publi- 
cations (2ded.), 292, 293. 

Historical Discussions. — F. W. Blackmar, Indian Educa- 
tion (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, II, 813-837); F. A. 
Walker, Indian Question ; P. C. Garrett, R. W. Hill, J. M. 
Stuart, in National Conference of Charities and Corrections, 
Proceedings, 1892, pp. 23, 34, G6 ; H. H. Bancroft, Essaijs and 
Miscellany, ch. iv ; J. E. Greene, in Amer. Antiquariali Society, 
Proceedings, UQ-^ series, XI, 23; J. B. Harrison, Latest Studies 
on Indian Reservations ; Bureau of American Ethnology, 
Annucd Report, 1896-97. 

Treatises. — E. C. Mason, Veto Power, %^\\ F. Wharton, 
Commentaries, §§ 26, 265, 434, 585 ; S. F. Miller, Lectures on 
the Constitution, 401-403, 425. 469-473 ; J. B. Thayer, A People 
without Law {Atlantic Monthly, LXVIII, 540, 676) ; W. H. 
Hornblower, Legal Status of Indians (American Bar Associa- 
tion, Report, 1891); A. Abbott, Indians and Laio {Harvard 



97-99] RIGHTS OF INDIANS 227 

JLaw Meview, II, 169) ; J. Kent, ('onunentaries, I, 257, 258; 
L. E. Textor, Official Relations beUoeen the United States and 
the Sioux Indians. 

Sources. — Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Annual Report / 
Indian Commission, Annual Report ; Executive Committee of 
the Indian Riglits Association, Annual Report ; Dawes Com- 
mission, Reports ; T. J. Morgan, Present Phase of the Indian 
Question (1891) ; American Bar Association, Report, 1893, p. 
351 ; F. E. Leupp, Notes atnougthe Indians of the Southioest ,' 
Revised Statutes^ chs. iii, iv; Treaties^ in Statutes at Large, 
VII. 

§ gg. Paper No. 6. Limitations on Constitutional 
Conventions. 

Bibliography. — HandbooJc, §§ 19c, 21c, 31a., 31(7, 36 (with 
eases), \'d2a, 141a; A. B. Hart, Federal Governme)it, § 469; 
L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Feriodicals, II, 90, 93. 

Historical Discussions. — H. V. Ames, Constitutional 
Amendments, §§ 1, 17G-188; W. C. Morey, Genesis of a 
Written Constitution (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, I, 529, 
557); F. N. Thorpe, Recent Constitutio7i-making (Amer. Acad. 
Pol. Sci., Amials, II, 145-201) ; J. H. Dougherty, Co7istitu- 
tions of Neio York (^Political Science Quarterly , III, 489- 
519, IV, 230-260) ; J. Bryce, American Commomoealth, I, 
chs. xxxi, xxxii, App. pp. 667-669 ; J. F. Jameson, Early Uses 
of Word Convention {American Historical Revieu\ III, 477- 
489) ; C. R. Woodruff, American Governmental Methods {Po- 
litical Science Quarterly, XV, 260-272) ; J. H. Robinson, 
Genesis of Modern Constitutions. 

Treatises. — James A. Jameson, A Treatise on Constitu- 
tional Conventions (4th ed., 1887), ch. vi ; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Limitations., ch. iii; F. Lieber, Miscellaneous 
Writings, II, 139-161 ; II. C. lilack, Constitutional Law 



228 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

(2d ed.), 40-50; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Lava ^ §§ 109- 
117; J. R. Tucker, Constitution^ I, 63-70. 

Sources. — F. B. Hough, American Constitutions (texts 
and historical sketches to 1871). 

§ loo. Paper No. 7. Question of Limiting the Suffrage. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21(7, 54, 132^7, 1427>; Brook- 
ings and Ringwalt, Brief s for Debate, Nos. iii-v; Municij^al 
Affairs, V, 66. 

Historical Discussions. — E. B. Weeks, History of Negro 
Suffrage {Political Science Quarterly, IX, 671-703) ; G. H. 
Haynes, Educational Qualifications {Political Science Quar- 
terly, Xni, 495-531); A. P. Wilder, Municipal Problems^ 
44-56 ; W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and TAherty, I, 2-38, 70- 
100 ; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. ii ; D. F. Wilcox, 
Study of City Government, §§ 61-72 ; F. H. Giddings, Democ- 
racy and Empire, Nos. xv, xvi; S. E. Baldwin, Early Ballot 
in Connecticut (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, IV, 407-424); H. 
S. Maine, Popular Government, chs. i, ii ; A. Toequeville, 
Democracy in America, I, cb. xiii ; Bryce, Commonwealth, I, 
chs. Ii, Hi, II, pp. 99, 608; C. W. Eliot, Americcm Contributions 
to Civilization, No. i ; H. A. Chaney, Alien Suffrage (Mich. 
Pol. Sci. Assoc, Publications, I, No. 2). 

Treatises. — J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Daw, §§207, 
209, 256A ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Daw, ch. xiv, § 2 ; 
W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Daw, §§ 6, 91, 
95-100 ; R. Foster, Commentaries, I, § 59 ; A. N. Lee, Pop- 
ular Government and Constitutional Dimitations (South Caro- 
lina Bar Association, Reports, 1890, p. 87) ; J. A. Garfield, 
Works, I, 85. 

Sources. — State legislation, in F. J. Stimson, American 
Statute Daw, and in New York State Library, Bxdletin Degis- 
latioji (annual volume). See Handbook, § 102. 



99-101] NOMINATION MACHINERY 229 

§ loi. Paper No. 8. Questions of Popular Nomina- 
tion Machinery. 

Bibliography. — Handbook^ §§ 2,\d, 132d, 142c; Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xi ; Proceedings of Earl ij 
Party Conventiojis {American Historical Review^ II, 760- 
771); F. \y. Dallinger, Nominations for Elective Office^ 221- 
224; Municipal Afairs, V, 63-66. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Bryce, Commonwealth, II, chs. 
Ixix-lxxiii ; C. R. Woodruff, Elective Methods in Philadelphia 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sei., Annals, XVII, 181-204) ; F. W. Dal- 
linger, No7ninations for Electire Office; Gustavus Myers, His- 
tory of Tammany Hall ; W. J. Branson, Tendencies in Primary 
Legislation, Philadelphia Nom,inating System (Amer. Acad. 
Pol. Sei., Aimals, XIII, 346-363, XIV, 18-37) ; A. C. Bernheim, 
Party Organization in New York City, Ballot in Neic York 
{Political Science Quarterly, III, 99-122, IV, 130-152) ; F. W. 
Whitridge, Rotation in Office {Political Science Quarterly, IV, 
279-295) ; J. M. Gitterman, Council of Appointment in, New 
York {Political Science Quarterly, VII, 80-115) ; C. Becker, 
Unit Pule, Nominations in Colonial New York, Revolutio)iary 
Parties in New York {American Historical Pevieiv, V, 64-82, 
VI, 260-275, VII, 56-76) ; J. Bryce, Commonwealth, II, chs. 
Ixix, Ixx ; J. S. Murdock, First National Nominating Conren- 
tion {American Historical Review, I, 680-683) ; M. Ostrogorski, 
Nominating Caucus {American Historical Review, V, 253- 
283) ; J. S. Walton, Nominating Conventions in Pennsylrania 
{American Historical Review, II, 262-278) ; A. Stickuey, A 
True Republic, ch. v; E. L. Godkin, Nominating System 
{Atlantic Monthly, LXXIX, 450-467) ; National Conference 
for Good City Government, Proceedings, 1901, pp. 187-207. 

Sources. — Text of State statutes on nomination of can- 
didates, through F. W. Dallinger, Nominations ; through F. J. 
Stimson, Ainerican Statute Laio, through New York State 



230 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [%% 

Library, Bulletin Legislation (annual volume) ; through L. B. 
Evans, Handbooks of American Government. 

§ 102. Paper No. g. How to Secure Good State and 
Local Legislation. 

Bibliography. — /Tawrfftoo^-, §§ 21e, 43, 44, 132e, 1436^ 
Municipal Affairs^ V, 576 ; A. L. Jones, Index to Legal Peri- 
odical Literature^ II, 302-307, 351-355. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Schouler, Constitutional Studies, 
eh. v; S. N. Patton, Decay of State and Local Governments 
(Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, I, 26-42); C. B. Elliott, 
Legislatures and the Courts {Political Science Quarterly, V, 224- 
258); J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, chs. xl-xlv, II, oh. Ixxxiii; 
J. A. Fairlie, State Administration in New York {Political Science 
Quarterly, XV, 48-74) ; J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administra- 
tion, Gh. xvii; D. B. Eaton, Government of Municipalities, eh. 
x; F, J. Stimson, Uniform State Legislation (Amer. Acad. Pol. 
Sci., Annals, V, 829-864) ; G. H. Ilaynes, Representation in 
New England Legislatures (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, VI,. 
254-260) ; T. Roosevelt, American Ideals, No. v ; S. Dicksen,. 
Constitutional Restraints {American Law Register, XXXV, 477). 

Treatises. — H. E. Deming, Legislation in State and City, 
1797-1897 (National Conference for Good City Government, 
Proceedings, 1897, pp. 89-102); J. Ordronaux, Constitutional 
Legislation, ch. x ; S. Sterne, W. Snyder, J. W. Cary, in 
American Bar Association, Reports, 1884, pp. 275-301, 1892, 
pp. 245-311. 

Sources. — Political and Municipal Legislation (Amer. Acad. 
Pol. ^cl, Annals, VIL 411-425 (1895), IX, 231-245 (1896), 
XI, 174-190 (1897), XIII, 212-229 (1898), XV, 160-190 
(1899), XVII, 244-259 (1900) ; New York State Library, Bul- 
letin Legislation (annual volume). The address of the presi- 
dent of the American Bar Association each year usually 



101-104] LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 231 

includes a i-eview of the changes in statute law. See especially 
Moorfield Storey, The American Legislature (Amer. Bar Assoc, 
Reports, 1894, pp. 245-272). 

§ 103. Paper No. 10. Question of Executive Boards. 

Bibliography. — Handbook. §§ 21e, 21/, 143(/, 144^; Muni- 
cipal Affliirs, V, 25. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, ch. 
xii ; L. A. Blue, Recent Tendencies in State Administration (Amer. 
Acad. Pol. Sci , Annals, XVIII, 44-55) ; T. Roosevelt, Ameri- 
can Ideals, No. viii ; N. Matthews, City Government of Boston ,' 
C. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress ; S. E. Sparling, State 
Boards of Control (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, XVII, 74-91). 

Treatises. — F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative 
Law, I, 102-106; J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration, ch. 
xviii ; J. F. Dillon, Municipal Corporations; R. H. Whitten, 
Public Administration in Massachusetts. 

Sources. — Reports of the various executive commissions in 
the States and cities, — especially on water, parks, railroads, 
public lighting, prisons, asylums, poor, etc. 

§ 104. Paper No. 11. Improvement of County Gov- 
ernments. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21/, 144e; G. E. Howard, 
Local Constitutional History, I, 275-498 ; L. A. Jones, Index to 
Legal Periodical Literature, II, 118, 119. 

Historical Discussions. — J. Bryce, Commomaealth, I, ch. 
xlix; monographs on local questions, in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, Studies, I, Nos. 3-5, 12 (Illinois, Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, Northwest, South Carolina, Maryland) ; III, Nos. 
2, 3, 5-7 (Virginia, Maryland) ; VIII, No. 3 (Wisconsin) ; 
XI, Nos. 11, 12 (South and Southwest); XII, No. 4 (Vir- 
ginia) ; A. B. Hart, Practical Ussays, No. vii. 



232 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

Tkeatises. — L. B. Evans (editor), Handbooks of American 
Government (a series on State liistory and administration) ; 
G. E. Howard, Local Constitutiomd Historrj, ch. x; F. ,1. Good- 
now, Comparative Administrative Law, I, lGG-192. 

Sources. — Reports of County Commissioners or County 
Boards. 



§ 105. Paper No. 12. Effect of Foreigners on City 
Governments. 

BiB\.iOG\i\v\\\.~ Handbook, §§ 21/, UOrf, 142c, 144/; Brook- 
ings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xxvi, xxvii ; C. D. 
Wright, Practical ISociology, §§ GO, G6 ; D. F. Wilcox, Study of 
City Government, 245-248 ; E. C. Luut, Key to United States 
Census ; Municipal Aff'aiis, V, 63-66, 76. 

Historical Discussions. — R. Mayo-Smitli, in Amer. Stat. 
Assoc, Publications, IH, 304-320, 429-449 ; R. Mayo-Smitli, 
Assimilation of Nationalities {Political Science Quarterly, IX, 426- 
444, 649-670), and Theory of ^fixture of Races {Tale Review, 

III, 166-186); E. T. Deviue, Shiftless Population (Amer. Acad. 
Pol. Sci., Annals, X, 149-164). 

Sources. — Municipal Affairs ; J. A. Riis, Hoic the Other Half 
Lives; J. A. Riis, Makiny of an American; F. L. Dingley, 
European Emigration (U. S. Special Considar Reports (1891), 

IV, 211-332). 



§ 106. Paper No. 13. Question of Responsible May- 
oralty. 

BiBUOGUAniY. — Handbook, §§ 21/ 144/; Brookings and 
Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xix ; Municipal Affairs, V, 
152; National Municipal League, Proceedings, 1901, pp. 232- 
234 ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Periodical Literature, II, 
351-355. 



104-107] CITY GOVERNMENTS 233 

Historical Discussions. — Monographs on city government, 
in Johns Hopkins University, Studies, III, Nos. 11, 12 
(Washington), JV, Nos. 1-4, 10 (New Haven, Philadelphia, 
Boston, St. Louis), VI, Nos. 2-4 (San Francisco, New 
Orleans), XIV, No. 2 (Baltimore) ; James T. Young, Liberty 
vs. Efficiency {Tale Review, VJII, 274-288); E. A. Greenlaw, 
Office of Mayor (Municipal Affairs, III, 33-()0) ; National 
(Jonferenee for (xood City Government, Proceedings, 1898, 
pp. 71-80, 152-219; 1900, pp. 119-128, 130-140; J. Par- 
ker, Municipal Government in Massachusetts, lG-24; C. W. 
Eliot, American Contributions to Civilization, No. vii; E. 1). 
Diiraiul, Council versus Mayor {Political Science Quarterly, XV, 
426-451, 675-709). 

TuEATiSES. — D. F. Wilcox, Study of City Government, §§ 98- 
115; J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration, ch. xix ; W. M. 
Ivins, Municipal Government {Political Science Quarterly, II, 
291-312) ; D. B. Eaton, Government of Municipalities, chs. x, 
xiv. 

Sources. — Reports and inaugural addresses of Mayors ; N. 
Matthews, Jr., City Government of Boston ; J. Quincy, Message 
of 1899 (as retiring Mayor of Boston). 



§ 107. Paper No. 14. Development of the Cabinet. 

BiBLKXiUAiMiv. — Ilandhook, ii 219, 132y, 146/!; Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Jiriefs for Debate, Nos. xv, xvi ; List of Civil 
Lists {American Historical Review, II, 758-766). 

HiSTOKiCAL Discussions. — J. F. Jameson, Essays in Consti- 
tutional History, 116-186; B. Harrison, This Country of Ours^ 
chs. vi, xi-xviii ; J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, chs. x, xv, xvi, 
XXV ; A. L. Lowell, Essays on Government, No. i ; F. Snow, 
Defence of Congressional Gorernment (Amer. Hist. Assoc, 
Papers, IV, 109), and Cabinet Government (Amer. Acad. Pol. 



234 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

Sci., Annals, III, 1-13) ; Legal Profession in the Cabinet {Amer- 
ican Law Jieview, XXIII, 280) ; De B. R. Keim, Society in 
Washington. 

Tkeatises. — E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 25-28; H. J. 
Ford, American Politics, 383-396; J. I. C. Hare, American Con- 
stitutional Law, I, lect. X ; S. E. Baldwin, Absolute Power 
{Tale Law Journal, VII, 1); J. AV. Burgess, Political SciencCy 
II, 263, 311-316. 

Sources. — Senate Reports, 47 Cong., 2 sess. (1881), No. 
837 ; Message and Documents (annual reprint of reports of 
members of the Cabinet) ; J. A. Garfield, Works, I, 16. 



§ io8. Paper No. 15. Needs of Civil Service Reform. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 2\g, 40, 49, 132y, 146(/; 
r>rookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xvii ; Municipal 
Affairs, V, ,52, 53 ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Periodical Litera- 
ture, II, 73, 74; W. I. Fletcher, "J. L. A." Index to General 
Literature (2d ed.), 117 ; U. S. Civil Service Commission, Annual 
Report, 1898. 

Historical Discussions. — T. Roosevelt, American Ideals, 
No. vii; T. Roosevelt, Strenuous Life, 41-112, 125-152; F. P. 
Powers, Reform of the Federal Sei-vice {Political Science Quar- 
terly, III, 247-264); G. E. Howard, Imperialism and the Civil 
Service {Political Science Quarterly, XIV, 240-250) ; PI C. 
Mason, Veto Power, §§ 25-29; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays, No. 
iv ; L. M. Salmon, Appointing Power ; J. M. Merriam, Jeffer- 
son's Patronage (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, II, 47-52) ; J. 
Bryce, Commonwealth, II, ch. Ixv ; G. W. Curtis, Orations and 
Addresses, II, 477; H. C. Lodge, Historical and Political Essays, 
114-137 ; G. McAneny, Civil Service {Municipal Affairs, IV, 
708-720). 

Treatises. — F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative 



107-loyJ CIVIL SERVICE REFORM 235 

Law^ II, 34-44 ; D. B. Eaton, Government of MunicipaLiths^ 
chs. vii, viii. 

Sources. — Good Government (monthly periodical) ; National 
Civil Service Reform League, Proceedings ; United States Civil 
Service Commission, Annual Report ; Massachusetts Civil Service 
Commission, Annual Report; New York Civil Service Commis- 
sion, Annual Report ; C. R. Fish, Removals (tabulation in Amer. 
Hist. Assoc, Annual Report for 1899, I, 67-86) ; T. Roosevelt, 
Civil Service Reform {Atlantic Monthly, LXVII, 252-257, LXXV, 
239-246); Contemporaries, III, § 158, IV, §§ 197, 199, 202; 
G. Hunt, Office Seeking under Washington, John Adams, and 
Jefferson {American Historical Review, I, 270-283, II, 241-261, 
III, 270-291). 

§ log. Paper No. i6. Choice of Senators by Popular 
Vote. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21A, 316, 132/, 145rt; Brook- 
ings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xiii ; C. H. Kerr, 
United States Senate, 181-184, 

Historical Discussions. — C, H. Kerr, United States Sen- 
ate, 15-37 ; J. Haynes, Popular Election (Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, Studies, XI, 547) ; J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, ch. 
xii ; E. Moff ett, Is the Senate Unfairly Constituted ? {Political 
Science Quarterly, X, 248) ; W. P. Garrison, Reform of the 
Senate {Atlantic Monthly, LXVIII, 227); J. H. Flagg, Choice 
of Senators {New England Magazine, XIV, 190^ ; Walter Clark, 
Election by Popular Vote {Arena, X, 453-461). 

Treatises. — R. Foster, Commentaries, §§ 77-80; J. N. 
Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 133-139; ,T. Story, Commen- 
taries, §§ 703-705 ; Federalist, No. 62 ; .J. W. Burgess, Politi- 
cal Science, II, 41-51, 106-130. 

Sources. — CotHested Election Cases (Senate) ; G. F. Edmunds, 
J. H. Mitchell, G. F. Hoar, articles from personal experience 



2oG GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

{Formn, XVIII, 270, XXI, 355, XXIII, 129-271); W. fci. 
Appletou, A Century of the Senate (Mass. Hist. Soc, Pro- 
ceedings^ 2d Series, X, 9). 



§ no. Paper No. 17. Defects of the Committee 
System. 

Bibliography. — Handbook^ §§ 21/^, 132/, 145c ; Brookings 
and Ring wait, Briefs for Debate^ No. xv ; M. F. Follett, The 
Speaker, 331-334; L. G. McCouacbie, Congressional Commit- 
tees, 420-425 ; list of aids to government documents, in A. B. 
Hart, Foundations of American Foreign Policy, 273. 

Historical Discussions. — M. P. Follett, The Speaker, §§ 
130-144; L. G. MeConaebie, Congressional Committees; W. 
Wilson, Congressional Gorernment ; F. Snow, Defence of Con- 
gressional Government (Amer. Hist. Assoc, Papers, IV, 309- 
330) ; J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, cbs. xiv, xv ; H. Von Hoist, 
Constitutional Law, §§ 32, 37. 

Sources. — Congressional Record (any typical day's session, 
wliicb sbows committee business); J. G.Ames, Comprehensive 
Indexes to Publications of the Governtnent ; T. H. McKee, Re- 
ports of the Select and Special Committees (list of reports) ; House 
Reports and Senate Reports, for text of committee reports ; 
bearings before committees are occasionally published, though 
not in any regular series. 



§ III. Paper No. 18. Influences on the Legislation 
of Congress. 

\^\mAOGn\viix. — Handbook, § 2\h, 37, 132/", Ubd, 145e; M. 
P. Follett, Thp Speaker, ch. xi ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Peri- 
odical Literature, II, 85, 86; W. I. Fletcher, " A. L. A." Index 
to General Literature (2d ed.), 131. 



109-1 l:i] NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE 237 

Historical Discussions. — M. P. Follett, The Speaker^ chs. 
iv-vi; J. Bryce, Commonwealth^ I, chs. xix-xxi ; H. Von 
Hoist, Constitutional Laxo^ §§ 33, 34 ; F. A. Cleveland, Growth 
of Democracy^ ch. xiii; A. B. Hart, Practical Essays^ Nos. i, ix; 
E. C. Mason, Congressional Demands for Information (Amer. 
Hist. Assoc, Papers^ V, 367-378); E. C. Mason, Veto Power, 
ch. iv ; W. Wilson, Congressional Government; J. Parton, Topics 
of the Time; Amer. Bar Assoc, Reports, 1887, pp. 396-405; 
E. P. Lee, Congress at Work (^Albany Law Journal, XLVIII, 
386) ; E. F. Crump, How Congress Votes Money {North Ameri- 
can Review, CLXH, 14). 

Sources. — B. Harrison, This Country of Ours ; J. H. McKee, 
Red Book (Congressional forms) ; Congressional Record (a 
typical day during the session of Congress) ; H. C. Lodge, 
Historical and Political Essays, 169-197; J. A. Garfield, A Cen- 
tury of Congress ( Works, VI, 463). 



§ 112. Paper No. 19. Administrative Decisions. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21j, 31c, 113, 132A, 147; 
Century Digest (s. v. certiorari, injunctions, mandamus, scire 
facias, etc.) ; W. M. Rose, JVotes on the United States Reports 
(see the Index, s. v. certiorari, injunctions, mandamus, scire 
facias, etc.). 

Historical Discussions. — E. D. Reraick, Corporations and 
the Courts (Political Science Quarterly, V, 214-223) ; D. F. 
Wilcox, Study of City Government, ch. iii ; J. R. Commons, 
State Supervision for Cities (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, Y, 
861-881); G. N. Lieber, Executive Regulations {American Law 
Review, XXXI, 876) ; W. H. Rand, Judicial Legislation {Har- 
vard Law Review, VIII, 328). 

Treatises. — J. F. Dillon, Municipal Corporations (4th ed.), 
II, chs. xx-xxiii ; F. J. Goodnow, Politics and Administra- 



238 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

tion^ chs. iv, v; F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative 
Law, 1, 31-45, II, 144-216; F. J. Goodnow, Executive and 
Courts, Writ of Certiorari, Mandamus Cases {Political Science 
Quarterly, I, 533-559, VI, 493-536, VIII, 48-57); T. E. Hol- 
land, Jurisprudence, 325-328. 

Sources. — Court decisions in administrative cases through 
F. J. Goodnow — a few of them in J. B. Thayer, Cases, E. 
McClain, Cases, C. E. Boyd, Cases (passim) ; decisions of the 
special administrative courts, as land office, patent office, etc. 
(see Handbook, § 31c). 

§ 113. Paper No. 20. Principle of Declaring Acts 
Void. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21, 31e, 112, 132A, 147c?; foot- 
notes to historical discussions and treatises; C. A. Benneson, 
Power of United States Courts over United States Statutes. 

Historical Discussions. — J. B. Thayer, Origin and Scope 
of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 4-12, and John 
Marshall, 61-78, 95-101, 104-110; J. B. Thayer, Cases, I, 10- 
47, 146-154; B. Coxe, Judicial Poiver and Unconsfitutional Legis- 
lation ; C. A. Benneson, Power of United States Courts over 
Acts of Congress ; W. H. Meigs, Relation of the Judiciary to 
the Constitution (American Law Review, XIX, 175-203); T. M. 
Cooley and others, Constitutional History in the Development of 
American Law, 9-14, 37-43, 76-80, 179-188, 221-223, 226- 
233; W. W. Willoughby, The Supreme Court, chs. v, vi ; H. L. 
Carson, Supreme Court, 203-206, 366, 378 ; C. B. Elliott, Legis- 
latures and Courts (Political Science Quarterly, V, 224-258) ; J. 
C Bancroft Davis, in 131 U. S. Reports, App. ccxxxv ; T. M. 
Good, An Athenian Parallel ( Yale Reriew, II, 64-73) ; R. C. 
McMurtrie, Jurisdiction to Declare Acts Void (American Law 
Register, XXXII, 1093) ; J. Bryce, Commonwealth, I, ch. 



112,11.3] DECLARING ACTS VOID 239 

Treatises. — J. Kent, Commentaries, I, lect, xii, 449-454 ; 
J. Story, Constitution (Cooley ed.), §§ 373-397; T. M. Cooley, 
Constitutional Limitations, ch. vii ; T. Thacher, Limits of Con- 
stitutional Law (Yale Review, VI, 7-16) ; H. Von Hoist, Con- 
stitutional Law, §§ 18, 19, -61; F. Gr. Goodnow, Comparative 
Administrative Law, II, 200-216 ; J. W. Burgess, Political Science, 
II, 325-329; S. F. Miller, Constitution, 98-111, 135-141; 
H. C, Black, Handbook of Constitutional Law (2d ed.), § 31; 
J. I. C. Hare, . Constitutional Law, lects. viii, xxii ; Dana's 
Wheaton, note 31; J. N. Poineroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 
134-148; R. C. Davis, Judicial Decisions on Statutes Prohib- 
iting Combinations and Trusts ( Quarterly Journal of Economics^ 
XIV, 416) ; C. G. Tiedemau, Income Tax Decisions (Amer. 
Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, VI, 268-279) ; E. J. James, Legal 
Tender Decisions (Amer. Econ. Assoc, Publications, IV, 
No. 5). 

Sources. — A. Hamilton in Federalist, Nos. 78, 80, 81; pas- 
sages quoted in Thayer, Cases, I, 83-94 ; J. Elliot, Debates 
(2d ed.), II, 196, 197, 489, III, 205, 324, 325, 553, IV, 155, 
V, 151, 321, 344, 346, 347, 429; J. B. Thayer, Cases, I, 34- 
154 (includes State cases and valuable notes). 

Colonial and Preconstitutional Cases. — Frost r. Leigh- 
ton (Mass., 1739) : American Historical Review, II, 229-240. — 
Paxton's Case (Mass., 1761) : Thayer, Cases, 1,48-55. — Josiah 
Phillips (Va , 1778) : American Historical Review, I, 444-484. — 
Holmes v. Walton (N. .1., 1780) : American Historical Review, 
IV, 456-469. — Trevetty. Weeden (R. I., 1786) : Thayer, Cases, 
I, 73-78. — Bayard v. Singleton (N. C, 1789) : Thayer, Cases, 
I, 78-83. 

Early Federal Cases. 1789-1803. — Letter to the Presi- 
dent (1790) : 4 American Jurist, 293 ; J. Story, Commentaries, 
§ 1579«. — Hayburu's Case (1792): 2 Dallas, 409. — U. S. 
r. Yale Todd (1794) : 13 Howard, 53 (note to U. S. v. Fer- 



240 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

reiru) ; Thayer, Cases, I, 105rt. — Marbury v. Madison (1803) : 
1 Cranch, 137; Thayer, Cases, I, 107-114; Boyd, Cases, 17; 
McClam, Cases, 815 (reviewed by S. Peunoyer iu American 
Law Review, XXX, 183). 

Ante-Bellum Cases. — U. S. v. Ferreira (1851-52): 13 
Howard, 40; Thayer, Cases, I, 160, 101; Boyd, Cases, 
471. — Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) : 19 Howard, 393 ; 
Thayer, Cases, I, 480-496. 

Cases on the Civil War and its Results. — Gordon v. 
U. S. (1865): 2 Wallace, 561; also 117 U. S., 695, App. ; 
119 U. S., 477 (U. S. r. Jones) ; and 148 U. S., 222 {In re 
Sanborn). — Ex parte Garland (1867) : 4 Wallace, 333; Thayer, 
Cases, II, 1453 ; McClain, Cases, 576 ; Boyd, Gases, 324. — 
Hepburn v. Griswold (1870) : 8 Wallace, 603 ; Thayer, Cases, 
II, 1222; Boyd, Cases, 118. — U. S. v. DeWitt (1870): 9 
Wallace, 41 ; Thayer, Cases, I, 735-737. — Justices v. Murray 
(1870): 9 Wallace, 274. — Collector v. Day (1871): 11 Wal- 
lace, 113; Thayer, Coses, II, 1378; Boyd, Cases, 64; McClain, 
Cases, 153. — U. S. v. Klein (1872): 13 Wallace, 128. — Civil 
Rights Cases (1883-84): 109 U. S., 3; Thayer, Cases, I, 
554 ; Boyd, Cases, 518 ; McClain, Cases, 37. 

Reversal of Hepburn v. Griswold. — Knox v. Lee (1871) : 

12 Wallace, 457 ; Boyd, Cases, 136. — Parker r. Davis (1870) : 

13 Wallace, 604. — Railroad v. Johnson (1872) : 15 Wallace, 
195. — Railroad Co. v. Maryland (1874) : 22 Wallace, 105 ; 
Thayer, Gases, II, 1953-1957. — Juillard v. Greenman (1884) : 
110 U. S., 421; Thayer, Cases, II, 2225; Boyd, Cases, 157; 
McClain, Gases, 442. 

General Cases since Reconstruction. — U. S. v. Railroad 
Co. (1873): 17 Wallace, 322; McClain, Gases, 158. —U. S. 
V. Reese (1875): 92 U. S.,214. — U. S. v. Fox (1877): 95 
U. S., 670. — Trade Mark Cases (1879): 100 U. S., 82; 
Thayer, Gases. II, 1903-1997. — Kilbourn v. Thompson (1880) : 



113-116] TERRITORY AND TAXES 241 

103 U. S., 168; McClain, Cases, 553. — U. S. v. Harris 
(1882): 106 U. S., 629. —Boyd v. U. S. (1886): 116 U. S., 
616; McClaiu, Cases, 885. — Baldwin v. Franks (1887): 120 
U. S., 678. — Callau v. Wilson (1888) : 127 U. S., 540; Thayer, 
Cases, I, 358-361. — Counselman v. Hitchcock (Interstate Com- 
merce) (1892) : 142 U. S., 547. — Income Tax Cases (1895) : 
158 U. S., 601. 

§ 114. Paper No. 21. Status of Territory Conquered 
but not yet Ceded. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§17, 20d,2lj\ 42 (with cases), 
54, 69, 82, 132i, 147/i; G. C. Lewis, Government of Dependen- 
cies, 165-167. 

§ 115. Paper No. 22. Status of Territory Ceded but 
not yet Organized. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 42 (with cases), 75, 132/, 
147/i ; G. C. Lewis, Government of Dependencies, chs. iv, v, 
X, xi. 

§ 116. Paper No. 23. Difficulties in Assessing Per- 
sonal Taxes. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21^% 39, 132;", 149i; Brook- 
ings and Ringwalt, Brief s for Debate, Nos. xlv, xlvi ; Municipal 
Affairs, V, 73, 74; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Periodical 
Literature, II, 483-487; W. I. Fletcher, "J. L. A" Index to 
General Literature (2d ed.), 570. 

Historical Discussions. — R. T. Ely, Taxation in American 
States and Cities, 131-234 ; L. Purdy, Taxation of Personalty 
{Municipal Affairs, III, 299-349) ; Single Tax Discicssioti {Jour- 
nal of Social Science, XXVII, 1-124) ; E. A. Angell, Tax Inquisi- 
tion System in Ohio {Tale Review, V, 350-373) ; R. II. Whitten, 
16 



242 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§§ 

Assessment in Chicago {Journal Political Economics, V, 174); 
C C. Plebn, General Property Tax in California; T. N. Carver, 
Ohio Stale Inquisitor Tax Law ; F. R. Clow, Comparative Study 
of the Administration of City Finances (Aiiier. Ecou. Assoc, Eco- 
nomic Studies, 1, No. 3, II, No. 3, 3(1 ser. II, No. 4) ; N. Mattliews, 
Double Taxation {Quarterly Journal of Economics^ IV, 339); 
J. W. Chapman, State Tax Commissions (Jolins Hopkins Uni- 
versity, Studies, XV, Nos. 10, 11) ; E. R, A. Seligmau, Essays in 
Taxation, Property Tax, Corporations, Progressive Taxation^ 
Income Tax, State Income Taxes, Tax Reform {Political Science 
Quarterly, V, 24-64, 438-467, 636-676, VIII, 230-251, IX, 
610-648, X, 221-247, XV, 629-646); E. R. A. Seligman, 
FrancJiise Tax Law in Neiv York ( Quarterly Journal of Economics, 

XIII, 445-452) ; Max West, Theory of Inheritance Tax, City 
and Country Taxes {Political Science Quarterly, VIII, 426-444, 

XIV, 305-324, 470-499); E. R. A. Seligman, Shifting and 
Incidence of Taxation, Progressive Taxation in Theory and 
Practice (Amer. Econ. Assoc, Publications, VII, Nos. 2, 3, IX, 
Nos. 1, 2); J. C. Schwab, History of the New York Property Tax 
(Amer. Econ. Assoc, Publications, V, No. 4). 

Treatises. — J. F. Dillon, Muncipial Corporations, II, ch. 
xix ; T. M. Cooley, Laiv of Taxation, ch. xii ; H. Von Hoist, 
Constittitional Law, § 96; Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 
book viii, clis. iii, iv ; V. Rosewater, Special Assessments (Colum- 
bia University, Studies, II, 359) ; T. M . Cooley, Constitutional 
Limitations, eh. xiv. 

Sources. — Statistics in Tribune Almanac and World Almanac 
(annuals) ; reports of State Treasurers and Auditors. 

§ 117. Paper No. 24. Difficulties of Tariff Adminis- 
tration. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 21^-, 132j, 149c; Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. xxxvii, xxxviii, xlii ; 



116-118] TARIFFS AND TRACTION 243 

Bogart and Kawles, Trial Bibliography of Financial History, 
ch. X, No. 5 ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Periodical Literature^ 
II, 482, 483. 

Historical Discussions. — J. D. Goss, Tariff Administra- 
tion ; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History ; F. J. Goodiiow, Cullection 
of Duties {Political Science Quarterly, I, 36-44) ; E. J. Shriver, 
How Customs Duties Wo7-k {Political Science Quarterly, II, 265- 
273); S. B. Harding, Minimum Principle (Amer. Acad. Pol. 
Sci., Annals, VI, 100-116); O. H. Perry, Proposed Tariff' Legis- 
lation since 1883 {Quarterly Journal Economics, II, 6'Jl); J. B. 
Reed, Tariff' and Business {North American Eeriew, CL\'I11, 
110) ; E. L. Godkin, Political and Social Aspects {New Puritan 
Review, III, 164) ; Nation, N. Y., passim ; O. L. Elliott, Tariff 
Controversy ; W. Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy (Amer. 
Econ. Assoc, Publications, VIII, No. 5). 

Sources. — Edward Young, Special Report on the Customs 
Tariff Legislation of the U. S. {House Exec. Docs., 42 Cong., 2 
sess. (1872), No. 109); II. Talbott (compiler), Tariff Hearings 
before Committee on Ways and Means (1893) ; D. Manning, Re- 
ports of Secretary of the Treasury (1885, 1886) ; Secretary of 
Treasury, Annual Report; Commissioner of Customs, Annual 
Report. 

§ ii8. Paper No. 25. City Ownership of Traction 
Lines. 

BiBLiOGRAPiiy. — Handbook, §§ 21/, 21/, 132/i:, 150/< ; Brook- 
ings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. 1; L. A. Jones, 
Index to Legal Periodical Literature, II, 354, 473 ; W. Z. Ripley, 
Transportation . 

Historical Discussions. — A. H. Sinclair, Toronto Street Rail- 
way {Quarterly Journal of Economics, VI, 98-105); J. H. Gray, 
Street Railway Situation in Chicago { Quarterly Journal of Econom- 
ics , ^W, 83-90); C. Moore, Municipal Ownership in Detroit 



244 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§5 

{Quarterly Journal of Economics, XIII, 453, XIV, 121); W. 
Smart, Glasgow and Municipal Industries ( Quarterly Journal of 
Economics, IX, 188-194) ; Albert Shaw, Municipal Government in 
Great Britain, 127-133, 156-158, 190-193; Albert Shaw, Munici- 
pal Government in Continental Europe, 79-90, 188, 189, 262, 263, 
325-327, 350-355, 427-429, 459, 460; C. D. Wright, Practical 
Sociology, § 79 ; National Coufereuce for Good City Govern- 
ment, Proceedings, 1896, pp. 198-225, 1898, pp. 94-100, 220- 
250, 1899, pp. 162-168, 207-215, 1900, pp. 157-198; Ameri- 
can Academy of Political and Social Science, Corporations and 
Public Welfare, 63-76; Municipal Affairs, I, 421-457, 605-630, 
III, 234-263, 473-491, IV, 31-59, 106-181, 212-221, 458-480, 
V, 419-584; W. R. Hopkins, Street Railway Problem in 
Clereland (Amer. Econ. Assoc, Economic Studies, I, Nos. 5, 6); 
M. R. Maltbie, Street Railways of Chicago. 

Treatises. — E. W. Bemis, Municipal Monopolies, ch. vii ; 
J. A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration, ch. xii ; A. H. Sin- 
clair, Municipal Monopolies ; C. W. Baker, Monopolies and the 
People ; H. C. Adams and others, Modern Municipalities and 
Quasi-Public Works (Amer. Econ. Assoc, Publications, II, 
No. 6). 

Sources. — Massachusetts Special Commission on Rela- 
tions with Street Railway Companies, Report, 1898; H. V. 
and II. W. Poor, Poor's Mnnual of the Railroads of the U. S. 
(annual volume) ; reports on street railway companies, in 
Massachusetts Board of Railway Commissioners, Report (an- 
nual volume). 

§ iig. Paper No. 26. Limitation of Immigration. 

Bibliography. — ^anc^ioo/fc, §§ 21i, 211, 40, 44, 74, 80, I32i, 
150rf; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate. Nos. xxvi- 
xxviii ; C. D. Wright, Practical Sociology, §§ 23, 60 ; E. C. Lunt, 
Key to U. S. Census, 36, 39 ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal Peri- 



118-120] IMMIGRATION AND CONSULS 245 

odical Literature, 11, 226 ; W. 1. Fletcher, '■'• A. L. A." Index to 
General Literature (2d ed.), 289, 290. 

Historical Discussions. — F. A. ^^'alker, Discussions in 
Economics and Statistics, II, 417-454; J. A. Riis, How the 
Other Half Lives ; J. H. Noble, Immigration Question {Political 
Scie7ice Quarterly, VII, 232-243) ; E. Schuyler, Italian Immigra- 
tion into U. S. {Political Science Quarterly, IV, 480-489) ; J. H. 
8euuer, Immigration Question (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., Annals, 
X, 1-19) ; F. P. Powers, Occupations of Immigrants {Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, II, 223-228) ; H. H. Hart, Immigration 
and Crime {American Journal of Sociology, II, 369) ; J. H. 
ISenner, How tee restrict Immigration {North American Review, 
CLVIII, 494-499). 

Tkeatises. — J. W. Burgess, Political Science, 1, 43 ; R. Mayo 
Smith, Emigration and Immigration, chs. xi-xiii ; see Handbook, 
§ 80. 

Sources. — Immigration Restriction League, Reports, etc. ; 
U. S. Commissioner of Immigration, Annual Report; H. C. 
Lodge, J. B. Webber, C. 8. Smith, W. E. Chandler, H. C. 
Hansbrough, J. H. Senner, S. G. Croswell, O. F. Hall, in North 
American Review. CLII, 27, CLIV, 424, CLVI, 1, 220, CLVIII, 
494, CLXII, 649, CLXIV, 526, CLXV, 393 ; H. H. Boyesen, 
G. H. S. Schwab, S. G. Fisher, in Forum, III, 533, XIV, 
S05, XVI, 560. 

§ 120. Paper No. 27. Status of Consuls. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, §§ 2\m, 132m, 151i; footnote 
to treatises on International Law ; L. A. Jones, Index to Legal 
Periodical Literature, II, 93. 

Historical Discussions. — E. Schuyler, American Diplomacy 
and Furtherance of Commerce; P. Belmont, W. Slade, W. W. 
Rockhill, in Forum, IV, 519, XV, 163, XXH, 673: C. D. 
Warner, H. White, W. F. Wharton, in North American Re- 



246 COVERXMEXT PAPERS (§§ 

vieir. CLVIII, 412, CLIX, 711, CLXII. 274; A. H. Wa^li- 
burn. Some Evils of our Consular Service {Atlantic Monthly^ 
LXXIV, 241-252); J. A. Garfield, Works, II, 274. 

Tkeatisses. — "W. E. Hall, International Law (^4th ed.), 330— 
338; J. N. Pomeroy, International Law, 443-454; T. D. 
Woolsey, International Law (6th ed.), §§ 99, 100; R. I'hilli' 
more. International Law (3d ed.), II, 287-325; Lawrence's 
W/ieaton, 217-229, 423, 426-437. 

Sources. — U. S. Secretary of State, Ariuual Report • Con- 
sular Reports ; B. H. Ridgely. ( omedies of a Consulate {Scrib- 
7ier's Magazine, XIX, 625-637). 

§ 121. Paper No. 28. The Pension System. 

BiHLioiiK.vrHY. — Handbook, §§ 21/?j, 132/, 152/": Brookings 
aud Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. xxix. 

Historical Discussions. — W. P. Hovey, Soldier's Rights : 
E. H. Hall, Indignity to Our Citizen Soldiers : "W, II. Glasson, 
History of Military Pension Legislation (Columbia University, 
Studies, XII, No. 3) ; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, $§ 71-81. 

Sources. — Secretary of Interior, aud Pension Commissioner^ 
Annual Reports: veto messages in J. D. Richardson, Messages 
(especially in 1885-1889, 1893-1897). 

§ 122. Paper No. 29. Best Regulation of the Liquor 
Traffic. 

Bibliography. — Handbook, ^ 21«, 132», 153<': Brookings 
and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. Ixvi. Ixvii : C. 1). Wright, 
Practical Sociology, ^ 203: Municipal Ajfairs, V. 125, 126; 
L. A. Jones. Index to Legal Periodical Literature. II. 249, 250^ 
314, 315 ; J. Koren, Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem. 

Historical Discussions. — W. E. H. Lecky, Democracy and 
Liberty, II, 134-167 ; J. II. Crooker, Problems in American 
Society, No. iii ; T. N. Wilson, Local Option in Norway ; S.N. 



120-12.?] LIQUOR TRAFFIC AND RIOTERS 247 

Patten, Economic Basis of Prohibition (Amer. Acad. Pol. Sci., 
Annals, II, 59-68); J. G. Brooks, Gothenburg Plan {Forum, 
XIV, 514) ; C. AV. Eliot, Studi/ of American Liquor Laws {Atlan- 
tic Monthly, LXXIX, 177) ; B. K. Tillmau, Liquor Laws in South 
Carolina {North American Review, CLVIII, 140) ; C. L. M. 
Sites, Centralized Administration of Liquor Laws (Columbia Uni- 
versity, Studies, X, No. 3). 

SouKCES. — F. H. "Wines and J. Koren, IJquor Problem in its 
Legislative Aspects (Committee of Fifty, Rtport, No. 1); U. S. 
Commissioner of Labor, Fifth Special Report, 1893 ((lOthenburg 
system) Twelfh Annual Report (economic aspects), 1898 ; E. 
L. Faushawe, Liquor Legislation ; fl. Koren, Economic Aspects 
of the Liquor Problem ; K. Calkins, Substitutes for the Saloon. 



§ 123. Paper No. 30. Injunctions against Rioters. 

Bim.ioiiUAVHY. — Handbook, §§ 21n, 31c, 132y, l.")o/'; Brook- 
ings and Kingwalt, Briefs for Debate, No. Ixxv ; C. D. Wright, 
Practical Sociology, §§ 150, 213; Century Digest, article on 
Injunction ; L. A. Jones, Index to I^egal Periodical Literature, II, 
232, 233. 

Historical Discussions. — T. M. Cooley, Lessons of Recent 
Civil Disorders (Forum, XVIII, 1-19); H. J. Fletcher, The Rail- 
ioay War (Atlantic Monthly, LXXIV, 534-541) ; C. N. Gregory, 
Government by Injunction (Harvard Laio Review, XI, 487) ; W. 
D. Lewis, The Debs Case (American Laiv Register, New Series, 
XXXIIL 879). 

Treatises. — W. II. Dunbar, Government by Injunction (Amer. 
Econ. Assoc, Studies, III, No. 1) ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional 
Law, § 11; F. J. Stimson, Modern Use of Injunction (Political 
Science Quarterly, X, 189-202) ; W. M. Bateman, Injunctions 
against Labor Unions (Central Law Journal, XXXIX, 205); 
C. C. Allen, Injunctions against Organized Labor (American Law 



248 GOVERNMENT PAPERS [§ 123 

Review, XXVIII, 828) ; discussion in American Bar Associa- 
tion, Report, 1894, pp. 151-326. 

Sources. — Industrial Commission, Report, IV, Testimony, 
7-14, 145-147 ; U. S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago 
Strike; cases, in Central Law Journal, XLII, 74; Law Reports 
Annotated, XXVIII, 464 ; American Law Review, XXVIII, 269, 
XXXI, 761, XXXIII, 879 (Debs). 



Pabt VI 
SPECIAL REPORTS 

§ 124. Purpose of the Exercise. 

In courses in whicli there is a great demand upon the libra- 
ries, it is not feasible to require all students to delve for them- 
selves in a large collection of primary books, as a preparation 
for the lectures. This necessary part of the historical training 
is therefore to be sought in the special reports. In preparing 
them, students are expected to find out for themselves things 
not stated in any of the general authorities. The system will 
introduce them to the most serviceable authors ; it will make 
them familiar with the sources of information on American 
history ; it is intended to develop their powers of analysis and 
statement, and to interest them in the unsettled questions of 
our history. 

To each student, from time to time, will therefore be 
assigned a very limited special topic, on which he is expected 
to make a condensed report, based upon original authorities, 
and supported also by use of the best secondary discussions. 
The result ordinarily need not be stated in literary form, but 
may be more like a brief ; in all cases, however, students must 
give exact reference to the authorities used on all significant 
points. The work of preparation is to be done under the 
personal direction, and to tiie satisfaction, of an assistant 
specially assigned for the purpose, acting under the instructor's 

guidance. 

^ 249 



250 SPECIAL REPORTS [§§ 

In the special directions below will be found suggestions for 
reports on the following subjects : bibliography (§§ 129, 130), 
constitutional questions (§§ 131, 132), slavery questions (§§ 133, 
134), pre-coustitutional diplomacy (§ 136), Federal diplomacy 
(§ 137), and on various topics in government (§§ 139-153). 

In assigning reports particular pains will be taken to see that 
no two students in a course have the same subjects; and so far 
as possible topics will be chosen which have not been worked 
out in published books or articles. There are many interesting 
points in American history and government which have never 
been examined by any scholar, and there is, therefore, an 
opportunity for some distinctly original work. 

In assigning reports, as much attention as possible will be 
paid to the preference of the student, as indicated in his appli- 
cation on entering the course. But if any student finds in the 
lists printed below, or elsewhere, a particular subject which lie 
wishes to have assigned to him, he may hand in a written re- 
quest to that effect. It is impossible to assign subjects all of 
which will prove of equal difficulty and importance, and some- 
times the question set may prove barren ; in such cases a reas- 
signment will be made. 

§ 125. Constitutional and Political Reports, in His- 
tory 13. 

In the course in United States history (History 13) three 
reports will be required from each student, two in the first half- 
year and one in the second half-year. 

The topics will be given out at least a month before reports 
are due. It is expected that students will put upon the special 
report work from one-third to one-quarter of the whole time 
spent upon the course; and no student will receive a pass 
mark in the course who has not gained at least a passing grade 
on this part of the work. 



124-126] CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL 251 

The work of preparing the reports must invariably be done in 
consultation witii the assistant on reports, and no reports will 
be received without evidence that at least three conferences 
have been held with tlie assistant. 

Unless a previous arrangement has been made with the 
instructor or assistant, no overdue reports will be received, 
except with the Recorder's stamp, showing that the delay is 
excused at the college office. 

The subjects will be as follows: 

Rept. No. 1. Due November 15. The bibliography of a pub- 
lic man {Handbook, §§ 129-130J). 
November 1. Last day for first conference. 
November 8. Last day for second conference. 
November 15. Last day for receiving completed 
reports. 

Rept. No. 2. Due January 15. A constitutional inquiry 
{Handbook, §§ 131, 1326). 
January 3. Last day for first conference. 
January 8. I^ast day for second conference. 
January 15. Last day for receiving completed 
reports. 

Rept. No. 3. Due April 15. A discussion of slavery {Sand- 
book, §§ 133, 134). 

April 1. Last day for first conference. 
April 8. Last day for second conference. 
April 15. Last day for receiving completed re- 
ports. 

§ 126. Diplomatic Reports, in History 14. 

The materials in diplomacy are not so abundant nor so sys- 
tematized as in history or government, and the course presup- 
poses that the students have had training in the use of books 



252 SPECIAL REPORTS [§§ 

and the preparation of written work. Only two reports will 
therefore be required, one in each half-year. The subjects are 
broader and more various than in History 13, and more nearly 
approach the thesis in character. The instructor will be glad 
to help students, in his conference hours, on this side of their 
work. The topics will be as follows : 

1. Due February 15. Some phase of pre-constitutional di- 

plomacy {Handbook^ § 136). 

2. Due June 15. Some phase of diplomacy in the Federal 

period {Handbook, § 137). 

§ 127. Government Reports, in Government 12. 

In the course on government (^Goverxmext 12), the special 
reports constitute a considerable part of the year's work ; they 
are designed to open up various ranges of materials and doc- 
trine, and hence eight special reports will be called for, four in 
each half-year. As the students are advanced and the topics 
numerous and very directly related to the subject matter of 
the course, it is expected that great attention will be paid to 
the special reports: but students are warned against trying to 
write elaborate and exhaustive theses upon these subjects. 
The topics will be as follows : 

1. Due Sorembtr 15. Some phase of American political 

methods {Handbook, §§ 139-U2). 

2. Due December 15. The actual workings of some part of 

the State governmeut {Handbook, § 143). 

3. Due January 15. Tlie actual workings of some part of 

the local government {Handbook, i 1-44). 

4. Due February 15. The actual workings of some part of 

the national government {Htndbook. §§ 145-147). 

5. Due March 15. The actual workings of some territorial 

function (Handbook, § 148). 



126-128] DIPLOMACY AND GOVERNMEXT 253 

6. Due April lo. The actual workings of some financial 

fimctiou {Handbook, § 149). 

7. Dae May lo. Some phase of the workings of the com- 

mercial system {Handbook, § loO). 

8. Due June 15. Some phase of the workings of the war 

power, foreign power, or police powers {Handbook, 
§§ 151-153). 



§ 128. General Directions for Special Reports in His- 
tory 13. 

For the convenience of the instructor in handling the reports, 
and for the training of students in methodical habits of work, 
and in order to accustom them to arrange tiieir material for 
others" use, the following general directions will be found im- 
portant. Students will be held responsible for following them 
out carefully. Particular directions and suggestions for each 
report will be found below : 

Assignment. So far as possible, the preference of the student 
for a particular line of investigation will be consulted; for this 
purpose students are required when they enter any of the 
courses to till out a blank form with an account of their previ- 
ous study ami a list of preferred topics. Any student may 
take up a new subject, by the consent of "the assistant, — 
record to be made of every such change. 

Authorities. Abundant information as to bibliographies 
and other aids may be found in other parts of the Handbook ; 
and in Channing and Hart, Gin'dr. Students will also be held 
responsible for such information as may be had from the fol- 
lowing collections : 

{a) The card catalogue in the Delivery Room of the Harvard 
College Library. 

(b) The bibliographies, encyclopfedias, dictionaries, and other 
aids in the Reading Room of the Librarv. 



254 SPECIAL REPORTS [§ 

(c) The reserved books in Colonial and United States history, 
or international law and diplomatic history, or government, all 
in the Reading Room. The usual arrangement of the books is 
alphabetically by authors. 

((/) Congressional documents and other official material iu 
the Reading Room. 

(£■) Such special authorities as may be found to be of special 
service, especially sources. 

Note that the Evans Reference Library in United States his- 
tory iu Harvard 2 contains many of the standard reading books. 

Assistance. It is a principle of the whole work that the 
actual search for the books must be done by students them- 
selves. No other assistance or guidance will be expected in 
this exercise except from the instructor and regularly appointed 
assistant. Whenever, after a faithful attempt, students ai'e 
not able to bring to light sufficient information on their subject, 
or meet contradictions or difficulties which they do not know 
how to explain, they are expected to applj^ to the assistant. 
The library officials should not be asked to furnish material, or 
to show students how to use catalogues and other aids ; the 
assistant will cheerfully give such aid to those who need it. 
It is not desired that a student should be discouraged at the 
outset for want of guidance ; nor that he should avoid the 
lesson which the exercise is meant to teach — the independent 
use of books and aids. 

CoxFERENCK. All studcuts are required to report to the as- 
sistant at least three times. 

(1) When they begin mork upon their topic, so as to be 
sure that they understand what is expected of them. 

(2) At least once during the progress of their work, so that 
the assistant may know that the}' are on a right road. 

(3) In order to submit their notes or completed report for 
the assistant's approval before handing iu the report. 



128] GENERAL DIRECTIONS 255 

These requiremeuts are absolute ; no report will be credited 
to a student unless it heur the assistant's minute of three 
€07iferences. 

Methods. As one of the principal objects of the special 
report work is to train students in acquiring information on 
any subject, with the greatest economy of time and the great- 
est clearness of result, every student is urged to think out a 
method for himself. A very convenient way is to take notes 
on loose sheets, each piece of paper being devoted to some 
branch of the general subject; the information gained from 
different books is thus assembled in a classified form, and when 
the sheets are arranged, the material for the condensed report 
is brought together in logical order. In all cases, exact refer- 
ences to volume and page must support all important state- 
ments ; in giving authorities the author's name should precede 
the title of the book. No reports will be accepted in which 
references are lacking or indefinite. Except in the biblio- 
graphical report (§ 129) every reference must be to a book 
or passage which the student has seen himself ; and if there 
are serious discrepancies between authorities, they should be 
pointed out. The effort will be made to assign only topics on 
which there is positive information ; but if a diligent search in 
the proper books brings little to light, the work will be as read- 
ily accepted as though more had been found. 

Form of the Retokt. All the reports are to be handed in 
on the uniform sheets with printed headings, on which topics 
are handed out. Do not fold the papers. The amount of time 
spent should be noted. Dates should be entered in the narrow 
outside column ; subject matter only in the broad middle 
column ; references in the inner column, next to the folding in 
the sheet. On the back of the page the text should still come 
into the middle column. Additional sheets should be of the 
same size and ruling, and should be attached by mucilage or 



256 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS [§§ 

sewing, not by fasteners or pins. Since one of the objects of 
the exercise is to teach conciseness, the length of the report 
should be kept within limits. 

AiiRANdKMENT. The matter should be logically arranged, 
point ]>y point, the lieads indicated by catch-words in the date 
column, or by underlining. Students are warned against try- 
ing to write theses instead of brief reports. Special notice 
will be taken of neatness of arrangement, precision of the 
references, and uniformity of abbreviations and classification 
in different parts of the same piece. Wherever the sub- 
ject admits of such a method, students should analyze and 
classify their results, so as to show the subordination of the 
topic and the progress of the thought. On application to the 
assistant the searcher may sec a former report on a similar 
subject, which will show him how others have done their work. 

The Return of the RErr)RT. Ten hours of faithful work 
in each report is about the minimum ; if no satisfactory result 
is then reached, the notes may be shown the assistant and his 
approval asked, or a new subject tried. In any case credit 
cannot be given for reports unless handed in to the assistant 
on the day appointed, unless they bear the stamp of the Re- 
corder of the college. 

§ 129. Bibliographical Special Reports (see Handbooky 

§§ 7, 8). 

Object. The first report is intended to teach students how 
to find books and articles, how to cite references, and how to 
arrange results. 

ScorE. To each student is assigned some person connected 
with the history of the United States. The report is to be a 
list of the printed ])ooks, pamphlets, and magazine articles 
bearing on that person, with a very brief statement of the 
public services which make him worthy of remembrance. No 
list of works by the person is desired. 



128,129] DIRECTIONS 257 

Authorities. Students will be held responsible for all titles 
which can be obtained through the following authorities : 

(a) The bibliographical aids used in the course, especially 
Handbook, §§ 11, 18, 19, 20; Guide, §§ 16, 20, 25, 32, 33, 34. 

(6) The card catalogue in the Delivery Room of the Harvard 
College Library. 

(o) The encyclopsedias and biographical dictionaries in the 
Reading Room of the Library. 

(d) The bibliographical helps and library catalogues in the 
Reading Room of the Library, including F. Leypoldt, Ameri- 
can Catalogue. 

(e) Indexes to periodicals, to be found in the Reading 
Room, especially W. F. Poole, Index to Periodicals, and 
Supplements; W. I. Fletcher, A. L. A. Index ; L. A. Jones, 
Index to Legal Periodicals. 

(/) Bibliographies of books relating to the person, in biogra- 
phies, encyclopaedias, biographical dictionaries, or histories. 

(g) Accounts in collections of biographies, so far as con- 
veniently accessible. 

(h) Accounts reached through the footnotes to detailed 
biographies or histories. 

Selection. Only those books are to be enumerated in which 
the whole, or a distinct or specific part, a chapter, section 
or article, however short, is devoted to the person. Thus, 
under Washington, it will not be necessary to enter scattered 
references from books primarily on the Revolution, or on the 
United States, or on Virginia ; but titles ought to be found in 
a collection of Litres of the Presidents, or of Great American 
Generals, or Essays on Members of the Federal Convention. 
Hence it is necessary to know what public station the person 
has filled. Since, however, in many cases the books, articles, 
and sections devoted wholly to one man are very few, the 
student who has only a scanty lot, after exhausting the biblio- 
17 



258 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS [§§ 

graphical aids, may then add extracts from general histories 
and biographies, not less than one page in lengthy wholly given 
up to the man. 

Methods. The most convenient method is to go through 
the bibliographical aids, setting down each promising title on 
a slip or card, and keeping them arranged alphabetically ; then 
to arrange in some logical order and write out consecutively. 
Students are not expected to call for a long list of books from 
the Library simply to verify titles. 

Verification. Students are expected to verify for them- 
selves the titles of all books accessible in the open jiart of the 
Harvard College Library. Insert the Library number of all 
books. The instructor will be very glad to have students 
search out books not in Cambridge, but to be found in the 
Boston AtheniBum, Boston Public Library, or other Boston 
libraries. The precise form of the title of books, if published 
before 1870, may usually be found for authors from A to S in 
J. Sabin, Bibliotheca Americana ; if in print in 1876 or since 
that time, in F. Leypoldt, American Catalogue. 

Form of Report. Titles should be arranged in each section 
alphabetically by authors. References and abbreviations should 
be punctuated systematically. In order that the title be suffi- 
ciently full to identify the book, the place of publication and 
date should always be given, and the number of pages and 
size of the book when those particulars are found. All refer- 
ences to parts of books must show the precise volume and page. 

§ 130. Bibliographical Subjects. 

The list of public men below includes most of the names on 
which reports have already been prepared in History 13, and 
many others. 

In making up the assignments the most distinguished men 
have to be omitted, because experience shows that the material 



129- 130a] 



LIST OF PUBLIC MEN 



259 



is so large that a disproportionate amount of work must be 
spent upon them. On the other hand, it is important to choose 
persons who are not so insignificant that nothing has been 
written about them. 

§ 130a. Alphabetical List of Public Men. 

About five hundred and ten names appear in the list in this 
section. Of these most were famous in the Revolutionary and 
later history of the United States; a few in the period of dis- 
covery or in the colonial period. After each name appears the 
person's highest office or most characteristic calling. 



Lyman Abbott (Clergyman and 

Author, N. Y.) 
Charles Francis Adams, Sr. (Dip- 
lomat, Mass.) 
Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (R.R. 

Pres., Author, Mass.) 
John Adams (Pres., Mass.) 
John Quincy Adams (Pres., 

Mass.) 
Samuel Adams (Statesman, 

Mass.) 
Nelson W. Aldrich (Sen., R.I.) 
Russell A. Alger (Sec. War, 

Mich.) 
Ethan Allen (Soldier, Vt.) 
William B. Allison (Sen., Iowa) 
Adalbert Ames (Gov., Miss.) 
Fisher Ames (Repr., Mass.) 
Oliver Ames (Gov., Mass.) 
Robert Anderson (Soldier, Ky.) 
John Andr^ (Soldier, England) 
John A. Andrew (Gov., Mass.) 
Edmund Andros (Roval Gov., 

Alass.) 
H. B. Anthony (Sen., R. I.) 
Nathan Appleton (Merchant, 

Mass.) 



John Armstrong (Envoy and Sec. 

War, N. Y.) 
Benedict Arnold (Soldier, N. Y.) 
Chester A. Arthur (Pres., N. Y.) 
John J. Astor (Merchant, N. Y.) 
Edward Atkinson (Critic, Mass.) 
Stephen Austin (Colonist, Texas; 

B 

George Bancroft (Historian, 

Mass.) 
N. P. Banks (Speaker, Mass.) 
James Barbour (Sec. War, Va.) 
Joel Barlow (Poet, Conn.) 
Clara Barton (Philanthropist, 

Mass.) 
James A. Bayard (Sen., Del.) 
Thomas F. Bayard (Sec. State, 

Del.) 
Henry Ward Beecher (Clergy- 
man, N. Y.) 
Alexander Graham Bell (In- 
ventor, Mass.) 
John Bell (Sen., Tenn.) 
Judah P. Benjamin (Sen., La.) 
Thomas H. Benton (Sen., Mo.) 
Nicholas Biddle (Pres. U. S. 
Bank, Pa.) 



260 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS 



[§ 



James G. Birney (Philanthropist, 

Ala.) 
James G. Blaine (Speaker, Sen., 

Sec. Stale, Me.) 
Francis P. Blair (Soldier, Mo.) 
Montgomery Blair (P. M. Gen'l, 

Mo.) 
Richard P. Bland (Repr., Mo.) 
Daniel Boone (Pioneer, Ky.) 
George S. Boutwell (Gov., Mass.) 
Linn Boyd (Speaker, Ky.) 
William Bradford ((lov., Ply- 
mouth, Mass.) 
John Breckenridge (Sen., Ky.) 
John C. Breckinridge (Sen., Vice- 

Pres., Ky.) 
Calvin Brice (Sen., Ohio) 
John Bright (Statesman, Eng- 
land) 
Benjamin N. Bristow (Sec. 

Treas., Ky.) 
David C. Broderick (Sen., Cal.) 
Phillips Brooks (Clergyman, 

Mass.) 
Preston S. Brooks (Repr., S. C.) 
B. Gratz Brown (Sen., Mo.) 
Jacob Brown (Soldier, N. Y.) 
John Brown (Abolitionist, N. Y.) 
Blanche K. Bruce (Sen., Miss.) 
William J. Bryan (Statesman, 

Neb.) 
William Cullen Bryant (Poet, 

Editor, N. Y.) 
James Buchanan (Pres., Pa.) 
Simon B. Buckner (Soldier, 

Ky.) 
Anson Burlingame (Repr., Diplo- 
mat, INIass.) 

A. E. Buriiside (Soldier, R. I.) 
Aaron Burr (Vice-Pres., N. Y.) 

B. F. Butler (Repr., Soldier, 
Gov., Mass.) 

B. F. Butler (Atty-Gen'l, N. Y.) 



Pierce Butler (Sen., S. C.) 
William O. Butler (Soldier, Ky.) 

C 

George Cabot (Sen., Mass.) 
John Cabot (Navigator, Eng- 
land) 
Sebastian Cabot (Navigator, 

England) 
John C. Calhoun (Sen., S. C.) 
Simon Cameron (Sen., Pa.) 
George W. Campbell (Sen., 

Tenn.) 
James Campbell (P. M. Gen'l, 

Pa.) 
John G. Carlisle (Sec. Treas., 

Ky) 

Andrew Carnegie (jNIanuf. and 

Author, Pa.) 
Charles Carroll (Signer, Md.) 
Lewis Cass (Statesman, Mich.) 
W^illiam E. Chandler (Sen., 

N. H.) 
Zachariah Chandler (Sen., Mich.) 
William Ellery Channing (Cler- 
gyman, R. L) 
Salmon P. Chase (Sen., Gov., 

Sec. Treas., Ohio) 
Samuel Chase (Judge, Md.) 
Langdon Clieves (Speaker, S. C.) 
L. E. Chittenden (Lawyer, N. Y.) 
Joseph H. Choate (Diplomat, 

N. Y.) 
Rufus Choate (Jurist, Mass.) 
William C. C Claiborne (Gov., 

La.) 
George Rogers Clark (Explorer, 

Va.) 
John Clarke (Physician, R. L) 
Cassius M. Clay (Diplomat, Ky.) 
Clement C. Clay (Sen., Ala.) 
Henry Clay (Sen., Sec. State, 

Ky.) 



130a] 



LIST OF PUBLIC MEN 



261 



John M. Clayton (Sec. State, 

Del.) 
flrover Cleveland (Pres., N. Y.) 
DeWitt Clinton (Sen., Gov., 

K Y.) 
George P. Clinton (Vice-Pres., 

N. Y.) 
Howell Cobb (Sec. Treas., Ga.) 
William F. Cody (Scout, Iowa) 
Cadwallader Colden ((iov., 

N. Y.) 
Bird S. Coler (Comptroller, N. Y.) 
Schuyler Colfax (Vice-Pres., 

Ind.) 
Christopher Columbus (Discov- 
erer, Spain) 
E. H. Conger (Diplomat, Iowa) 
Roscoe Conkling (Sen., N. Y.) 
James Fenimore Cooper (Author, 

N. Y.) 
Peter Cooper (Merchant and 

Philanthropist, N. Y.) 
Thomas Corwin (Sen., Ohio) 
Jacob D. Cox (Sec. Int., Ohio) 
S. S. Cox (Repr., N. Y.) 
Matthew Cradock (First Gov., 

Mass. Bay Co.) 
Prudence Crandall (Philanthro- 
pist, Conn.) 
George AV. Crawford (.Sec. War, 

Ga.) 
William H.Crawford (Sec. Treas., 

Ga.) 
Charles F. Crisp (Speaker, Ga.) 
John J. Crittenden (.Sen., Ky.) 
Thomas L. Crittenden (Soldier, 

Ky.) 
Richard Croker (Politician, N. Y.) 
Andrew G. Curtin (Gov., Pa.) 
Caleb Cusning (Diplomat, Mass.) 
George A. Custer (Soldier, Ohio) 
Manas.seh Cutler (Clergyman and 

Pioneer, Conn.) 



D 

Alexander J. Dallas (Sec. Treas., 

Pa.) 
George M. Dallas (Vice-Pres., Pa.) 
R. H. Dana, Jr. (Author, Mass.) 
Cushman K. Davis (Sen., Minn.) 
Jefferson Davis (Pres., C. S. A., 

Miss.) 
John Davis (Sen., Mass.) 
John W'. Davis (Speaker, Ind.) 
William R. Day (Sec. State,Ohio) 
Jonathan Dayton (Speaker, N. J.) 
W. L. Dayton (Sen., N. J.) 
Silas Deane (Diplomat, Conn.) 
Henry Dearborn (Sec. War, Mass.) 
William Dennison (Gov., Ohio) 
Chauncey M. Depew (Sen., N.Y.) 
George Dewey (Admiral, Vt.) 
Samuel Dexter (Sec. War, Mass.) 
John Dickinson (Statesman, 

Del.) 
Nelson Dingley, Jr. (Repr., Me.) 
Dorothea Dix (Philanthropist, 

Mass.) 
John A. Dix (Soldier, N. Y.) 
Thomas W^ Dorr (Gov., R. I.) 
Fred Douglass (Agitator, Md.) 
Stephen A. Douglas (Sen., 111.) 
Neal Dow (Prohibitionist, Me.) 
Sir Francis Drake (Navigator, 

England) 
William J. Duane (Sec. Treas., 

Pa.) 
Joseph Dudley (Gov., Mass.) 
William Dummer (Lieut. Gov., 

Ma.ss.) 
Timothy Dwight (Educator, 

Conn.) 

E 

John II. Eaton (Sec. War, 

Tenn.) 
George F. Edmunds (Sen., Vt.) 



262 



BIBLIOGRArillCAL REPORTS 



[§ 



Joiiiithaii Edwards (Clergyman, 

Mass.) 
Charles W. Eliot (College Pres., 

Mass.) 
Stephen B. Elk ins (Sec. War, 

West Va.) 
William Ellery (Statesinaii, R. I.) 
Oliver Ellsnorlh (Sen., Cliiei Jus- 
tice, Conn.) 
Ralph Waldo Emerson (Seer, 

Mass.) 
John EndicoU (Gov., Ma.ss.) 
W. 11. En.niish (Statesman, Ind.) 
.lohn W. Ep]K!s (Sen., Va.) 
John f^rics.son (Inventor, N. Y.) 
George Eustis (Jurist, La.) 
Kol)ley D. Evans (Naval olFicer, 

Va.) 
William M. Evarts (Sen., N. Y.) 
Edward Rven^tt. (Orator, Mass.) 
Thomas Ewing (Sen., Ohio) 

F 

Lucius Fairchild (Gov., Diplo- 
mat, Wis.) 
David G. Farragut (Admiral, 

Tenn.) 
Renhen E. Fenton (Sen., N. Y.) 
William I*. Fe.ssenden (Sec. 

Treas., Me.) 
Cyrus W. Field (Capitalist, 

'n. V.) 
Millard Fillmore (Pres., N. Y.) 
Hamilton Fish (Sec. State, N. Y.) 
.Fohn Fiske (Author, Mass.) 
Roswell P. Flower (Gov., N. Y.) 
John H. Floyd (Sec. War, Va.) 
Charles J. Folger (Sec. Treas., 

N, Y.) 
John Forsythe (Sen., Ga.) 
Benjamin Franklin (Allrounder, 

Pa.) 
John C. Fr(^mont (Soldier, Cal.) 



Philip Freneau (Poet, N. Y.) 
William P. Frye (Sen., Me.) 
Robert Fulton (Inventor, Pa.) 

c; 

Albert Gallatin (Sec. Treas. ^ 

Pa.) 
James A. Garfield (Pres,, Ohio) 
William Lloyd Garrison (Philan- 
thropist, Mass.) 
Henry George (Author, N. Y.) 
Elbridge (ierry (Vice-Pres., 

Ma.ss.) 
Joshua I{. (Jid(lings(I\epr., Ohio) 
Stej)hi'n (jlirard (Philanthropist, 

Pa.) 
Arthur P. Gorman (Sen., Md.) 
Jo.seph Graham (Soldier, N. C.) 
William A. Graham (Sen., N. C.) 
Gideon Granger (P. M. Gen% 

N. Y.) 
U. S. Grant (Pres., Til.) 
Horace (Jreeley (Journalist and 

Author, N. Y.) 
A. W. Greely (Arctic p]xplorer, 

Mass.) 
Nathanael Greene (Soldier, R. I.) 
F T. (Jreenhalge ((iov., Mass.) 
Andrew Gregg (Sen., Pa.) 
David McM. ( J regg (Soldier, Pa.) 
W. Q. Gresham (Sec. State, 

Tnd.) 
Robert C. Grier (Judge, Pa.) 
Felix Grundy (Sen., Tenn.) 

II 

JohTi P. Hale (Sen., N. H.) 
Nathan Hale (Soldier, Conn.) 
Alexander Hamilton (Sec. Treas.^ 

N. Y.) 
Hannibal Hamlin (Vice-Pres., 

Me.) 



1.30a] 



LIST OF PUBLIC MEN 



263 



Wade Hampton (Soldier, S. C.) 
John Hancock (Statesman, 

Mass.) 
W. S. Hancock (Soldier, N. Y.) 
Marcus A. Haniia (Sen., Ohio) 
Robert G. Harper (Sen., Md.) 
Benjamin Harrison (Pres., Ind.) 
Carter Harrison (Mayor, III.) 
William H. Harrison (Pres., 

Ind.) 
Sir J(jhn Hawkins (Navigator, 

England) 
John Hay (Diplomat, Ind.) 
11. B. Hayes (Pres., Ohio) 
Robert Y. Ilayne (Sen., S. C.) 
Thomas P. Hendricks (Vice- 

Pres., Ind.) 
Patrick Henry (Statesman, Va.) 
Richard Ilildreth (Historian, 

Mass.) 
David B. Hill (Sen., N. Y.) 
Isaac Hill (Politician, N. H.) 
George F. Hoar (Sen., Mass.) 
Garrett IIobart,( Vice-Pres., N.J.) 
O. W. Holmes (Author, Mass.) 
Joseph Hooker (Soldier, Mass.) 
Stephen IIo[)kins (Signer, R. I.) 
Francis Hoi)kinson (Author, 

Pa.) 
Samuel Houston (Gov., Texas.) 
Isaac Hull (Naval oflicer. Conn.) 
William Hull (Soldier, Conn.) 
David Hunter (Soldier, Va.) 
Robert M. T. Hunter (Sen., Va.) 
Thomas Hutchinson (Gov., 

Mass.) 



Jared Ingersoll (Stato.sman, Pa.) 
Robert G. Ingersoll (Orator and 

Lawyer, N. Y.) 
Washington Irving (Author, 

N. Y.) 



Andrew Jackson (Pres., Tenn.) 
Thomas ,1. Jackson (Soldier, Va.) 
-John Jay (Chief Justice, N. Y.) 
William Jay (Philanthropiat, 

N. Y.) 
Thomas Jeiferson (Pres., Va.) 
William Travers .Jerome (Re- 
former, N. Y.) 
Ajidrew Johnson (Pres., Tenn.) 
Herschel V. Johnson (Sen., Ga,) 
Reverdy Johnson (Sen., Md.) 
Richard M. Johnson (Vice-Pres., 

Ky.) 
Sir William Johnson (Fron- 
tiersman, N. Y.) 
William S. Johnson (Scholar, 

Conn.) 
Albert S. Johnston (Soldier, Ky.) 
John Paul Jones (Naval officer, 

Va.) 
George W. Julian (Repr., Tnd.) 

K 

John Kelly (Politician, N. Y.) 
Frances Anne Keinble (Actress, 

Mass.) 
James Kent (Jurist, N. Y.) 
Michael C. Kerr (Speaker, Ind.) 
John II. King (Soldier, Mich.) 
Rufus King (Sen., N. Y.) 
Henry Knox (Sec. War, Ma.ss.) 



Marquis de Lafayette (Soldier, 

Franc(;) 
L. Q. C. Lamar (Sec. Int., Miss.) 
James Lane (Leader Free State 

Party, Kan.) 
Henry Laurens (Statesman, S. C.) 
Charles Lee (Soldier, Va.) 
li. II. ].,ee (Statesman, Va.) 



264 



BIBLIOGUAPHICAL REPORTS 



Robert E. Lee (Soldier, Va.) 
Meriwether Lewis (Explorer, 

Tenu.) 
Abuaiiam Lincoln (Pres., 111.) 
Renjaiuin Lincoln (Gov., Mass.) 
Levi Lincoln (Gov., Mass.) 
Robert T. Lincoln (Diplomat, 

111.) 
JNIary A. Liver more (Agitator, 

Mass.) 
Edward Livingston (Sec. State, 

N. Y.) 
Robert R. Livingston (Diplomat, 

N.Y.) 
IL C. Lodge (Sen., Mass.) 
John A. Logan (Soldier, 111.) 
John D. Long (Sec. Navy, 

IS Lass.) 
IL W. Longfellow (Poet, Mass.) 
James Longstreet (Soldier, S. C.) 
Seth Low (Mayor, N. Y.) 
J. R. Lowell (Poet, Mass.) 
Wilson Lumpkin (Sen., Ga.) 

u 

S. C. McCall (Itepr., Mass.) 

G. B. McCk'llan (Soldier, N. J.) 

Benjamin McCulloch (Soldier, 

Tenn.) 
Hugh McCulloch (Sec. Treas., 

Ind.) 
Thomas Macdonoiigh (Naval 

officer, Del.) 
Irvin McDowell (Soldier, Ohio) 
George McDuffie (Sen., S. C.) 
James Mcllenry (Sec. War, Md.) 
Thomas McKean (Statesman, 

Pa.) 
William McKinley (Pres., Ohio) 
Louis McLane (Sec. State, Del.) 
Robert M. McLane (Diplomat, 

Del.) 



John McLean (P. M. Gen'l, 

Ohio) 
Alexander Macomb (Soldier, 

Mich.) 
William H. Macomb (Naval 

officer, Mich.) 
Nathaniel Macon (Speaker, N. C.) 
James B. McPherson (Soldier, 

Ohio) 
James Madison (Pres., Va.) 
Willie P. Mangum (Sen., N. C.) 
Horace Mann (Educator, Mass.) 
Daniel Manning (Sec. Treas., 

N. Y.) 
William L. Marcv (Sec. State, 

N. Y.) 
(ieorge P. ]\Iarsh (Diplomat, Vt.) 
John Marshall (Chief Justice, 

Va.) 
Luther Martin (Atty.-Gen'l, 

Md.) 
George Mason (Statesman, Va.) 
James M. Mason (Sen., Va.) 
Jeremiah Mason (Financier, 

N. H.) 
Cotton Mather (Clergyman and 

Author, Mass.) 
Increase Mather (Pres. Harvard, 

Mass.) 
Sanmel J. INIay (Abolitionist, 

N. Y.) 
George G. Meade (Soldier, Pa.) 
Montgomery C. Meigs (Soldier, 

Ohio) 
Return J. Meigs, Jr. (P. M. Gen'l, 

Ohio) 
Thomas Mifflin (Gov., Pa.) 
Nelson A. Miles (Soldier, ]\Lass.) 
Roger Q. Mills (Sen., Texas ) 
O. McK. Mitchell (Soldier and 

Astronomer, Ky.) 
James Monroe (Pres., Va.) 
Edwin D. INIorgan (Sen., N. Y.) 



I30a] 



LIST OF PUBLIC MEN 



265 



John H. Morgan (Soldier, Ky.) 
J. Pierpont Morgan (Financier, 

N. y.) 

Justin Morrill (Sen., Vt.) 
Gouverneur Morris (Statesman, 

N. Y.) 
Robert Morris (Financier, Pa.) 
S. F. B. Morse (Inventor, N. Y.) 
Levi P. Morton (Vice-Pres., 

N. Y.) 
Oliver P. Morton (Sen., Ind.) 
John S. Mosby (Confederate Sol- 
dier, Va.) 
Fred. A. Muhlenberg (Speaker, 

Pa.) 
John P. G. Muhlenberg (Repr., 



Pa.) 



O 



James Oglethorpe (Philanthro- 
pist, Ga.) 
Richard Olney (Sec. State, 

Mass.) 
John Boyle O'Reilly (Author, 

Mass.) 
James L. Orr (Speaker, S. C.) 
Harrison G. Otis (Sen., Mass.) 
James Otis (Statesman, Mass.) 



Thomas Paine (Author, Pa.) 

Charles H. Parkhurst (Clergy- 
man, N. Y.) 

Francis Parkman (Historian, 
Mass.) 

Theophilus Parsons (.Jurist, 
Mass.) 

William Paterson (Statesman, 
N. J.) 

"William Penn (Statesman, Pa.) 

William Pennington (Speaker, 
N. J.) 



Matthew C. Perry (Naval officer, 

R. I.) 
Oliver H. Perry (Naval officer, 

R. I.) 
James L. Petigru (Statesman, 

S. C.) 
Richard F. Pettigrew (Sen., So. 

Dak.) 
E. J. Phelps (Diplomat, Vt.) 
Wendell Phillips (Orator, Mass.) 
Sir William Pliips (Gov., Mass.) 
Francis W. Pickens (Sen., S. C.) 
Timothy Pickering (Sen., Mass.) 
Franklin Pierce (Pres., N. H.) 
Gideon J. Pillow (Soldier, Tenn.) 
John S. Pillsbnry (Gov., ]\Iinn.) 
Charles Pinckney (Sen., S. C.) 
C. C. Pinckney (Diplomat, S. C.) 
Thomas Pinckney (Diplomat, 

S. C.) 
William Pinkney (Sen., Md.) 
Thomas C. Piatt (Sen., N. Y.) 
Edgar A. Poe (Author, Ya.) 
J. R. Poin.sett (Diplomat, S. C.) 
James K. Polk (Pres., Tenn.) 
John Pope (Soldier, 111.) 
David Porter (Naval officer, 

Mass.) 
David D. Porter (Admiral, Pa.) 
James M. Porter (Sec. War, 

Pa.) 
Edward Preble (Naval officer, 

Me.) 
Israel Putnam (Soldier, Conn.) 
Rufus Putnam (Soldier, Conn.) 

Q 

Matthew Quay (Sen., Pa.) 
eJosiah Quincy (elder) (Pres. 

Harvard, Mass.) 
Josiah Quincy (younger) (Mayor, 

Boston, Mass.) 
John H. Quitman (Repr., Miss.3 



266 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS 



[§ 



R 

Sir Walter Ralegh (Navigator, 

England) 
Samuel J. Randall (Speaker, Pa.) 
Edmund Randolph (Sec. State, 

Va.) 
John Randolph (Repr.. Va.) 
Peyton Randolph (Statesman, 

Va.) 
Robert Rantoul (Sen., Mass.) 
John A. Reagan (Sen., Texas) 
Joseph Reed (Gov., Pa.) 
Thomas B. Reed (Speaker, Me.) 
Paul Revere (Rev. Patriot, Mass.) 
A. G. Riddle (Repr., Ohio) 
Charles Robinson (Gov., Kan.) 
John Rodgers (Naval officer, Md.) 
Csesar Rodney (Statesman, Del.) 
Daniel Rodney (Jurist, Del.) 
Theodore Roosevelt (Pres., N. Y.) 
Elihu Root (Sec. War, N. Y.) 
William S. Rosecrans (Soldier, 

Ohio) 
Benjamin Rush (Statesman, 

Pa.) 
William E. Russell (Gov., Mass.) 
Edward Rutledge (Gov., S. C) 
John Rutledge (Statesman, S. C.) 



Arthur St. Clair (Soldier, Pa.) 
Gurdon Saltonstall (Gov., Conn.) 
William T. Sampson, (Admiral, 

N.Y.) 
Minot J. Savage (Clergyman, 

N. Y.) 
Alexander Scammel (Soldier, 

N. II.) 
W. S. Schley (Admiral, Md.) 
Carl Schurz (Sec. Int., N. Y.) 
Philip Schuyler (Soldier, N. Y.) 
Dred Scott (Slave, Mo.) 



Winfield Scott (Soldier, Va.) 
Theodore Sedgwick (Sen., Mass.) 
Samuel Sewall (Judge, Mass.) 
William H. Seward (Sec. State, 

N. Y.) 
Horatio Seymour (Gov., N. Y.) 
Robert G. Shaw (Soldier, Mass.) 
Daniel Shays (Soldier, Mass.) 
P. H. Sheridan (Soldier, Ohio) 
John Sherman (Sec. State, Ohio) 
Roger Sherman (Sen., Conn.) 
W. T. Sherman (Soldier, Ohio) 
John Slidell (Sen., La.) 
Cierritt Smith (Philanthropist, 

N. Y.) 
Joseph Smith (Mormon, Mo.) 
Robert Smith (Sec. State, Md.) 
Jared Sparks (Historian, Mass.) 
John C. Spencer (Sec. War, 

N.Y.) 
J. C. Spooner (Sen., Wis.) 
Leland Stanford (Capitalist, Cal.) 
Edwin M. Stanton (Sec. War, 

Pa.) 
George L. Stearns (Soldier, 

Mass.) 
Alexander H. Stephens (Vice- 

Pres., C. S. A., Ga.) 
Thaddeus Stevens (Repr., Pa.) 
Adlai E. Stevenson (Vice-Pres., 

111.) 
Andrew Stevenson (Diplomat, 

Va.) 
Charles Stewart (Naval officer, 

N. J.) 
Richard Stockton (Statesman, 

N.J.) 
Robert F. Stockton (Naval offi- 
cer, N. J.) 
Joseph Story (Jurist, Mass.) 
Caleb Strong (Gov., Mass.) 
James Sullivan (Gov., Mass.) 
Charles Sumner (Sen., Mass.) 



130a] 



LIST OF PUBLIC MEN 



2G7 



Roger B. Taney (Chief Justice, 

Md.) 
James Tanner (Gov., Til.) 
Hannis Taylor (Diplomat and 

Author, Ala.) 
John W. Taylor (Speaker, N. Y.) 
Zachary Taylor (Pres., Va.) 
George H. Thomas (Soldier, Va.) 
Allan G. Thurman (Sen., Ohio) 
Samuel J. Tilden (Gov., N. Y.) 
Benjamin R. Tillman (Sen., 

S. 0.) 
Daniel Tompkins (Vice- Pres., 

N. Y.) 
Robert Toombs (Sen., Ga.) 
Benjamin F. Tracy (Sec. Navy, 

N. Y.) 
George Troup (Gov., Ga.) 
Jonathan Trumbull (Gov., 

Conn.) 
James Turner (Sen., N. C.) 
William M. Tweed (Politician, 

X. Y.) 
John Tyler (Pres., Va.) 

U 

Abel P. Upshur (Sec. State, Va.) 



Clement C. Vallandigham (Repr., 

Ohio.) 
Martin Van Buren (Pres., N. Y.) 
Stephen Van Rensselaer (Repr., 

N. Y.) 
Joseph B. Varnum (Speaker, 

Mass.) 

V7 

Benjamin F. Wade (Sen., Ohio) 
James S. Wadsworth i[Soldier, 
N. Y.) 



Morrison R. Waite (Chief Justice, 

Ohio) 
Robert J. Walker (Sec. Treas., 

Miss.) 
John Wanamaker (P. M. Gen'l, 

Pa.) 
Gouverneur K. Warren (Soldier, 

N. Y.) 
Joseph Warren (Soldier, Mass.) 
E. R. Washburn (Diplomat, 111.) 
Cadwallader C. Washburne 

(Gov., Wis.) 
Booker T. Washington (Edu- 
cator, Ala.) 
Bushrod AVashington (Judge, Va.) 
George Washington (Pres., Va.) 
Daniel Webster (Sec. State, 

Mass.) 
Thurlow Weed (Journalist, N.Y.) 
John Wentworth (Rep., 111.) 
Henry Wheaton (Jurist, R. I.) 
Joseph Wheeler (Soldier, Ala.) 
Andrew D. White (Diplomat, 

N. Y.) 
Hugh L. White (Sen., Tenn.) 
John White (Speaker, Ky.) 
Eli Whitney (Inventor, Conn.) 
John G. Whittier (Poet, Mass.) 
Charles Wilkes (Naval officer, 

N. Y.) 
William Wilkins (Sen., Pa.) 
James Wilkinson (Soldier, Md.) 
Roger Williams (Clergyman, 

R. I.) 
Hugh Williamson (Repr., N. C.) 
David Wilmot (Repr., Pa.) 
Henry Wilson (Vice-Pres., Mass.) 
James Wilson (Judge, Pa.) 
Fitz John Winthrop (Gov., 

Conn.) 
John Winthrop (Gov., Mass.) 
Robert C. Winthrop (Speaker, 

Mass.) 



268 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS 



[§§ 



Henry A. Wise (Repr., Va.) 
Oliver Wolcott (Soldier aud 

Judge, Conn.) 
Roger Wolcott ((Jov., Mass.) 
Leonard Wood (Soldier aud Gov., 

Cul)a. iVIass.) 
Levi Woodbury (Sen., N. H.) 



Elizur Wright (Journalist aud 

Abolitionist, Mass.) 
Silas Wright (Sen., N. Y.) 



Y 



Brigham Young (Mormon, Utah.) 



§ 130b. List of Public Men arranged by States and 
Countries. 

Alabama. — James G. Birney; Clement C. Clay; Hannis 
Taylor ; Booker T. Wushiugtoii ; Joseph Wheeler. 

Calikounia. — David C. Broderick; John C. Fremont; 
Lei and Stanford. 

Connecticut. — Joel Barlow ; Prudence Crandall ; Mauasseh 
Cutler; Silas Deane ; Timothy Dwight ; Oliver Ellsworth; 
Nathan Hale ; Isaac Hull ; William Hull ; William S. Johnson ; 
Israel Putnam ; Ruf us Putnam ; Gurdon Saltonstall ; Roger 
Sherman ; Jonathan Trumbull ; Eli AVlntney ; Fitz John Win- 
throp; Oliver Wolcott. 

Delaware. — James A. Bayard ; Thomas F. Bayard ; John 
M. Clayton ; John Dickinson ; Thomas Macdonough ; Louis 
McLane ; Robert M. McLane ; C.esar Rodney; Daniel Rodney. 

Ge()u<;ia. — Howell Cobb; George W. Crawford; William H. 
Crawford; Charles F. Crisp; John Forsythe ; Herschel V. John- 
son; Wilson Lumpkin; James Oglethorpe; Alexander H. 
Stephens ; Robert Toombs ; George Troup. 

Illinois. — Stephen A. Douglas; U. S. Grant; Carter Har- 
rison; Abraham Lincoln; Robert T. Lincoln; John A. Logan; 
John Pope; Adlai E. Stevenson; James Tanner; E. B. Wash- 
burn ; John Wentworth. 

Indiana. — SchuyhM- Colfax; John W. Davis; W. H. English ; 
W. Q. Gresham ; Benjamin Harrison ; W. H. Harrison ; John 
Hay ; Thomas P. Hendricks ; George W. Julian ; Michael C. 
Kerr; Hugh McCuUoch ; Oliver P. Morton. 



130a, 130b] PUBLIC MEN BY STATES 269 

Iowa. — William B. Allison ; Williain F. Codj' ; E. H. Conger. 

Kansas. — James Laue ; Charles Robinson. 

Kentucky. — Robert Anderson ; Daniel Boone ; Linn Boyd ; 
John Breckenridge ; John C. Breckinridge; Benjamin N. Bris- 
tow; S. B. Buckner; William O. Butler; John G. Carlisle; 
Cassius M. Clay ; Henry Clay ; J, J. Crittenden ; Thomas L. 
Crittenden; Richard M. Johnson; Albert Sidney Johnston; 
O. McK. Mitchell; John H. Morgan; John White. 

Louisiana. — Judah P. Benjamin; William C. C. Claiborne; 
George Eustis ; John Slidell. 

Maine. — James G. Blaine ; Nelson Dingley, Jr. ; Neal Dow ; 
William P. Fessenden ; William P. Frye; Hannibal Hamlin; 
Edward Preble; Thomas B. Reed. 

Maryland. — Charles Carroll; Samuel Chase; Fred Doug- 
lass; Arthur P. Gorman; Robert G. Harper; Reverdy John- 
son; James McHenry ; Luther Martin; William Pinkney; 
John Rodgers; Winfield S. Schley; Robert Smith ; Roger B. 
Taney; James Wilkinson. 

Massachusetts. — Charles Francis Adams, Sr. ; Charles 
Francis Adams, Jr. ; John Adams; John Quincy Adams; Sam- 
uel Adams; Fisher Ames; Oliver Ames; John A. Andrew; 
Edmond Audros ; Nathan Appleton ; Edward Atkinson ; George 
Bancroft ; Nathaniel P. Banks ; Clara Barton ; A. G. Bell ; 
George S. Bout well ; William Bradford ; Phillips Brooks ; Anson 
Burlingame ; Benjamin F. Butler; George Cabot; Rufus 
Choate; Matthew Cradock; Caleb Gushing; R. H. Dana, Jr. ; 
John Davis; Henry Dearborn; Samuel Dexter; Dorothea Dix ; 
Joseph Dudley ; William Dummer ; Jonathan Edwards ; Charles 
W. Eliot ; Ralph Waldo Emerson ; John Endicott ; Edward 
Everett; JohnFiske; William Lloyd Garrison; Elbridge Gerry ; 
A. W. Greely; F. T. Greenhalge; John Hancock; Richard 
Hildreth ; George F. Hoar; O. W. Holmes; Joseph Hooker; 
Thomas Hutchinson; Frances Anne Kemble ; Henry Knox; 



270 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REPORTS [§ 

Benjamin Lincoln ; Levi Lincoln ; jNIary A. Livermore ; Henry 
Cabot Lodge; John D. Long; H. W. Longfellow; James R. 
Lowell ; S. C. McCall ; Horace Mann ; Cotton Mather ; Increase 
Mather ; Nelson A, Miles; Richard Olney ; John Boyle O'Reilly ; 
Harrison Gray Otis; James Otis ; Francis Parkman ; Theophilus 
Parsons ; Wendell Phillips ; Sir William Phips ; Timothy Pick- 
ering ; David Porter ; Josiah Quincy (elder) ; Josiah Quincy 
(younger) ; Robert Rantoul ; Paul Revere ; William E. Russell ; 
Theodore Sedgwick ; Samuel Sewall ; Robert G. Shaw ; Daniel 
Shays ; Jared Sparks ; George L. Stearns ; Joseph Story ; Caleb 
Strong ; James Sullivan ; Charles Sumner ; Joseph B. Varnum ; 
Joseph Warren; Daniel Webster; John G. Whittier; Henry 
Wilson ; John Winthrop ; Robert C. Winthrop ; Roger Wol- 
cott ; Leonard Wood ; P^lizur Wright. 

Michigan. — Russell A. Alger ; Lewis Cass ; Zaehariah Chan- 
dler ; JohnH. King ; Alexander Macomb ; William H. Macomb. 

Minnesota. — Cushman K. Davis; John S. Pillsbury. 

Mississippi. — Adelbert Ames ; Blanche K. Bruce ; Jefferson 
Davis ; L. Q. C. Lamar; John H. Quitman ; Robert J. Walker. 

Missouri. — Thomas H. Benton ; Francis P. Blair ; Mont- 
gomery Blair ; Richard P. Bland ; B. Gratz Brown ; Dred Scott ; 
Joseph Smith. 

Nebraska. — William J. Bryan. 

New Hampshire. — William E. Chandler ; John P. Hale ; 
Isaac Hill ; Jeremiah Mason ; Franklin Pierce ; Alexander 
Scammel; Levi Woodbury. 

New Jersey. — Jonathan Dayton ; William L. Dayton ; 
Garrett Hobart ; George B. McClellan ; William Paterson ; 
William Pennington ; Charles Stewart ; Richard Stockton ; 
Robert F. Stockton. 

New York. — Lyman Abbott; John Armstrong; Benedict 
Arnold ; Chester A. Arthur ; John J. Aster ; Henry Ward 
Beecher ; Jacob Brown ; John Brown ; Aaron Burr ; Benjamin 



130b] PUBLIC MEN BY STATES 271 

F. Butler ; L. E. Chittenden ; Joseph H. Choate ; Grover Cleve- 
land ; De Witt Clinton ; George Clinton ; Cadwallader Colden ; 
Bird S. Coler; Roseoe Conkling ; James Feniniore Cooper; 
Peter Cooper ; S. 8. Cox ; Richard Croker ; Chauucey M. 
Depew; John A. Dix; John Ericsson; William M. Evarts ; 
Renben E. Fenton ; Cyrus W. Field ; Millard Fillmore ; Ham- 
ilton Fish; Roswell P. Flower; Charles J. Folger; Philip 
Freneau; Henry George; Gideon Granger; Horace Greeley; 
Alexander Hamilton; Winfield S. Hancock; David B. Hill; 
Robert G. IngersoU ; Washington Irving ; John Jay ; William 
Jay ; William Travers Jerome ; Sir William Johnson ; John 
Kelly; James Kent; Rufus King; Edward Livingston; Robert 
R. Livingston; Seth Low ; Daniel Manning ; William L. Marcy ; 
Samuel J. May ; Edwin D. Morgan ; John Pierpont Morgan ; 
Gouverneur Morris; Samuel F. B. Morse; Levi P. Morton; 
Charles H. Parkhurst ; Thomas C. Piatt ; Theodore Roosevelt ; 
Elihu Root; William T. Sampson; Minot J. Savage; Carl 
Schurz ; Philip Schuyler ; William H. Seward ; Horatio Sey- 
mour; Gerritt Smith; John C. Spencer; John W. Taylor; 
Samuel J. Tilden ; Daniel Tompkins ; Benjamin F, Tracy ; 
William M. Tweed ; Martin Van Buren ; Stephen Van Rens- 
selaer ; James S. Wadsworth ; Gouverneur K. Warren ; 
Thurlow Weed ; Andrew D. White ; Charles Wilkes ; Silas 
Wright. 

North Carolina. — Joseph Graham ; William A. Graham ; 
Nathaniel Macon ; Willie P. Mangum ; James Turner ; Hugh 
Williamson. 

Ohio. — Calvin Brice ; Salmon P. Chase ; Thomas Corwin ; 
Jacob D. Cox; George A. Custer; William R. Day; William 
Dennison; Thomas Ewing ; James A. Garfield; Joshua R. 
Giddings; Marcus A. Hanna; R. B. Hayes; Irvin McDowell; 
William McKinley ; John McLean ; James B. McPherson ; 
Montgomery C. Meigs ; Return J. Meigs, Jr. ; A. G. Riddle ; 



272 BIBLIOUHAPHICAL REPORTS [§§ 

William S. Rosecrans ; Philip H. Sheridan ; John Sherman ; 
William T. Sherman ; Allan G. Thurmau ; Clement C. Vallan- 
digham ; Benjamin F. Wade ; Morrison R. Waite. 

Pennsylvania. — Nicholas Biddle ; James Buchanan ; Simon 
Cameron ; James Campbell ; Andrew Carnegie ; Andrew G. 
Curtin; Alexander J. Dallas; George M. Dallas; William J. 
Duane ; Benjamin Franklin ; Robert Fulton ; Albert Gallatin ; 
Stephen Girard ; Andrew Gregg ; David McM. Gregg ; Rob- 
ert C. Grier; Francis Hopkinson ; Jared Ingersoll; Thomas 
McKean ; George G. Meade ; Thomas Mifflin ; Robert Morris ; 
Frederick A. Muhlenberg; John P. (i. Muhlenberg; Thomas 
Paine ; William Penn ; David D. Porter ; James M. Porter ; 
Matthew Quay ; Samuel J. Randall ; Joseph Reed ; Benjamin 
Rush ; Arthur St. Clair ; Edwin M. Stanton ; Thaddeus Stevens ; 
John Wanamaker ; William Wilkins; David Wilmot; James 
Wilson. 

Rhode Island. — Nelson W. Aldrich ; H. B. Anthony; A. 
E. Burnside ; William EUery Chanuing ; John Clarke ; Thomas 
W. Dorr ; William EUery ; Nathanael Greene ; Stephen Hop- 
kins ; Matthew C. Perry ; Oliver H. Perry ; Henry Wheaton ; 
Roger Williams. 

South Carolina. — Preston S. Brooks; Pierce Butler; John 
C. Calhoun ; Langdon Cheves ; Wade Hampton ; Robert Y. 
Hayne ; Henry Laurens ; Richard Henry Lee ; James Long- 
street; George McDuffie; James L. Orr; James L. Petigru; 
Francis W. Pickens; Charles Pinckney; C. C. Pinckney ; 
Thomas Pinckney; J. S. Poinsett; Edward Rutledge ; John 
Rutledge ; Benjamin R. Tillman. 

South Dakota. — Richard F. Pettigrew, 

Tennessee. — John Bell; George W. Campbell; John H. 
Eaton ; David G. Farragut ; Felix Grundy ; Andrew .Jackson ; 
Andrew Johnson ; Meriwether Lewis ; Benjamin McCulloch ; 
Gideon J. Pillow; James K. Polk; Hugh L. White. 



130b, 131] PUBLIC MEN BY STATES 273 

Texas. — Stephen Austin ; Samuel Houston; Roger Q. Mills; 
John A. Reagan. 

Utah. — Brigham Young. 

Vermont. — Ethan Allen ; George Dewey ; George F. Ed- 
munds ; George P. Marsh ; Justin Morrill ; E. J. Phelps. 

Virginia. — James Barbour; George Rogers Clark; John W. 
Eppes; Robley D. Evans; John B. Floyd; Patrick Henry; 
David Hunter; Robert M. T. Hunter; Thomas J. Jackson; 
Thomas Jefferson ; John Paul Jones ; Charles Lee ; Richard 
Henry Lee; Robert E. Lee; James Madison; John Marshall; 
George Mason; James M. Mason; James Monroe; John S. 
Mosby ; Edgar A. Poe ; Edmund Randolph ; John Randolph ; 
Peyton Randolph; Winfield Scott; Andrew Stevenson ; Zachary 
Taylor; George H. Thomas; John Tyler; Abel P. Upshur; 
Bushrod Washington ; George Washington ; Henry A. Wise. 

West ViR(iiNiA. — Stephen B. Elkins. 

Wisconsin. — Lucius Fairchild ; J. C. Spooner ; Cadwallader 
C. Washburne. 

England. — John Andre; John Bright ; John Cabot; Sebas- 
tian Cabot ; Sir Francis Drake ; Sir John Hawkins ; Sir Walter 
Ralegh. 

France. — Marquis de Lafayette. 

Spain. — Christopher Columbus. 

§ 131. Constitutional Special Reports. 

Object. This report is intended, like the weekly papers 
{Handbook, § 26), to train students in applying to specific 
cases the general principles of the Constitution ; but instead of 
undertaking to give an opinion off-hand and without the use of 
books, they will be expected to bring to bear upon their ques- 
tion all the authorities which they can command. 

Scope. Each topic will be a simple question in constitu- 
tional law, and, so far as possible, a very detailed question. 
18 



274 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

The report is to be a brief statement of the conclusions which 
the student has reached, with the reasons for those conclusions ; 
but in the report it is expected that objections to the position 
taken will be stated and discussed, and the reasons for setting 
them aside will be made apparent. Students are cautioned 
against making these reports vague, and especially against 
copying opinions of jurists or statesmen without showing how 
they affect the results. A series of bald extracts from, or ab- 
stracts of, authorities is not considered a report. It is expected 
that the subject will be logically developed in analyzed heads, 
each worked out in arguments backed up by references to the 
authorities upon which the opinion is based; and brief quota- 
tions may well be introduced to show the character of the 
evidence. Special notice will be taken of a systematic analysis 
of the subject and a neat form of statement, in which the 
main heads of the argument are clearly stated. 

Authorities. Bibliographies of the Constitution will be 
found in Handbook, §§ 19, 21c, 32, 3i, 3;'), 36, 37-61, 95- 
123, 138; Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VII, 
255-266 ; W. E. Foster, liefereyices to the Constitution ; A. B. 
Hart, Federal Got-ernment, §§ 38, 469, and Actual Government; 
J. G. Barnwell, Reading Notes to the Constitution. Use also the 
bibliographical introductions or footnotes to the best books on 
constitutional history and constitutional law (Handbook, §§ 31a, 
Sib). 

Students will be expected to refer to any parts of the Con- 
stitution bearing upon their subject, to study the constitutional 
treatises, to examine acts of Congress and other evidences of 
the practice of the government with reference to their subject, 
and to make use of Supreme Court Reports and other re- 
positories of official legal opinions (Handbook, § 31c). 

The principal authorities on constitutional law will be found 
in the alcove containing books on government. Duplicates of 



131, 132] DIRECTIONS 275 

many of these books will be found in the Evans Libraiy, and 
in any good public or private law library. The footnotes to 
these treatises should lead to other comruentaries, and especially 
to decisions of the United States Supreme Court and other 
courts. Some of the treatises are enumerated in Handbook^ 
§ 326, and lists of legal reports of cases and aids to the study 
of constitutional questions will be found in Handbook, § 32c. 

Conference. In addition to the couference hours of the 
assistant, the instructor may himself be consulted at hours to 
be hereafter announced. 

Method. The easiest and most complete waj' of handling 
the subject is to take notes upon loose sheets, appropriating 
one for each branch of the subject as it is developed. The 
student may then go through all the authorities, searching 
simply for discussions which may seem to him to bear upon 
the point, and taking his references, point by point. He will 
then have a body of classified references, and may go back to 
those which he has marked as being most helpful. By com- 
paring the various authorities thus collected in each sub- 
division of the subject seriatim, he will be able to come to a 
decision for himself. 

§ 132. Subjects for Constitutional Special Reports. 

Out of this list of about 1,000 sul)jects for investigation in con- 
stitutional subjects, many are discussed at more or less length 
by the treatise writers, or in special monographs. References 
at the section heads will lead to some of the special materials. 
In general the topics are very limited, so that the available 
materials can be exhausted. Of the following subjects a 
large number have been tested and give opportunity for proper 
discussion. Students may arrange for a change of subject 
if it seems hard to find suitable evidence. In ILoidbook, §§ 
139-153, will be found lists of questions in practical govern- 



276 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

ment, many of which might also be used for constitutional 
reports. 



§ 132a. Genesis and Nature of the Union (see Hand- 
hook, §§ 19a-19c, 21a, 21c, 33-38, 99, 141a). 

Revolution. 

1. Was Massachusetts ever sovereign and independent? 

2. Has any State existed without being a State in the 
Union ? 

3. Was the issue of Continental paper notes really a legal 
tender ? 

4. Were ordinances of the Continental Congress binding on 
the people of the United States after 1789? 

5. Did the Second Continental Congress exercise sovereign 
powers ? 

6. Were the people bound to obey the resolutions of the 
Continental Congress ? 

7. Were the States bound to obey the resolutions of the 
Continental Congress? 

The Confederation. 

8. Was the Confederation a league of sovereign States ? 

9. Had the Congress of the Confederation any power of 
enforcing its decrees? 

10. Had the Congress of the Confederation supreme juris- 
diction in prize cases? 

11. Were the States bound to obey the ordinances of Con- 
gress ? 

12. Had the Confederation constitutional power over the 
Indians ? 

13. Could the Confederation keep up a standing army? 

14. Was the Northwest Ordinance a constitutional act? 



132,132a] NATURE OF THE UNION 277 

15. Was Patrick Henry's theory of State rights under the 
Confederation sound? 

16. Had the States a right to secede from the Confederation r' 

17. "Was the Confederation ever legally dissolved? 

Ratification of the Constitution. 

18. Is the Constitution a compact between the States and 
the general government? 

19. Who were " the people of the United States " in 1787? 

20. Is the Federal constitution supreme over the Massachu- 
setts constitution of 1 780 ? 

21. Did the States forever bind themselves by their ratifica- 
tion of the Constitution? 

22. Are the people of New York to-day bound by the ratifi- 
cation of the Constitution in 1788? 

23. Did the fraraers of the Constitution know " a people of 
the United States " possessing political powers ? 

24. May a State repeal its ratification of a constitutional 
amendment? 

25. Is there any part of the United States Constitution 
which cannot be amended? 

26. AVas North Carolina in or out of the Union in 1789? 

Sovereignty. 

27. Was the government of the United States sovereign iu 
1790? 

28. Was the government of the United States sovereign in 
1791? 

29. Can the United States be compelled to pay its just 
debts? 

30. May a State be compelled to pay debts due to the Fed- 
eral government? 

31. Who is the sovereign in the United States? 



278 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

32. Is Congress sovereign within the sphere of national 
powers ? 

Implied Powers. 

33. How far is the intent of the framers of the Constitution 
to be taken into account in determining its meaning? 

34. Does the "general welfare" clause give additional 
powers to Congress, not elsewhere stated? 

35. Is the " general welfare " clause a limitation on the tax- 
ation clause ? 

36. Can a power not distinctly implied in any specified 
power in the Constitution be implied from several clauses 
taken together? 

37. May the United States government exercise a power 
because it was a power customary in civilized governments at 
the time the Constitution was framed ? 

38. Are tariff acts " necessary and proper? " 

39. "Was the Sedition Act constitutional? 

40. Was the Embargo constitutional? 

41. Was the Legal Tender Act constitutional? 

42. What powers are forbidden both to the nation and the 
States ? 

43. Whence comes the authority to annex territoi-y? 

§ 132b. Membership in the Community (see Handbook^ 
§§ 21&, 74, 80, 87, 97, 98, 140a, 140d). 

Citizenship. 

44. Is there a citizen of the United States who is not also 
a citizen of a State ? 

45. Can there be a citizen of a State who is not also a citi- 
zen of the United States? 

46. Are there now any citizens of the United States who 
have fewer risfhts than other citizens? 



132a, 132b] MEMBERSHIP IN THE COMMUNITY 279 

47. Can a Chinaman become a citizen of the United 
States? 

48. Can a Japanese become a citizen of the United States? 

49. Is the son of Chinese parents, born in the United States, 
a citizen of the United States? 

50. Are the Filipinos citizens of the United States? 

51. What is tlie legal status of a born Porto Rican who 
settles in New York? 

52. What is the status of a born Filipino who settles in 
Hawaii ? 

53. Will persons born in Hawaii thereby become citizens of 
the United States? 

54. Is the son of an American citizen, born in Germany and 
always residing there, an American citizen? 

55. Is the son of American parents, born in Germany, a cit- 
izen of the United States ? 

56. Can a citizen of the United States divest himself of that 
citizenship? 

57. May Congress by statute endow Indians with citizen- 
ship? 

58. May an Indian be compelled to accept citizenship ? 

59. May a State deprive any person of citizenship ? 

60. May Congress by statute banish a citizen of the United 
States ? 

61. May a State banish a citizen of that State? 

62. May Congress fix banishment as a penalty for crime ? 

63. May Congress forbid American citizens to i*eturn from 
foreign countries? 

64. What is " inhabitancy of a State " in the meaning of the 
Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 3, § 3? 

65. Is a corporation created by a State entitled to the privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in other States? 



280 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

Natlualization. 

&%. May Daturalization be accomplished by State courts? 

67. May Congress require naturalization by United States 
courts only? 

68. Is naturalization a right of an alien, if he can satisfy 
the formalities? 

69. Is a foreign power bound to accept an authentic act of 
naturalization, even though obtained by fraud? 

70. What persons are excluded from naturalization? 

71. May a Chinaman be naturalized ? 

72. May Congress by statute withdraw a naturalization 
once granted? 

73. Is there any legal distinction between a naturalized 
and a native-born citizen? 

74. Is a naturalized citizen of the United States relieved 
from obligation to his native government? 

75. May a Filipino Malay be naturalized as a citizen of 
the United States? 

Aliens. 

76. May a person be both a citizen of the United States 
and of a foreign country? 

77. Are aliens liable to military service? 

78. Are aliens entitled to sue in the United States courts? 

79. May Congress by statute forbid aliens to hold real 
estate in the United States? 

80. May Congress by statute confiscate the property of 
aliens? 

81. May Congress by law compel subjects of friendly 
countries to leave our territory? 

82. Was the Alien [friends] Act constitutional? 

83. Was the Alien [enemies] Act constitutional? 

84. May the States forbid .Tapanese-born persons to vote? 



132b, 132c] NATURALIZATION AND FREEDOM 281 

85. How may a Chinaman legally enter the United States? 

86. Maj' Congress expel Chinese who have once been allowed 
to enter the country? 

87. May the Chinese now in Hawaii be banished by act of 
Congress ? 

88. May Congress refuse to sell public lands to aliens? 

§ 132c. Personal Rights (see Handbook^ §§ 21&, 40, 42, 
47, 51, 52, 55, 75, 82, 95, 96, 1326, 134c, 140c, 140e). 

Personal Freedom. 

89. Was slavery ever legal on board United States men of 
war ? 

90. Was slavery constitutionally established in Missouri 
before 1820? 

91. Did the Proclamation of Emancipation annul slavery 
clauses in State constitutions? 

92. Did the Proclamation of Emancipation actually free any 
slaves ? 

93. Are slaves held by Filipinos set free by annexation? 

94. May the United States by treaty acknowledge the exis- 
tence of slavery in the Sulu archipelago? 

95. Are the Hawaiians protected against slavery by the 
Federal constitution? 

96. May Congress by statute permit foreigners to carry 
away negroes to be sold as slaves? 

97. May Congress provide by law for returning fugitive 
slaves who may escape into the United States from other 
countries ? 

98. Was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 constitutional? 

99. Were the Personal Liberty Laws constitutional? 

100. Had Congress at any time the right to prohibit the 
return of fugitive slaves from the territories ? 

101. May a criminal be sold to service for a term of years? 



282 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

102. i\liiy a criminal be sold to serve an individual for life? 

103. May the States refuse to permit the entrance of citizens 
of other States on the ground of pauperism? 

104. May mine owners iu Illinois import negroes to take the 
places of strikers? 

105. May a pauper be compelled against his will to return 
to the State from which he came ? 

106. What is the remedy of an individual illegally arrested 
by the President's order? 

107. May the President suspend habeas corpus? 

108. May a general suspend habeas coiyus in time of war? 

109. May habeas corpus be suspended otherwise than by an 
act of Congress? 

Freedom op Speech. 

110. May a person be punished for speaking ill of Congress? 

111. May a person be punished in time of war for telling 
the truth about the military situation of the country? 

112. Could a correspondent be punished for sending home 
truthful despatches on operations in the Philippines ? 

113. Are the Filipinos entitled to meet and petition Con- 
gress to restore the islands to Spain ? 

114. Are petitioners entitled to have their petitions read in 
Congress ? 

Rights of Colonists. 

115. Are the people of Porto Rico entitled to keep and beai 
arms ? 

116. Are Filipinos entitled to "no taxation without repre- 
sentation ? " 

117. Are Cubans entitled under the Constitution to keep 
and bear arms? 

118. May soldiers be quartered in the houses of Filipinos? 



132c] PERSONAL RIGHTS 283 

119. Are Hawaiians entitled to counsel in criminal trials by 
the Constitution ? 

120. Are Porto Ricans entitled to sue in Federal courts in 
California ? 

121. May a Porto Rican be deprived of his property without 
due process of law? 

122. Can a Filipino be deprived of property without due 
process of law? 

123. Is a Hawaiian entitled to indictment before trial? 

124. May a Filipino be tried without an indictment or pre- 
sentment? 

125. Have the people of a territory a right to trial by jury? 

126. Are Hawaiians entitled to a trial by jury under the 
Constitution ? 

127. Are Filipinos entitled to a trial by jury? 

128. May Congress bring Porto Ricans to the continent for 
trial for murder? 

129. Are the people of a dependency free from liability to 
"cruel and unusual punishments?" 

130. May inhabitants of the Philippines be burned alive 
as a judicial punishment for crime? 

Protection of Rights. 

131. Can the United States protect a citizen against depriva- 
tion of his civil rights by a State? 

132. May Congress protect colored citizens from exclusion 
by State law from juries? 

133. May Congress provide for the punishment of persons 
who prevent negroes from voting? 

134. May the United States protect a citizen against dis- 
crimination in the use of public conveyances? 

135. May Congress require railway companies to admit 
negroes to Pullman cars? 



284 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

136. Was the Freedman's Bureau Bill of 1866 constitutional? 

137. Can anybody deprive a citizen of the United States of 
his property without due process of law ? 

138. May Congress divest persons of titles to lands which 
they have acquired by purchase from the government? 

139. May private houses be searched by revenue officers at 
night ? 

§ i32d. The Electoral System (see Handbook^ §§ 21d, 
142-1429'). 

140. May Congress in any way regulate the suffrage? 

141. May Congress establish compulsory voting in national 
elections ? 

142. May Congress establish a system of minority represen- 
tation in elections to Congress ? 

143. May Congress require the Australian ballot system at 
national elections? 

144. May Congress require the registration of voters at na- 
tional elections ? 

145. May Congress grant to women the right to vote for 
presidential electors ? 

146. May the United States in any way restrict the suffrage ? 

147. Would an educational qualification fixed by a State be 
a reason for diminishing its representation in Congress ? 

148. Is the belief that polygamy is a divine institution 
ground for disenfranchisement? 

149. For what reasons has the United States excluded 
persons from the suffrage? 

150. May Congress deprive deserters of their right to vote? 

151. Is the right to be a candidate for elective office secured 
by the Constitution? 



132c-132e] ELECTORAL SYSTEM 285 

§ 1326. Status of the States (see Handbook^ §§ 21a, 21e, 
34, 50, 57, 61, 143-143/). 

Federal Status. 

152. What rights have States which cannot be infringed by 
the general government? 

153. May a territory form a State constitution without an 
enabling act? 

154. Do territorial laws remain in force after the admission 
of the territory as a State? 

155. May a Federal constitutional convention duly called pro- 
pose an amendment to take away the equal vote in the Senate? 

156. Was Missouri bound by the text of the Compromise of 
1821? 

157. May Congress fix conditions on States at admission, 
which will hold good after admission? 

158. May Congress admit Hawaii as a State on condition 
that all native-born men shall always have the suffrage? 

159. Can a State be formed without the consent of the 
people ? 

160. Was the admission of West Virginia constitutional? 

161. Might Congress admit Porto Rico as a State with the 
condition that it should have only one Senator? 

162. Is Utah bound by any restrictions which do not apply 
to other States? 

163. Is Ohio bound to perform any duties not required of 
other States? 

164. May Congress by statute assign duties to State officials? 

165. What duties do State governments perform for the na- 
tional government? 

166. May a State Governor refuse to extradite a person 
whom he admits to be a fugitive criminal? 



286 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

167. Does the United States in any official way recognize 
the existence of cities in the States? 

168. Does the United States in any way recognize the exist- 
ence of county governments? 

State Sovereignty. 

169. Was any State sovereign in 1788? 

170. Was New Hampshire ever an independent State? 

171. Is a State sovereign over the inheritance of property? 

172. Is a State sovereign over its own tax system? 

173. Is a State sovereign over education? 

174. Was North Carolina a sovereign State in 1789? 

Interposition and Nullification. 

175. What is the meaning of " interposition " as used in the 
Virginia Resolutions? 

176. Is " interposition" a rightful remedy in case of actual 
violation of State rights by the Federal government? 

177. What is the meaning of "nullification" as used in the 
Kentucky Resolutions? 

178. What remedy has the United States against nullifi- 
cation ? 

179. Was nullification in 1833 " a peaceful remedy?" 

Secession. 

180. Does a man owe allegiance to his State? 

181. Does secession deprive a State of its status in the 
Union? 

182. What was the legal effect of secession upon the status 
in the Union of the seceding States? 

183. Was Tennessee in the Union during the Civil War? 

184. Was the secession of Louisiana unconstitutional under 
the treaty of 1803? 



132e] STATUS OF THE STATES 287 

185. Was John Bell " bound to follow his State" in seces- 
sion in 1861? 

186. Does the " supreme law " clause provide that a State 
cannot secede? 

187. What are the constitutional remedies in case a State 
secedes ? 

188. Is secession insurrection? 

189. Is secession rebellion?^ 

190. Is secession treason? 

191. Had Texas any more right to secede than Virginia? 

192. May the United States make war upon a State? 

Adjustment of Controversies. 

193. Who finally decides as to the meaning of the phrases of 
the State constitutions? 

194. What is " a republican form of government? " 

195. May Congress by statute decide which of two rival 
State governments is legal? 

196. In case of concurrent powers between the national and 
State governments, which has precedence? 

197. Who decides disputes between the States and the 
national government? 

198. Is there any tribunal to decide disputes between State 
Governors and the President? 

199. May a suit be brought against a State by a citizen of 
the United States? 

200. May a State be compelled to pay its debts? 

201. May Congress under any circumstances declare a State 
statute void? 

202. May Congress provide for the punishment of seditious 
libels on State officials? 



288 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

§ i32f. National Legislative Department (see Hand- 
hook, a 21/i, a7, 38, lOD-lll, lir>-145(?). 

Qualification. 

203. May Congress by statute refuse to receive Senators and 
Representatives from ;i Stute now in the Union? 

204. May Congress proliibit State ollicers from accepting 
elections to the House of Representatives? 

205. May Congress by statute refuse to admit Senators and 
Representatives elected from a former seceding State? 

206. May Congress make any new qualifications for member- 
ship in either House? 

207. Can a State define the qualifications for a member of 
the House of Representatives? 

208. May Congress by statute declare persons who have 
been engaged in war against the United States to be ineligible 
for membership in cither House? 

209. May Congress prescribe residence in the district from 
which a member is elected as a qualification for membership in 
the House? 

210. May a member elect of the House of Representatives 
be refused a seat because suspected of crime ? 

211. May a Senator elect be excluded from the Senate on 
the ground that he believes in polygamy ? 

212. May the Senate refuse to admit a Senator elect because 
it does not like him? 

213. May Congress refuse to receive a member elect on 
grounds of personal character only? 

Election op Senators. 

214. Is the clause on equality of representation in the Senate 
amendable except by unanimous consent? 



1.32f] NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE 289 

215. Is there a reniody if a State refuse to elect Senators? 

216. May a State be compelled by constitutional amendment 
to choose Senators by popular vote? 

217. Might a State by its constitution direct the legislature 
to choose as Senator a man who had a majority of the popular 
vote? 

218. May States require a preliminary popular election to 
designate candidates out of whom alone Senators may be 
chosen ? 

219. If a legislature meets and terminates without electing a 
Senator, may the Governor thereupon appoint to the vacancy? 

220. Could retiring Presidents constitutionally be made Sen- 
ators ex officio without votes ? 

221. May Congress pass an act regulating contests for seats 
in the Senate? 

Elkction ok Representativks. 

222. How far may the United States regulate elections to 
Congress ? 

223. May Congress in any way regulate State elections? 

224. May Congress by statute place soldiers at the polls, in 
States where there is no disturbance of the peace ? 

225. May the President under the present laws station United 
States troops at the polls at elections? 

226. May Congress prohibit the States from holding elec- 
tions on the day of election of members to the House? 

227. May Congress compel States to permit their public 
buildings to be used for Federal elections? 

228. May Congress by statute district the States for con- 
gi'essional elections? 

229. Is there any remedy for so districting a State that 
one congressional district shall have twice the population of 
another? 

19 



290 CONSriTUTlONAL REPORTS [§ 

230. Maj' Congress fix the time for elections in States? 

231. Are territorial delegates members of the House of 
Representatives ? 

232. May Congress by statute refuse to admit the Repre- 
sentatives elected in a State? 

233. May Congress commit tlie decision in contested elec- 
tions to State courts? 

234. May Congress by statute empower the Federal courts 
to decide contested elections? 

The Senate. 

235. Does the Senate represent the States rather than the 
people ? 

236. Is a Senator bound to regard instructions by the legis- 
lature of his State? 

237. Has tlie Vice-President of the United States any of the 
privileges of the Senate ? 

238. Has the Vice-President of the United States a right to 
take part in the debates of the Senate ? 

239. Is the Senate bound by parliamentary decisions of the 
Vice-President? 

240. AVhat powers has the Senate which are not possessed 

by the House? 

The House. 

241. AYhat powers has the House which are not possessed by 
the Senate? 

242. Has the House the sole right to initiate appropriation 
bills? 

243. Has the Speaker of the House the right to declare a 
quorum present when less than a majority answer to their 
names in roll-call ? 

244. May Congress by statute assign duties to the Speaker 
of the House? 



132f] NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE 291 

245. May the Speaker of the House vote as a member and 
again vote in a tie on the same question ? 

246. May the Speaker of the House be compelled to resign ? 

247. Could a person not a member of the House be elected 
Speaker ? 

248. Are members of Congress legally bound to vote, if 
present? 

249. Could committees of Congress be required by statute 
to hold their sessions in public? 

250. May a member of Congress appear as paid counsel to 
argue for a corporation before a committee of Congress? 

Privilege. 

251. May Congress punish any person for contempt? 

252. How long does the privilege of freedom from arrest of 
a member of Congress last? 

253. May Congress inflict any punishment on persons not 
members of Congress? 

254. May Congress compel the testimony of witnesses? 

255. May Congress inflict the penalty of imprisonment on 
its own members? 

256. May either House expel a member for asserting a belief 
in polygamy? 

Legislative Procedure. 

257. May Congress by statute regulate the time of adjourn- 
ment of future Congresses? 

258. May a Congress bind a succeeding Congress ? 

259. May Congress delegate to a commission the prepara- 
tion of a bill ? 

260. INIay the Executive submit drafts of bills to Congress? 

261. Is a joint resolution legally different from an act? 



292 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

262. Is there any remedy if the Journals falsely state that a 
bill has been passed? 

263. May the order of business of either House be fixed by 
statute ? 

264. Can a bill be carried through all its stages and become 
an act, all in one day? 

265. Could either House of Congress by rule limit the privi- 
leges of debate to chairmen of committees? 

266. May Congress by law determine the time of expiration 
of Congress ? 

267. Is there anj^ legal limitation on legislative " riders "? 

268. Can either House recall a bill after it is passed and sent 
to the other House ? 

269. When does an act of Congress take effect? 

270. Does a bill become an act at the moment the President 
affixes his signature ? 

271. May a President sign a bill after the adjournment of 
Congress ? 

272. If Congress adjourn for the holidays, do bills held un- 
signed for ten days by the President become a law without his 
signature ? 

273. May a President veto a bill which has in principle been 
held valid by the Supreme Court? 

Relations with the Executive. 

274. May either House by a committee investigate the acts 
of the President? 

27.>. May the Houses by concurrent resolution require the 
President to submit papers? 

276. May either House require the President to submit 
papers ? 

277. May Congress under any circumstances forbid the 
President to exercise duties specified in the Constitution? 



132£, 132g]' NATIONAL EXECUTIVE 293 

278. May Congress authorize the President to make regula- 
tions with the force of law? 

279. May Congress by statute assign to the President duties 
not specified in the Constitution ? 

280. Are Cabinet officials entitled to draft bills to be sub- 
mitted to Congress ? 

§ i32g. National Executive Department (see Hand- 
book, §§ 21^, 49, 60, 107, 108, 146-146d). 

Presidential Elections. 

281. Are Indians eligible to the presidency? 

282. Are Filipinos eligible to the presidency? 

283. What is the remedy if a person under the legal age 
should be chosen President? 

284. May Congress by statute establish qualifications for 
presidential electors? 

285. Did the Federal Convention expect presidential electors 
to vote according to their individual preference? 

286. How are vacancies in the electoral colleges filled, 
between the popular elections and the choice of the President? 

287. Would the plan of dividing the State electoral vote pro 
rata to the popular vote in each State be an improvement? 

288. Who is constitutionally entitled to count the electoral 
vote? 

289. Is the President of the Senate entitled to count and 
declare the electoral vote for President? 

290. May the electoral vote of a State be rejected if there is 
no conflicting return? 

291. Who would be President if the President and Vice- 
President should die between January 15 and March 4? 



294 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [J 

Cabinet. 

292. What is a " department " in the meaning of the Con- 
stitution ? 

293. May Congress require the President to select Cabinet 
ministers out of persons already in the civil service ? 

294. May the President appoint an executive board of three 
persons, to take charge of the War Department? 

295. Could Congress require the President to accept the 
judgment of his Cabinet? 

296. Is the act of a Cabinet officer legally the act of the 
President? 

297. Are Cabinet officers bound to obey the directions of 
the President or else to resign ? 

298. Could the Vice-President be made a member of the 
Cabinet? 

299. Could Congress by statute give Cabinet officers seats in 
either House? 

300. Could Congress assign to the Interior Department the 
management of foreign relations? 

301. May a President prescribe the duties of a Secretary of 
State? 

302. Has the Secretary of War any duties in which he is 
not subject to the direction of the President? 

303. Is a Secretary of State bound to submit all his des- 
patches to the President? 

304. Is the Secretary of War bound to obey a direction by 
the President? 

305. May Congress require heads of departments to be re- 
sponsible directly to Congress? 

306. May the House of Representatives require a head of 
department to report directly to them ? 

307. May a suit be brought against a Cabinet officer on 
account of an official act? 



132g] NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE 295 

Appointments and Removals. 

308. Is the power of removal a part of the power of ap- 
pointment? 

309. Is the Consular Clerks Act of 1864 constitutional? 

310. May the Senate require the President to submit papers 
bearing on nominations ? 

311. Was the Tenure of Office Act of 1867 constitutional? 

312. May Congress by statute provide that the Senate shall 
participate in removals? 

313. Has the Senate at present any control over removals? 

314. May Congress by statute require the President to state 
reasons for a removal ? 

315. May Congress by statute require heads of departments 
to state reasons for removals ? 

316. May the Senate require papers relative to removals, 
before confirming appointments to fill the vacancies thus 
caused ? 

317. May Congress by statute limit the term of public 
officials ? 

318. May Congress by statute require that appointments 
shall be made only from persons who have passed a civil ser- 
vice examination? 

319. May Congress give to graduates of agricultural 
colleges a preference in appointments to office ? 

320. May Congress provide a civil service examination for 
ambassadors ? 

321. May Congress make the civil service rules mandatory 
on the President? 

322. May Congress require that appointments to office be 
apportioned per capita among the States and territories? 

323. May Congress by statute give to officials a term during 
good behavior? 



296 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

324. May Congress in creating an office designate the person 
who is to fill it? 

325. May Congress designate persons to be promoted in the 
military service? 

326. May Congress by statute remove officials by shortening 
the term of their offices ? 

327. May a naval officer be dismissed without a court 
martial ? 

328. May an officer of the army be dismissed without a 
hearing? 

Civil Service. 

329. May the President appoint foreign representatives for 
whose salary Congress has made no provision ? 

330. May the President appoint persons without salary to 
offices not created by Congress ? 

331. May the President accept private subscriptions for pay- 
ment of an official whose salarj' Congress refuses to vote? 

332. May Congress designate persons to occupy public offices 
already created? 

333. May Congress provide pensions for civil employees? 

334. May States tax the salaries of United States officials? 

335. May Congress impose any official duties it pleases on 
officers of the government other than the President? 

336. Have executive regulations for government employees 
the force of law ? 

337. jNEay an official of the United States at the same time 
hold office under a State or territory? 

338. May the President delegate his power of appointment 
to subordinates? 

339. May the President delegate his command over the 
army? 



132g] EXECUTIVE RESPONSIBILITY 297 

Responsibility of the President. 

340. Is the Presidential veto a legislative power? 

341. Is a President bound to carry out a statute passed over 
a veto based on unconstitutionality? 

342. Is the President bound by an act (or joint resolution) 
passed over his veto? 

343. May a President refuse to carry out an act of Congress 
on the ground that it is unconstitutional? 

344. May the President constitutionally perform an act 
which the Supreme Court has held to be unconstitutional? 

345. Was President Johnson bound to carry out the recon- 
struction acts which he vetoed? 

346. May either House require from the President the reasons 
for an official action ? 

347. What is the remedy if the President commit an unlaw- 
ful act? 

348. May a suit be brought against the President in office 
on account of an official act? 

349. May a suit be brought against an ex-President for an 
official act performed while President? 

3r)0. May the Senate censure the President? 

351. May a President be impeached for incompetency? 

352. Can Congress prescribe the districts over which speci- 
fied generals are to be put in command? 

353. May the President be summoned as a witness? 

354. Can the President pardon a man before indictment? 

355. Is there any limitation on the President's power of 
pardon ? 

.356. May Congress by law relieve from penalties already 
incurred ? 

357. May the President pardon offences against State laws? 



298 coxsTiTrrroxAL reports [§ 

§ i32h. National Judiciary (^soo Hainlbook. ^i 21/. 48, 
44. 11-:. llo. HT-MTffV 

ArroiNVMKNT ANP Removal ok .UnoKS. 

358. May Congress oroato a judgeship with n limite<l term? 

o."i9. Are territorial judges "judges of inferior courts" in 
the ooustitutioual sense? 

3ti0. May Congress constitutionally abolish a judgeship 
without pensioning the incumbent? 

361. May Congress get rid of judges by repealing the laws 
creating the courts to which they are attached ? 

3C'2. For what offences may a United States judge be im- 
peached ? 

3G3. ;May a United States judge be impeached for making an 
unpopular decision? 

Pkocedire of Courts. 

3iU. May the Senate require the chief justice to give him 
an opinion on the constitutionality of a pending bill? 

36."). May the President require the opinion of the Supreme 
Court on a pending treaty? 

366. May Congress require the justices of the Supreme 
Court to act a* examiners into claims on the government': 

367. May Congress exclude particular kinds of cases from 
the decision of the Supreme Court ? 

36S. Had the Congress of the Confederation supreme juris- 
diction in prize cases? 

369. Have the Uniteii States courts criminal jurisdiction at 
common law-? 

370. May Congress by statute t.ake away the jurisdiction of 
courts over pending cases? 

371. In what cases is the decision of the new Circuit Courts 
of Appeals final? 



J02h) NATIONAL JUDICIARY 299 

372. In what civil caHes is a jury required in United States 
courts ? 

373. Are judges bound by the intent of the framers of the 
Constitution ? 

374. Are naval cadets subject to the ordinary civil courts 
for offences committed within the academy? 

37.0. May a United States court enjoin a person not to do an 
act defined by statute as criminal? 

376. May courts punish as a contempt acts criminal under 
statute law? 

377. What is the effect of a decision of the Supreme Court 
upon persons not parties to the suit? 

37'5. Is an individual not a party to a suit before the Su- 
preme Court punishable for ignoring the decision? 

379. Is a United States court Fx^und by French law in ca.ses 
where the maker of the will dies in Paris? 

380. Is a Statt; court bound to accept the decision of a court 
in another State in the same case ? 

381. Is a State court bound to accept the finding of the 
court of another State as to the validity of a will ? 

Relation's to States. 

382. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction between State and 
national courts, which has the precedence? 

383. Can cases arising under Federal laws be tried in State 
courts ? 

384. Can cases arising under State laws be tried in Federal 
courts ? 

38.0. Mav State courts issue writs of hriheas corpus against 
United States officials? 

386. May a State court grant habeas corjms in favor of a 
person confined for contempt of a Federal court? 



300 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

387. May the United States courts issue writs of habeas 
corpus against State officials? 

388. jMay the New Jersey courts declare a national law un- 
constitutional? 

389. Is the Supreme Court bound by the decisions of State 
Supreme Courts on points of State constitutional law? 

390. How may cases be "removed" from a State to a 
United States court? (Does not refer to appeals or acts of 
error. ) 

391. How may cases be brought up from State to United 
States courts by "writ of error"? 

392. When and how may cases technically be "appealed" 
from State courts to Federal courts ? 

393. Are the decisions of the Commissioner of Pensions 
binding on the State courts? 

394. May a Federal court mandamus a Governor of a State? 

395. May United States courts compel a State official to 
perform his State duties? 

396. May the United States courts compel city officials to 
perform their municipal duties? 

397. May a citizen of a territory sue a citizen of a State in 
a territorial court? 

Relations to Executive Department. 

398. May the Supreme Court render opinions at the request 
of any executive official ? 

399. Who decides disputes between executive officials? 

400. Is a decision of the Supreme Court binding on the 
President? 

401. May an executive official be required b}- a court to 
perform an act forbidden by the President? 

402. May a United States court mandamus the Secretary 
of the Treasury? 



132h] NATIONAL JUDICIARY 301 

403. May a United States court direct au officer of the army 
not to arrest civilians ? 

404. May a United States court direct a letter carrier to 
deliver mail prohibited by act of Congress? 

Control of Courts. 

405. Is the Supreme Court bound by its own previous 
decisions? 

406. Is there a remedy for an unconstitutional decision of 
the Supreme Court? 

407. Can a jndge be sued for any official act? 

408. How are judgments of the Supreme Court carried out? 

409. Is a decision of the Supreme Court binding on Congress ? 

410. Can Congress by law remit judicial penalties incurred 
in specific cases? 

States as Parties to Suits. 

411. Is the Supreme Court the arbiter in all cases between 
States and the United States? 

412. May a State be summoned to appear as defendant in 
a suit before a Federal court ? 

413. May a suit against a State be appealed to the Supreme 
Court from a State court? 

414. May a State which has made coupons on its bonds re- 
ceivable for taxes be compelled to receive such coupons? 

Impeachment. 

41.5. Does resignation remove an official from liability to 
impeachment? 

416. Is impeachment a judicial process? 

417. May a President be impeached for drunkenness? 

418. Can Senators of the United States be impeached? 



802 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

Declaring Acts Void. 

419. May United States courts declare a joint resolution of 
Congress void? 

420. May the Supreme Court declare an income tax void? 

421. May the Supreme Court declare a tariff act void? 

422. May the Supreme Court declare an entry in the Senate 
Journal void? 

423. May the Supreme Court declare void the order of a 
general in the field in time of war? 

424. May United States courts declare an executive proc- 
lamation void? 

425. May a State constitution be held void, as conflicting 
with the Federal constitution? 

426. May the Supreme Court of the United States declare 
a city ordinance void? 

§ 132!. Territorial Functions (see Handbook, §§ 21/, 42, 54, 
55, 63-65, 69, 71, 75, 77, 82, 90, 91, 97, 114, 115, 148-148Z). 

Annexation. 

427. Is the intention of the fraraers of the Constitution as to 
annexation of territory binding upon this generation? 

428. Was the annexation of Louisiana constitutional? 

429. Was the consent of the people of the Philippines neces- 
sary for the constitutional transfer of the islands to the 
United States? 

430. May the President order the occupation of a region prior 
to the signing of the treaty of peace by which it is ceded ? 

431. May Congress annex Cuba by joint resolution, con- 
trary to the express desire of the Cubans? 

432. May Congress annex the island of St. Thomas without 
the consent of the people of the island ? 

433. May Congress by statute annex territory without the 
consent of the people thereof? 



132h, 132i] ANNEXATION AND BOUNDARIES 303 

434. May Alaska be transferred to China by treaty? 

435. Has the United States constitutional authority to plant 
a colony in unoccupied territory in Africa? 

436. May the President contract for the purchase of the 
Danish West Indies? 

437. Did the previous laws of Porto Rico remain in force 
after the ratification of the treaty of cession ? 

Boundaries. 

438. Might Congress include Canada within our customs 
boundary, while leaving it outside the political boundary? 

439. Who decides what are the exterior boundaries of the 
United States? 

440. May Congress fix the boundaries between States ? 

441. Would a State be bound to obey an act of Congress 
dividing its territory? 

442. May Congress determine the boundary between an old 
State and one just admitted? 

443. May Congress by statute declare that Tierra del Fuego 
is a part of the United States? 

Maritime Jurisdiction. 

444. Has the United States any jurisdiction outside of the 
three-mile limit and the decks of her vessels? 

445. What is the jurisdiction of the United States over en- 
closed bays like Chesapeake and Long Island Sound? 

446. Has the United States any jurisdiction in Bering Sea? 

447. In what jurisdiction are the Great Lakes? 

448. -Who owns the bottom of the sea between high and low 
water-mark ? 

449. Who owns the bottom of the sea between low water- 
mark and the three-mile limit? 



o04 COXSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

450. May the United States forbid Americans to fish on the 
Newfoundland banks ? 

451. May Congress regulate in-shore fisheries on our coasts? 

452. "Who has jurisdiction over the malicious cutting of a 
telegraph cable in mid ocean ? 

453. Is the wreck of a ship of war subject to United States 
jurisdiction ? 

454. "What is the tribunal for oflfeuces by civilians on board 
foreign ships of war in American ports? 

455. "U'hat is the tribunal for offences committed on board 
foreign merchant vessels in American ports ? 

456. What is the tribunal for offences committed on board 
American merchant vessels on the high sea? 

457. What is the tribunal for offences committed by civilians 
on American ships of war? 

Seat of Governmekt. 

458. Have the people of the District of Columbia a right to 
trial by jury? 

459. Mav Congress withdraw the privilege of habeas corpus 
from the people of the District of Columbia in time of peace? 

460. May Congress erect the District of Columbia into a 
territory ? 

461. Is a divorce granted in the District of Columbia valid in 
Massachusetts? 

462. May Congress prohibit in the District of Columbia the 
sale of sweat shop goods made in a State ? 

463. May Congress prohibit persons coming from Maryland 
to the District of Columbia? 

464. May an insurance company chartered in the District 
of Columbia claim a right to do business in Massachusetts? 

465. Are the authorities of the District of Columbia bound to 
extradite a criminal who has fled from Marvlaud r 



132i] SPECIAL jrRlSDTCTluXS 305 

Posts and Public Blildings. 

4GG. May the United States by eiuiueut doraaiu acqxiire laud 
in a State for a national park? 

4(i7. "What is the tribunal for oflfeuees committed in 
United States military posts? 

468. What is the tribunal for oflfeuees committed in United 
States public buildings? 

469. May Congress construct a public building in a State 
contrary to the will of that State? 

470. May Congress take private lands to be made into forest 
reserves ? 

471. 3Iav States repeal acts granting exclusive jurisdiction 
to the United States over forts? 

472. May Congress expropriate State property for fortifi- 
cations ? 

473. Who has jurisdiction over a murder committed in a 
United States custom house? 

474. 3Iay ^lassachusetts repeal the act ceding jurisdiction 
over Castle Island to tlie United States? 

47a. ]May States tax buildings rented by the United States? 

PiBLit" Lands. 

476. Are there any limitations on the right of the United 
States to dispose of public lands? 

477. Mav Congress recall a laud grant once made? 

478. ^lay Congress givo land to aliens? 

479. May the United States lease public lands for a term of 
years ? 

480. May States tax the public lands within their limits? 

481. May the United States grant the right to cut tmiber on 
government lands for private purposes? 

482. !May Congress anuul land grants made in the Philip- 
pines by previous Spanish authority? 

20 



306 CONSTITL'TIOXAL REPORTS (§ 

483. May the United States lease ungrauted lands in the 
Philippine:? in perpetuity? 

484. May Congress grant lands for purposes for which it 
could not grant money? 

485. May the States tax municipal public lands? 

486. May the States tax railroad laud grants? 

IXDIASS. 

487. May Congress grant Indian lands to white men without 
the consent of the Indians? 

488. Have the Indians a legal right to the lands which they 
occupy ? 

489. Have Indians any rights which Congress is bound to 
respect ? 

490. May Congress constitutionally appropriate money for 
the support of Indians? 

401. In what manner may an Indian become a citizen? 
49"2. Can a crime CvMumittetl by an Indian on an Indian on 
his reservation bo pnnishtxl by a Unitevi States court? 

493. May Indians be remove^i from their reservations with- 
out their consent? 

494. May Congress by statute compel Indians to send their 
children to school? 

49o. May a tribal Indian sue in a United States court? 

496. May a tribal Indian be trievi for murvier in a United 
States court ? 

497. May an Indian tribe sue another ludiau tribe in the 
Unit<H\ States courts? 

498. May an Indian tril>e sue a State? 

Territorial Govkrxmkxt. 

499. Is the Clover nor of Porto Rico au •♦ ottieer of the Unit^I 
States " in the constitutional sense? 



132i] DEPEXDEXCIES o07 

oOO. May Cougro!>s dotliio the duties of :i Goveruor of :i 
territorj' ? 

501. Can territoral otlioials be officers of the United States? 

o02. May territorial judges be removed? 

oOo. May au otlioer of the army be appointed Cioveruor of a 
territory ? 

GOVKRNMKNT OF DErKNDENCIES. 

504. Does the Coustitutiou ipso facto extend to the ter- 
ritories ? 

505. Are the people of conquered territory entitled to priv- 
ileges secured under the Constitution? 

50l>. May the Presidejit establish a militarv government in 
conquered territory previous to cession ? 

507. ^lay the President establish a military government in 
annexed territory previous to action by Congress? 

508. ^lay the President establish a civil government in con- 
v|uered territory previous to cession ? 

509. May the President establish a civil government in an- 
nexed territory previous to legislation by Congress? 

510. May Congress authorize the President to establish a ter- 
ritorial government according to his discretion? 

511. 3Iay Congress relegate an organized territory to the 
unorganized status ? 

512. Has the United States constitutional power to plant 
colonies? 

513. ;May Congress establisli a permanent government in the 
I'hilippines, in which there shall be no trial by jury? 

511. ]May Congress create a territorial government for Porto 
Pico in which the governor shall have power to raake laws? 

515. ;May the President provide a permanent civil govern- 
ment for the Philippines? 

51G. ^lay Congress create a permanent military government 
for Porto Rico? 



308 COXSTITUTIOXAL REPORl'S [§ 

517. May Congress by statute establish a military govem- 
meut iu the Philippines ? 

518. May Congress pass au export tax law applying to the 
Philippines? 

510. Ma}' Congress grant rights of self-government to a 
territory equivalent to those enjoyed by a State? 

520. May Congress establish a territorial government iu 
which the legislature shall be appointed? 

5'21. May the United States place the Philippine Islauds 
under the jurisdiction of the Indian Coramissiouers? 

Status of DErENDEXCiES. 

0'22. Is the Constitution the ''supreme law of the laud" 
in Hawaii? 

523. May Congress establish a government lotterj' iu Porto 
Rico? 

524. Had Congress power to prohibit slavery in the whole 
Louisiana cession? 

525. May Congress annul the charter of a corporation 
granted by a territorial legislature? 

520. May Congress constitutionally confiscate the property 
of a corporation in a territory? 

527. ]May Congress make sanitary regulatious for the lepers 
in Hawaii? 

528. May Congress establish a government monopoly of sell- 
ing tobacco iu the Philippines? 

529. May Congress by statute compel the Porto Ricans to 
send their children to school? 

530. May Congress forbid cock-fighting in Porto Rico? 

531. May Congress prohibit the sale of liquor in a territory? 

532. 3Iay Congress charter a special bank to operate in 
Porto Rico? 



132i] DEPENDENCIES -iOD 

Trade of DErENUEXciES. 

533. May the cominaudiug general establish a special tai'iff 
for conquered territory previous to cessiou? 

534. May the comiuaudiug general establish a special tariff 
in conquered territory after cession ? 

ooo. Does an annexed territory forthwith come under the 
general revenue laws? 

53G. May Congress establish a special tariff for the 
Philippines ? 

0.S7. May Congress make a separate tariff for Alaska? 

538. May Congress leave the Philippines outside our customs 
boundary ? 

530. INIay Congress put Porto Rico outside the customs 
boundary of the United States? 

540. ^[ay States tax goods imported from Porto Rico? 

541. May duties be laid on imports from the Philippiues? 

542. May Congress make a separate tariff for Alaska? 

543. May Congress prohibit the people of Hawaii from trad- 
ing with foreign countries? 

544. May Congress prohibit trade between the Philippines 
and foreign nations? 

545. May foreign vessels carry gooils from New York to 
Porto Rico? 

546. ^ray Congress prohibit commerce from Porto Rico to 
the Philippiues? 

547. May Congress prohibit foreigners from emigrating to 
the Philippines while allowing it to the United States? 

548. May a State refuse to admit goods imported from Porto 
Rico? 

549. May Congress lay a special license tax on merchants 
doing business in Manila? 



310 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

Taxation ix Dei'endencies. 

o.")0. May Congress lay a special tax ou property in the 
territories? 

o"il. ^lay tlio real estate in territories be taxed by a national 
statnte ? 

'lo-i. ]May Conuross lay taxes in the States expressly to sup- 
])<Mt the iiovernnient of the Philippines? 

,")r>3. ^[ay Conirress tax the Hawaiians for the support of the 
national ijovernment? 

r)."ii. ^lay Con'.>;ress lay a special tax on the people of 
Samoa? 

oao. May Congress lay a poll tax on the Filipinos? 

5? 132J. Financial Questions (^see Handbook, 5j{j -21 A-, 39» 
IIG, 117, li'J-Ui)(0. 

Financial Systkji. 

006. May Congress appropriate money for the bureaux ia 
the Navy Department for more than two years? 

."),') 7. May Congress appropriate money for navy yards five 
years in advance? 

.').')8. May the United States be compelled to carry out a five- 
year contract for supplying bread to the navy? 

559. Does unclaimed salary revert to the Treasury ? 

560. ^[ay the United States lend its cash balances on 
interest ? 

5iU. Can au accounting officer of the United States be com- 
pelled by a court to sign a warrant for the payment of money? 

50"i. How are claims against the United States collectable? 

olio. May Congress recall an approjn-iatii^n for the relief of 
individuals, before it is paid over ? 

,tG I. Can the United Stiites be compelled to pay the interest 
ou its debts ? 



132i, 132j] FIXAXCIAL Ui'ESTIOXS 311 

565. Are there any limitations on the borrowing power of 
the United States? 

566. May Congress lower the rate of interest on government 
bonds before their maturity? 

567. May the United States in any way be compelled to pay 
just debts? 

568. May Congress vote money to sustain the credit of the 
New York Clearing House Association in times of panic ? 

Relation with States. 

569. May the United States seize State property for national 
purposes? 

570. Has a State constitutional power to forbid the collection 
within its limits of an unconstitutional tax? 

571. May States tax corporations created by the United 
States ? 

572. May Congress return to the States money once collected 
from thorn in taxes? 

573. May a State tax the incomes of United States officials? 

574. May the States tax the income derived from govern- 
ment securities? 

575. If both the United States and a State tax the same 
property, which comes in first? 

576. May Congress distribute surplus revenue among the 
States? 

577. "Was the Distribution Act of 1837 constitutional? 

578. Could the United States constitutionally assume the 
present State debts? 

579. May Congress tax the property of cities? 

580. May States pass acts punishing counterfeiting of I'nited 
States securities? 

581. Is an inspection duty on meats for export an "export 
dutv?" 



312 coxsTirurioNAL reports [§ 

582. May the United States appropriate money for the sup- 
port of State lunatic asylums? 

583. May Congress lay taxes in order to produce a surplus 
revenue to be distributed among the States ? 

Principles of Taxation. 

584. Is there any limit on the purpose of taxation by the 
United States? 

585. Has the United States any exclusive power of taxation? 

586. May Congress lay a tax on imports in order to raise 
money for subsidies to American vessels? 

587. May Congress levy a special tax on laborers to support 
a Department of Labor? 

588. May Congress tax individual balances on deposit in 
banks ? 

589. May Congress tax liquor dealers in States in which 
the sale of liquor is forbidden? 

590. ]\Iay the United States tax oleomargarine on the ground 
that it is unhealthful? 

591. May the United States lay a tax on oleomargarine in 
order to protect the producers of butter? 

592. May Congress lay a tax on oleomargarine equal to its 
usual selling price? 

593. May Congress grant a bounty to producers of sweet 
potatoes ? 

594. May Congress grant a bounty for the importation of 
tea? 

595. Is a bounty to producers of maple sugar constitutional? 

596. "Was the sugar bounty constitutional? 

Income and Legacy Taxes. 

597. Is an income tax a direct tax? 

598. May the United States lay a special tax on an income 
derived from foreiun investment? 



132JI TAXES 313 

59i). May the United States tax the incomes of State 
oflScials ? 

600. May a State levy an income tax including salaries of 
United States otiicials? 

601. 3Iay Cougi'ess lay a tax on the salaries of United States 
otiicials ? 

602. May Congress lay a tax on incomes, not proportioned 
to representation in Congress? 

603. Was the income tax of \Sdi constitutional? 

604. ]May Congress lay a graduated income tax? 

605. ]N[ay Congress establish a graduated income tax — the 
gross amount to be divided among the States in proportion to 
their population? 

606. May the United States lay a tax on the incomes of 
institutions of learning, exempt by State law? 

607. May Congress tax incomes derived from land? 

608. ^lay Congress lay a tax on the income of colleges? 

609. Is a national income tax, graduated up to 100% on the 
largest incomes, constitutional? 

610. May the United States tax legacies? 

til 1. May the Unitetl States lay a graduated tax on legacies? 

612. May the United States tax legacies to institutions 
which by State law are exempt from taxation? 

613. May the United States tax legacies to States? 

Tauiff. 

614. May the I'nited States forbid the importation of goods? 

615. ]May Congress exact a tariff for the sole purpose of 
protecting American industry? 

616. INIay Congress lay an import duty so high as to be pro- 
hibitory ? 

617. ^lay Congress make duties on imports from one country 
less tiian those on similar imports from another country? 



314 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

618. May Congress grant to individuals the privilege of im- 
porting goods free on which others pay duties ? 

619. May Congress prohibit the importation of innocuous 
goods ? 

620. May Congress forbid the importation of coffee? 

621. Are passengers entitled to bring in their personal 
baggage free of duty? 

622. jNIay Congress permit naval officers to import goods 
for their own use free of duty? 

623. Do American ambassadors have the right to bring 
goods into the United States duty free? 

624. INIay Congress admit goods free of duty in American 
bottoms while charging duty on importations in foreign bottoms ? 

625. May Congress lay a tariff proportionately lower on 
large quantities than on smaller quantities of the same com- 
modity ? 

626. May Congress la}' higher duties on importation in 
foreign vessels than on those in Amei'ican vessels? 

627. May Congress grant to American merchants a lower 
rate of duty than is paid by alien merchants? 

628. May Congress remit duties on goods intended for a 
"World's Fair? 

629. May Congress pass acts altering the duties on goods 
already imported and in bond? 

630. Can foreign built yachts, the property of American 
citizens, be imported without the payment of duty? 

631. May Congress lay duties on materials for State public 
buildings ? 

632. May a tariff act be passed laying additional duties on 
goods imported before the date of the act? 

633. May Congress give the President power to withdraw 
duties on imports? 

634. May a Stale tax imported goods? 



132j] TARIFF 315 

ti35. Is there a remedy if the eolleetor assess an illegal rate 
of duty on imports? 

63(). May tlie United States seize imported goods on pay- 
ment of the declared value? 

637. May Congress require importers to declare the cost of 
manufacture of their goods? 

638. IMay g\)ods once imported and duty paid be seized for 
undervaluation ? 

639. What is the legal force of " treasury regulations " on 
the tariff? 

640. Who decides whether the classification of goods for 
duty by a collector is correct? 

641. What is the remedy if the assessors classify imported 
goods in a manner not contemplated by the tariff act? 

642. Are import duties a lien on tlie goods on which they 
are assessed? 

643. ^lay a tariff be altered by a treaty? 

644. May Congress require the payment of duties in gold? 

645. May Congress require the payment of import duties in 
a form of currency not required for other taxes? 

646. What is the remedy if a United States official refuses 
to receive silver dollars in payment of duty ? 

Coin AG K and Ci'rrency. 

647. May the United States make its notes legal tender to 
individuals, but not legal tender to the government? 

648. May Congress make i)latinum coins legal tender? 

649. May Congress make the notes of national banks legal 
tender ? 

650. May Congress make its bonds legal tender at par and 
accrued interest? 

651. May Congress issue legal tender notes for the retire- 
ment of interest-bearing bonds? 



316 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

6.")2. May Congress inako interest-bearing notes legal tender 
for face and accrued interest ? 

^bo. May Congress declare one hundred grains to be the 
weight of a ten-dollar gold piece? 

Go4. May Congress make payable in silver conti-acts specifi- 
cally calling for gold? 

Ihk"). May Congress make silver legal tender, but except 
payments for pensions and to laborers? 

Gr)0. Is the United States bound to redeem at full value 
coins reduced by ordinary abrasion? 

657. May Congress increase the legal weight of tlie silver 
dollar, and then refuse to receive the old dollars at their face 
value ? 

608. May Congress provide for lending legal tender notes on 
real estate security? 

Go9. ^lay the I'nited States make silver certificates legal 
tender? 

GOO. May the I'nited States make its own notes legal tender 
in times of peace? 

6G1. M.ay Congress make silver bullion at its weight legal 
tender in payment of debts? 

GG'J. Could Congress constitutionally create an artificial 
standard of values leased on average prices of staple com- 
modities ? 

Banks. 

GG.'>. Had the Confederation constituticmal authority to 
chiU'ter the Bank of North America? 

<6^A^. Could the United States create a bank in which it was 
the sole stockholder? 

\S^S:i. Were the bills of the first United States Bank bills of 
credit ? 

66G. Was the first United States Bank constitutional? 



1,T2J! CURREXCY AXD BAXKS 317 

607. "Was the second United States Rank constitutional? 

668. Can the United States be compelled to redeem national 
bank notes? 

66l>. Does the United States guarantee the national bank 
notes ? 

670. Could the United States make national bank notes legal 
tender ? 

671. May Congress authorize banks of issue having no other 
security for notes than their own resources? 

672. Maj'^ Congress charter a bank with authority to do 
business outside the United States? 

673. May Congress charter a bauk which is to render no 
service to the government? 

674. May the United States give to national banks exclusive 
privileges of government deposits? 

67'i. May Congress establish a system of national banks 
which shall have a monopoly of the banking bnsiness? 

676. May Congress authorize banks to issue silver dollars? 

677. May a State create a bank of issue in which it is the 
sole stockholder? 

678. Could Congress prohibit the chartering of banks by 
States? 

679. May Congress prohibit banks organized under State 
charters ? 

680. May a State tax .n national bank? 

681. May States tax national bank stock? 

68'2. May Congress prohibit the circulation of other than 
national bank notes? 

683. May the United States prohibit State Ininks from issu- 
ing notes? 

684. Is the tax on State bank notes constitutional? 

685. May Congress prohibit State banks from discounting 
commercial paper? 



oL^ COXSTITCTIOXAL REPORTS [§ 

§ 132k. Commercial Questions i^see Handbook^ §$ 21/, 
-io-lc), i>2. 118. li;». Io0-l50»). 

Rklations ok States. 

6S6. May a State prohibit tho importation of any foioiiin 
conimoiiity ? 

087. May a State forbid the sale of go^xis importe*.! from a 
foreign country? 

688. May the States levy duties on vessels engage*.! in 
foreign commerce": 

6sy. May Slates regulate interstate commerce? 

OiH). May a State tax transportation corporations, chartered 
by the United States ? 

601. May a State direct through interstate trains to stop at 
specified stations ? 

692. May a State regulate the conditions of the passenger 
tratlic to foreign countries: 

Dr.r.KKK OK l\K0,rLAT10\. 

69,'>. May Congress prohibit the importation of salt? 
694. May Congress prv>hibit all exportation of gixnls? 
69.>. May Congress assume a government monopoly of 
foreign trade? 

696. Is the slave trade pinicy? 

697. May Congress in time of peace forbid American vessels 
to leave port? 

698. Could the Tnited States lay an embargo on shipping ia 
s^HHMfied portsi while allowing tntde from other ports? 

699. May Congress in time of peace exduvie the merchant 
vessels of a j^articular nation from United States ports? 

700. May the Unitctl States blockade it.* own ports? 

701. May Congress prohibit the importation of liquors? 



ISJk] REGULATIOX AXD IMyfTGRATTOy 819 

702. ]M:iy Congress rogulato r:\tos of ftviiiht to and from 
foreign countries? 

TOo. May the United St:vtes regulate commerce carried on 
wholly within the limits of a State? 

701. May Congress prohibit commerce from State to StAte? 

Immicuatiox. 

70.>. May the United States prohibit immigration at speoilied 
portiS ? 

70G. May Congress forbid immigration from specitied 
countries? 

707. May Congress prohibit the immigration of persons of a 
particular race? 

70S. May Congress exclude immigrants oti the ground that 
they are subjects of Kussia? 

709. May Congress tix a property qualification for immi- 
grants? 

710. ^[ay Congress prohibit the immigration of persons not 
able to read and write? 

TIL May Congress by statute limit to a fixed number the 
immigrants to be annually admitted? 

712. May Congress forbid the immigration of Hawaiians 
into California ? 

713. May Congress prohibit the immigration of Filipinos? 

714. Do the Chinese immigration laws apply to the Philip- 
pines ? 

71."i. May Congress prohibit the emigration of American 
citizens ? 

716. May Congress forbid per on ^ to emigrate from the 
States to the Philippines ? 

717. Have the States any power to prohibit people from 
leaviuii the State ? 



320 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

718. ]May any State prohibit the immigratiou of foreigners 
within its limits from other States? 

719. Have the States any power to prevent immigrants from 
lauding at a seaport? 

720. May a State pass an act similar to the Contract Labor 
Act? 

721. May a State prohibit convicts from coming in from 
abroad ? 

722. May a State prohibit the immigration of persons un- 
able to care for themselves? 

Encouragement of Shipping. 

72.3. May Congress grant a bounty of ten dollars per ton dis- 
placement for the construction of private merchant steamers? 

724. Is a national bounty to fishermen constitutional? 

725. May Congress constitutionally pay a subsidy to a 
steamship line except for carrying the mails? 

726. May Congress pay a bounty on the construction of 
ships for foreign trade ? 

727. May Congress pay a bouut}' per ton of goods carried to 
a foreign country by an American ship? 

728. May Congress pay a bounty to foreign ships for keep- 
ing up a service from San Francisco to the Philippines? 

729. May Congress pay a bounty to American lines for keep- 
ing up a service from New York to Hawaii ? 

External Navigation. 

730. May Congress regulate the sanitary condition of for- 
eign vessels leaving United States ports ? 

731. May Congress compel foreign ships to provide suitable 
facilities for steerage passengers? 

732. May Congress regulate commerce through healtk 
laws? 



132k] NAVIGATION 321 

733. May Congress tax vessels to keep up a life-saving 
service ? 

734. May Congress give American built ships a monopoly 
of importing goods ? 

735. May Congress deprive an American ship of its registry 
as a penalty for smuggiiug? 

736. May Congress give to foreign owned vessels the privi- 
lege of American registry ? 

737. Could the United States constitutionally prohibit the 
carrying of freight in steamers? 

738. May Congress provide that freight shall be exported 
only by regular lines of steamers, not by "tramps?" 

739. May Congress tax vessels for the support of a weather 
bureau ? 

740. Could the United States establish mid-ocean stations 
for information and aid to vessels ? 

741. Could the United States require that pilots submit to a 
civil service examination ? 

742. May Congress grant to Spanish vessels privileges in 
Philippine ports not conferred on the ships of other powers? 

Internal Navigation. 

743. May Congress by law designate rivers as navigable? 

744. May the United States open a new channel for sea- 
going vessels without the consent of the State in which the 
channel lies? 

745. May the United States close a navigable river? 

746. May Congress appropriate public money to protect 
private property from the wash of rivers? 

747. Maj' the Secretary of War authorize the turning of 
Lake Michigan water through the Calumet Canal? 

748. May Congress construct irrigating canals within the 

boundaries of States? 
21 



322 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

749. Can Congress regulate navigation wholly within the 
boundary of a State? 

750. May Congress authorize the obstruction of a navigable 
river by a permanent low bridge ? 

751. May Congress improve the navigation of a river whoUj^ 
within a State against the will of the State ? 

752. May Congress prohibit navigation on a navigable river? 

753. May Congress construct a canal outside United States 
territory ? 

754. Was the Bonus Bill of 1816 constitutional? 

755. May Congress authorize the construction of drawless 
bridges over the Charles River? 

Railroads. 

756. May the United States construct and operate railroads? 

757. May Congress construct a railroad which lies whoUj' 
within one State? 

758. May the United States construct railroads to be leased 
to corporations ? 

759. May Congress provide by law for the purchase of a 
railroad for public use without the consent of the owners? 

760. May Congress charter railroads without the consent of 
the States through which they run ? 

761. May Congress constitutionally prohibit pooling of rail- 
way earnings? 

762. May Congress prohibit the consolidation of steamship 
companies? 

763. May Congress regulate the wages of employees of rail- 
roads engaged in interstate commerce? 

764. May the United States construct roads in a State with- 
out the consent of the State? 

765. May Congress by statute fix maximum rates for over- 
land transportation ? 



132 k] RAILROADS 323 

760. May Congress fix interstate rates on land-grant rail- 
roads ? 

767. How far may Congress regulate the administration of 
railroads? (Question of rates excluded.) 

768. May Congress require railroads chartered by States to 
make returns to a national commission? 

769. Can the Interstate Commerce Commission compel tes- 
timony ? 

770. May Congress by statute compel railroad managers to 
answer the questions put by a non-judicial commission? 

771. May Congress grant money subsidies to railroads 
chartered by a State? 

772. May Congress prohibit the consolidation of railroads? 

773. May Congress ])rovide for the examination for color 
blindness of engineers on railroads? 

774. May Congress regulate the rate of speed of trains 
while passing through cities? 

775. May Congress regulate the management of sleeping 
cars? 

776. May Congress fix parlor-car rates of excess fare? 

777. Ma}' Congress prohibit the carrying of explosives on 
railroads? 

778. May Congress tax the rolling-stock of railroads? 

779. May Congress pass a general law regulating trolley 

lines? 

Transmission of Intelligence. 

780. Can the United States oblige anybody to carry mail? 

781. Could Congress provide for carrying mails free of 
postage? 

782. May the United States refuse to deliver letters to the 
persons addressea? 

783. Could Congress constitutionally have prohibited the 
carrying of abolition publications in the mails? 



324 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [J 

784. May Congress forbid the delivery of mail addressed to 
presumably innocent persons ? 

785. May Congress by statute direct postmasters to deliver 
only such mail as is authorized by State statute? 

786. May the United States provide for the opening of 
letters in transit through the mails? 

7-S7. JVIay States establish monopolies of express business, 
within their own limits? 

788. May Congress forbid express companies to carry 
packages weighing less than four pounds? 

789. May Congress forbid express companies to carry small 
packages to Porto Rico? 

790. May the United States set up a single telegraph com- 
bination and give it a monopoly of the business? 

791. Can Congress provide by law for purchasing existing 
telegraph lines, without the consent of the owners? 

792. May Congress make the telegraph business a govern- 
ment monopoly? 

793. May Congress fix the rates for telegrams? 

794. May Congress compel a telegraph company to furnish 
copies of telegrams to an investigating committee? 

795. May Congress take over and operate the telephone 
system on public account? 

796. May a State in any way tax a telegraph or express 
company doing interstate business? 

797. Could the United States constitutionally construct a 
submarine cable to Europe? 

798. May a State compel telegraph companies to furnish 
copies of telegrams as evidence in law suits? 

Corporations and TuusTSi^. 

799. May Congress prohibit the organization of corporations 
whose purpose is to monopolize some branch of trade ? 



132kJ POST OFFICE AND TRUSTS 325 

800. May Congress annul the charter of a corporation, 
created by it without reservation of the right to annul? 

801. May Congress repeal the charter of a corporation 
which it has created? 

802. Is the present national anti-trust law constitutional? 

803. May Congress constitutionally prohibit trusts ? 

804. May Congress by statute forbid the formation of a 
pottery trust? 

805. May Congress make the formation of a trust a criminal 
offence ? 

806. May Congress require trusts to take out a Federal 
license as a condition of doing business ? 

807. May Congress forbid manufacturers to combine in in- 
corporated organizations ? 

808. May Congress require trusts to publish detailed financial 
statements? 

809. May Congress provide that no tariff duties shall be 
■collected on goods in which there is competition by trusts ? 

Special Commercial Powers. 

810. May Congress regulate fire insurance? 

811. May Congress regulate life insurance? 

812. May Congress pass usury laws? 

813. May Congress provide for the granting of trade-marks ? 

814. May Congress by statute provide that the government 
may use all inventions hereafter patented without payment to 
the inventors? 

815. JNIay Congress grant to foreigners copyright privileges 
not enjoyed by citizens ? 

816. May Congress require all seekers for copyright to give 
the government the right to reprint without payment for the 
convenience of government officers? 

817. May Congress grant perpetual copyrights? 



326 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

818. May Congress authorize copyright on musical sounds 
(i. €., give exclusive right to melodies or compositions)? 

819. May Congress pass a retroactive bankruptcy act? 

820. May Congress lay taxes on arid districts for the con- 
struction of irrigating canals ? 

821. May Congress constitutionally construct a system of 
irrigating canals? 

822. ]\lay States pass bankruptcy acts affecting creditors 
outside the State? 

823. May Congress fix penalties for fraudulent bankruptcies- 
appljnng to bankruptcies declared previous to the act? 

824. Could the United States take upon itself the monopoly 
of manufacturing whisky? 

825. Would a prohibition of the manufacture of oleomar- 
garine be constitutional? 

826. May Congress compel merchants to exhibit their books 
to census enumerators? 

827. May Congress by statute compel people to answer the 
questions of census takers as to their age? 

828. Can Congress by statute compel people to answer 
interrogations of census enumerators as to former commission, 
of crimes? 

§ 132I. ^A/'a^ Powers (see Handbook, §§ 19J, 21m, 60, 121, 
152-152/). 

Declaration ok "War. 

829. Can a President make war without a declaration of war? 

830. May Congress by joint resolution direct tlie President 
to oppose by force the action of a foreign power? 

831. May the President in time of pence send troops out- 
side the borders of the United States? 

832. May the President authorize a ship of war to capture ?t 
foreign merchant ship in time of peace? 



132k, 1321] WAR POWERS 327 

833. May a United States naval vessel capture a foreign 
merchant ship in time of war, if bound to a foreign port? 



Militia. 

834. Are the States bound to furnish militia when called 
upon? 

835. Has a State a right to raise troops in time of war? 

836. Are militia in the service of the United States in any 
way subject to the authority of their Governor? 

837. May a President call out militia to invade a neighbor- 
ing country? 

838. May a State refuse to allow the militia of another State 
to enter its borders? 

839. Are volunteers militia? 

840. Are militia subject to the Articles of War? 

841. May a militiaman resign while on actual service? 

Command. 

842. Are there any restrictions on the President's powers as 
Commander-in-Chief? 

843. May the President delegate his power of commander- 
in-chief? 

844. May Congress vest the command of the army in any 
other person than the President? 

84,5. Are West Point cadets oflicers of the United States? 

846. Has a Naval cadet a right to an appointment in the 
navy? 

847. May Congress by statute limit all appointments above 
second lieutenant to persons promoted from grade to grade ? 

848. Is a military olficer bound to obey any order of the 
President? 



328 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

Martial Law. 

849. May martial law be declared in parts of the country 
where there is no war? 

850. May Congress release soldiers from the jurisdiction of 
State courts in cases of alleged murder? 

851. May a civilian be court martialed? 

852. What is the tribunal for a murder committed by a 
soldier in time of war? 

853. Could Congress by statute compel Indians to perform 
military service? 

854. What is the tri])unal for a murder committed by a 
soldier in the streets of New York in time of peace? 

855. Have the civil courts any jurisdiction after the decla- 
ration of martial law? 

Miscellaneous War Powers. 

856. May Congress establish factories of armor plate? 

857. May a State quarantine a United States naval vessel? 

858. Can the United States take merchant vessels into the 
navy without the consent of the owners? 

859. May the property of individuals be confiscated, as a 
war measure ? 

860. May the United States seize private property of its 
citizens in time of war without later compensation? 

861. Can Congress constitutionally discontinue pensions 
once granted ? 

862. May Congress constitutionally diminish pensions once 
granted ? 

863. Would it be constitutional to pension self-supporting 
children of old soldiers? 

864. May the United States in time of war seize an enemy's 
goods on board a neutral vessel? 



1321, 132m] FOREIGN RELATIONS 329 

§ 132111. Foreign Relations (see Handbook, §§ 20-20/, 
21m, 46, 63-92, 120, lol-lolc). 

Representation. 

865. May Congress by joint resolution recognize the belliger- 
ency of the Boers ? 

866. Has Congress a constitutional right to recognize the 
independence of a country? 

867. May the President decide when an insurgent body is 
entitled to recognition as a belligerent? 

868. May the President appoint foreign envoys without pro- 
vision by Congress for their salaries? 

869. May the President appoint military or naval officers as 
ministers to foreign countries? 

870. May an envoy of the United States be punished for 
revealing diplomatic secrets? 

871. Is an American citizen who acts as Consul for a foreign 
power in the United States relieved from the jurisdiction of our 
courts ? 

872. Could the United States by statute agree to a perma- 
nent court of international arbitration? 

873. Is an ambassador bound to obey an order of the Sec- 
retary of State ? 

874. May a foreign minister in Washington claim a personal 
conference with the President? 

Treaties. 

875. Has the Senate a right to be consulted before the 
beginning of a negotiation? 

876. May the President refuse to submit to the Senate a 
treaty duly negotiated? 

877. May the President withdraw a treaty once sent to the 
Senate for ratification ? 



330 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§§ 

878. May the President with the consent of two-thirds of the 
Senate declare a treaty abrogated ? 

879. Has the House of Representatives any constitutional 
power over treaties? 

880. May the House of Representatives refuse appropria- 
tions necessary to carry out a treaty? 

881. May the House require the President to submit papers 
bearing on commercial treaties? 

882. May a treaty be superseded by a statute? 

883. May a statute be superseded by a treaty ? 

884. May a tariff be altered by treaty? 

885. May the Interstate Commerce Act be altered by a treaty ? 

886. Was the United States bound by the arbitration of the 
King of the Netherlands in 1831 ? 

887. May Congress appropriate to other purposes sums 
awarded by arbitration in satisfaction of private claims? 

888. May a State be compelled to observe the provisions of a 
Federal treaty ? 

889. May the United States by treaty abandon just claims of 
merchants against foreign governments, without compensation? 

890. May a treaty grant to a foreigner privileges not enjoyed 
by American citizens? 

Monroe Doctrine. 

891. Would a voluntary transfer of Cuba to France by the 
Cubans be a violation of the Monroe Doctrine? 

892. Does the Monroe Doctrine apply to the west coast of 
South America? 

893. Does the Monroe Doctrine apply to Patagonia? 

894. Does the Monroe Doctrine apply to the West Indies? 

895. Would a cession of Dutch Guiana to England be a 
violation of the Monroe Doctrine ? 



132m, 132n] GENERAL WELFARE 33I 

§ 13211. Uplifting of the Community (see Handbook^ 
§§ 21h, 39, 122, 153-153^/). 

General Welfare. 

896. May Congress expend mouey for every purpose which 
is for the " general welfare "? 

897. May Congress charter a telephone company on the 
ground that it is for the general welfare? 

898. Is there constitutional ground for Hamilton's theory of 
" resulting powers?" 

899. Would the powers of Congress be diminished if the 
" necessary and proper " clause were excised from the Constitu- 
tion? 

900. Has Congress any resulting powers? 

901. May Congress exercise undelegated powers because 
customary in civilized governments in 1789 ? 

902. Is Congress bound to exercise only such powers as 
were intended by the Constitution? (Question of amend- 
ments not to come in.) 

903. May Congress impair the obligation of contracts ? 

904. Ma}' Congress create corporations which serve no 
public purpose? 

905. May Congress pass stay and tender acts? 

906. May Congress deprive persons of property without due 
process of law? 

Aid to the Distressed. 

907. IMay Congress grant money for the relief of distressed 
Americans abroad ? 

908. May Congress vote money as a gift to a foreigner 
resident abroad ? 

909. May Congress vote grants of money to Armenian 
refugees ? 



332 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

910. May Congress vote money to Americans whose prop- 
erty has been destroyed by Boxers ? 

911. May Congress constitutionally grapt money for the 
aid of sufferers from grasshoppers? 

912. May Congress distribute flowering plants to private 
persons ? 

913. May Congress pass tender acts by which real estate 
maybe made a legal payment for antecedent debts ^ 

914. May Congress appropriate money for the relief of 
destitute farmers? 

915. May Congress appropriate money for destitute per- 
sons who come to this country, the victims of foreign oppres- 
sion? 

916. May Congress appropriate money for persons made 
destitute by fire or flood? 

917. May Congress constitutionally appropriate money to be 
spent in causing rain storms ? 

918. May Congress distribute seeds to individuals who are 
in no special necessity? 

Public Morals. 

919. May Congress prohibit the manufacture of liquor? 

920. May Congress prohibit the sale of liquor? 

921. May a State forbid the sale of liquor brought from 
another State? 

922. May a State forbid the sale of liquor imported from 
other States in original packages? 

923. i\Iay Congress establish a government monopoly of the 
liquor business in the District of Columbia? 

924. May Congress constitutionally forbid the transporta- 
tion of liquor from one State to another? 

925. May Congress grant money to establish model farms 
for the reception of people from city slums? 



132n] MORALS AND LABOR 333 

926. May Congress prohibit tlie insertion of immoral ad- 
vertisements in newspapers? 

927. Is a State cliarter of a lottery company a contract? 

928. Could Congress authorize a lottery with the right to 
sell tickets in the States? 

929. May Congress by statute prohibit the use of tobacco? 

930. May Congress prohibit football? 

Labor. 

931. May Congress prescribe uniform hours of labor through- 
out the United States ? 

932. May Congress prescribe an eight-hour day on contract 
work for the government? 

933. May Congress constitutionally pass a general eight- 
hour law ? 

934. May Congress enact an eight-hour day for all the rail- 
road men engaged in interstate commerce? 

935. May Congress prohibit laborers from entering the 
country on the ground that they will accept wages lower than 
the Union scale? 

936. May Congress prescribe the minimum rate of wages 
which laborers shall accept? 

937. May Congress establish a judicial tribunal with power 
to decide cases arising between master and workman? 

938. May Congress require factory owners to compensate 
employees for injuries? 

939. INIay Congress direct that no government supplies be 
bought unless made by American citizens ? 

940. May Congress create a national strike- arbitration com- 
mission ? 

Business. 

941. Might the United States assume the monopoly of 
manufacturing and selling liquors? 



334 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§ 

942. Might Congress carry ou gokl-miuiiig in Alaska as a 
government monopoly? 

943. May Congress regulate the manufucture of gunpowder 
as a monopoly? 

944. May Congress grant public lauds for the endowment 
of private steel works? 

945. May Congress grant a bounty for the production of 
silver ? 

94G. May Congress establish government factories to manu- 
facture for the regular market? 

947. May Congress regulate the metliods of mining copper? 

948. May Congress regulate the manufacture of cotton 
goods ? 

Education. 

949. May the United States establisli a national university 
supported by public taxation? 

9.50. May the United States appropriate money for the sup- 
port of State universities ? 

951. ]\Iay the United States appropriate money for primary 
education in the States? 

952. May Congress construct buildings for State universities? 

953. May the United States appropriate money to support 
agricultural colleges in the States? 

954. Is the United States grant for experiment stations 
constitutional ? 

955. May Congress pay the salaries of United States mili- 
tary officers wholly engaged in teaching the art of war in Yale 
University ? 

956. May Congress by statute oblige a State to educate its 
children ? 

957. May Congress grant pensions to authors in token of 
their literary distinctions? 



132n] EDUCATION AND RELIGION 335 

958. May Congress appropriate money for prizes to in- 
ventors ? 

959. Is the charter of the American Historical Association 
a contract? 

960. May the United States erect model farms at the public 
expense? 

Religion. 

961. May Congress by statute forbid the religious service of 
a particular churcli ? 

962. May Congress grant public laud in aid of religious 
worship? 

963. Would an act that the Chaplains of the House and 
Senate be always members of the Episcopal Church be an " es- 
tablishment of religion ? " 

964. May Congress by statute direct that chaplains of the 
army shall be clergymen of a particular church? 

965. May a State restrict public oflicers to adherents of a 
particular religious body ? 

966. May Congress appropriate money out of local taxes 
for the support of the Catholic Church in the Philippines ? 

967. May Congress support the Catholic Church in the 
Philippines out of the proceeds of taxes laid on the States? 

968. May Congress support a State church in Porto Rico 
out of national taxes? 

969. Could the United States support the Catholic Church 
in Porto Rico out of local taxation ? 

970. May Congress abolisli the monasteries in the Philip- 
pines? 

971. May Congress confiscate the property of a religious 
society ? 

972. May Congress forbid the public services of the Mormon 
Church? 



336 CONSTITUTIONAL REPORTS [§J 

973. May a Congress bind its successors to support reli- 
gious bodies in Manila? 

974. May Congress appropriate money for the construction 
of churches in the District of Columbia? 

975. May any State in the Union support the Catholic clergy 
out of the proceeds of public taxes ? 

§ 1320. Enforcement (see Handbook, §§ 123, 153/). 
Resistance. 

976. Is the forcible taking of arms out of a United States 
arsenal an act of treason ? 

977. Is it treason to muster men with a view to attack the 
United States? 

978. May Congress make conspiracj^ with no overt act a 
crime ? 

979. Who decides whether or no there is "rebellion or in- 
vasion ? " 

980. Is it treason to conspire to make war on the United 
States? 

981. Is resistance to the revenue officers a levying of war on 
the United States? 

982. Is it treason to resist United States troops who are 
putting down a strike? 

983. Is the assassination of a President in time of war an 
act of treason ? 

Means of Enforcement. 

984. Is the President bound to execute a law which he con- 
siders unconstitutional? 

985. May Congress prescribe in what part of the country 
the army shall be used? 

986. May vessels of the United States Navy be used to keep 
order in case of rebellion or insurrection? 



132n, 1320] ENFORCEMENT 337 

987. May naval forces be used to put clown a strike? 

988. May troops be used as a posse comitatus ? 

989. May the President direct United States regular troops 
to enforce a State statute? 

990. May United States troops be used to execute the orders 
of a court? 

991. May martial law be now constitutionally declared in 
Manila? 

992. May the President in time of foreign war declare 
martial law at home? 

993. Can the United States protect foreigners from mob 
violence in States? 

Penalties. 

994. May the President suppress an insurrection against 
State authority without the request of the State ? 

995. May persons be tried by military commissions in dis- 
tricts far removed from the seaj; of war? 

996. May Congress confiscate the property of insurgents? 

997. May the United States legally confiscate property 
of persons who have not been in arms against the govern- 
ment? 

998. May Congress provide for the confiscation of the prop- 
erty of Filipino insurgents? 

999. May Congress disqualify insurgents or rebels from 
voting ? 

1000. May a United States court punish a man for con- 
tempt who has committed a crime defined by statute? 

1001. Were the signers of secession ordinances of 1861 
tliereby guilty of treason? 



22 



338 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

§ 133. Special Reports on Slavery. 

Object, The purpose of this report is to make the student 
acquainted with slavery in actual practice, as a social and 
economic institution ; and at the same time to make him familiar 
with the literature of the subject. 

Scope. Each student has assigned to him some phase or 
event in the history or workings of slavery ; on this subject he 
is to write a condensed narrative, freely introducing quotations 
from books or other authorities. 

Met£iods. a careful use of classified library catalogues, of 
the indexes and tables of contents of books, and of the special 
chapters upon the subject in the standard histories is essential. 
Students who have family or other connections in the South, 
or among old abolitionists, are also advised to write to people 
who are likely to have some personal knowledge of the subject 
which they are studying, and to ask for information at first 
hand. All material ought to be classified and the results 
stated in a logical form. 

Authorities. Special bibliographies in Guide, §§ 148, 152. 
161, 186-189, 214; in Handbook, §§ 19, *21b, 40, *47, *51, 
*55, *56, 1406, 140c; Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical His- 
tory of America, VII, 323-326; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive 
Slaves; W. H. Siebert, Underground Railroad ; notes to H. Von 
Hoist, Constitutional History ; J. F. Rhodes, History of the 
United States ; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage ; Mary 
G. Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia; Jeffrey R. 
Brackett, The Negro in Maryland ; Mary E. Locke, Anti-Slavery 
in America; W. E. B. DuBois, Suppression of the African Slave 
Trade. 

The principal books describing slavery and the South in 
slavery times will be found in the college reserved libraries, 
with some duplicates in the Evans Library. The library of 
Radclifife College has an excellent set of books of this kind. 



133-134a] DIRECTIONS 339 

The Boston Public Library is also rich in slavery and anti- 
slavery literature. 

P'or students who desire to go very deeply into the subject 
permission may, in some cases, be had to use the rare slavery 
tracts presented to the College Library by Thomas W. Higgiuson 
and by Charles Sumner. 

§ 134. Subjects for Reports on Slavery. 

The following list of subjects is meant to furnish opportu- 
nity for brief investigations of questions of fact with reference 
to the conditions and legal status of slavery, and of the anti- 
slavery and abolition movements. For the materials on the 
subject, see Handbook^ § 133. 



§ 134a. Genesis of Slavery in America. 
English Slavery. 

1. Anglo-Saxon slavery. 

2. Chattel slavery in England after the Norman conquest. 

3. Villeinage in England. 

4. Instances of negro slaves in England prior to 1600. 

5. Sale of prisoners of war by the English as slaves for life 
in the seventeenth century. 

6. Facts of the Somersett Case. 

7. Extent of the Somersett decision. 

8. The case of the slave (4race. 

9. Englishmen held as galley slaves by the Spaniards. 

10. Englishmen held as slaves by the Barbary pirates. 

11. Cases of Englishmen kidnapped and sold as life slaves 
to a colony. 



340 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

Colonial Slavery. 

12. Existing memorials of former slavery in one of the New 
England States (slave quarters, slave pews, buildings put up 
by slave labor, etc.). 

13. Existing memorials of slavery in one of the Middle 
States. 

14. Instances of slaves in one of the following early colonies. 

— (rt) Plymouth. — (b) New Haven. — (c) West Jersey. 

15. Rhode Island statute against slaver}', and practice under 
it. 

IG. Legality of slavery in Massachusetts before 1780. 

17. Evidences that baptism was looked upon as setting slaves 
free. 

18. Colonial slavery in one of the following places. — (a) 
Boston. — (b) Newport. — (c) Cambridge. — (d) Portsmouth. 

— (e) Hartford. — (/) New Haven. — (g) New York. — 
(A) Albany. — (i) Philadelphia. — (,/) Williamsburg. — (k) 
Charleston. — (l) Savannah. 

19. Memorials of slavery in one of the following places. — 
(a) Boston. — (b) Providence. — (c) Newport. — (d) New York. 

— (e) Philadelphia. — (/) Baltimore. 

20. Instances of Indian slaves in one of the early colonies. 

21. Slave codes in one of the thirteen English colonies on 
the Continent. 

•22. Treatment of slaves in one of the thirteen colonies. 

23. Instances of slaves in one of the English continental 
colonies. — (a) Quebec. — (b) Nova Scotia. — (c) Xew Bruns- 
wick. — (d) East Florida. — (/) Hudson Bay. 

24. Conditions of slaves in the English West Indies. 

25. Literary career of Phillis Wheatley. 

26. Sale of slaves from the British West Indies to the 
British continental colonies. 



134a, 134b] GENESIS 341 

27. Colonial attempts to prohibit the slave-trade. 

28. White iudeutured servants in one of the English colo- 
nies. 

29. Instances of white people held as slaves by Indians. 

Slavery in Neighboring Countries. 

30. Slavery in Brazil. 

31. Slavery in Hayti. 

32. Slavery in the Sandwich Islands. 

33. Slavery in Cuba. 

34. Slavery in Louisiana before 1803. 

35. Slaves of the French in the Northwest before 1778. 
S6. Slavery in Mexico. 

§ 134b. The Master Race. 

Social Status of Slave-holders. 

37. Average number of slaves to an owner. 

38. Instances of very large slave-holders. 

39. Instances of very small slave-holdings. 

40. Instances of owners of a single slave. 

41. Instances showing the social prestige of slave-holding in 
the United States. 

42. Migrations of planters with tlieir slaves. 

43. Absenteeism of Southern planters. 

44. Instances of slave-holders who became anti-slavery men. 
4.5. Instances of very violent slave-holders. 

46. Representation of slave property in the apportionment 
for Southern legislatures. 

Types of Slave-holders. 

47. Instances of slaves held as a source of income by phi- 
lanthropic societies. 

48. Instances of Northern-born slave-holders. 



342 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

49. Instances of slave-holding Quakers. 

50. Foreign-born slave-holders. 

51. Instances of slaves owned by lawyers. 

52. Instances of slaves owned by doctors. 

o3. Instances of slaves owned by college professors. 

54. Instances of slaves owned by ministers. 

55. Instances of slaves held as an investment and hired out. 
5G. An account of the worst shive-holder that you can find. 
57. An account of the best slav'e-holder that you can find. 
bH. The management of his plantation and slaves by one 

of the following slave-holders. — (a) George Washington. — 
(b) Thomas Jefferson. — (c) James Madison. — (d) James INIou- 
roe. — (e) Andrew Jackson. — (/) James K. Polk. — (g) John 
Tyler. — (Ji) Zachary Taylor. 

59. Why were there so few slave-holders in the Tennessee 
mountains? 

60. Management of his plantation and slaves by one of the 
following slave-holders. — (a) Patrick Henry. — (b) Charles- 
Carroll. — (c) J. C. Calhoun. — (d) Robert Toombs. — (e) Jef- 
ferson Davis. — (/■) A. H. Stephens. — (g) John Randolph. 

Poor Whites. 

61. Effect of slavery on the poor whites. 

62. Olmsted's account of the poor whites. 

63. Instances of poor whites who became large slave-holders. 

64. Feeling of the poor whites toward their slave-holding 

neighbors. 

Middle Class. 

65. Charleston merchants. 

66. Agents of foreign concerns in New Orleans. 

67. Professional men, not slave-holders in the South. 
6H. Store-keepers in the South before the war. 

69. Instances of hired white laborers on slave plantations. 



134b, 134c] WHITE RACE 343 

Overseers. 

70. Southern-born white overseers. 

71. Instances of Northern nien used as overseers. 

72. Extracts showing Southern opinion of overseers. 

§ 134c. Free Negroes. 

Social Status of Free Negroes. 

73. Instances of prosperous freed slaves. 

74. Instances of contented free negroes in the South. 

75. Instances of trusted and honored free negroes in the 
South. 

76. Instances of unhappy free negroes in the South. 

77. Were the free negroes in slavery times a criminal class? 

78. Is the field negro to-day better off than in slavery times ? 

79. Status of free negroes who were married to slaves. 

80. Negroes in the New York draft riots. 

Status of Free Negroes as to Citfzenship. 

81. Legal status of free negroes in one of the sixteen slave- 
holding States. 

82. " Black laws " in one of the following States. — (a) 
Illinois. — (h) Ohio. — (c) Indiana. — (d) Pennsylvania. 

83. Treatment of negro convicts in slavery times. 

84. Laws relating to negro testimony. 

85. Instances of naturalization of negroes before 1861. 

8G. Instances of negroes voting in Northe»-n States before 
1861. 

87. Instances of negroes voting in Southern States before 
1865. 

88. Civil Rights Act, 1866. . . 



344 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

Banishment. 

89. Laws requiring manumitted slaves to leave the State. 

90. Instances of forced removals of manumitted slaves. 

91. Instances of statutes of free States prohibiting the en- 
trance of free negroes. 

92. Southern laws forbidding free negroes from entering a 
State. 

93. Slaves set free by Southern courts because once taken 
by their masters to free States. 

Negro Soldiers. 

94. Free negroes as soldiers in one of the following epochs. — 
(a) Intercolonial wars, 1()8!)-1763. — (6) Revolution. — (c) War 
of 1812. — (d) Mexican War. 

9;"). Free negroes as enlisted sailors in one of the following 
epochs. — (a) Intercolonial wars. — (6) Revolution. — (c) War of 
1812. — (rf) Mexican War. 

96. Slaves in one of the thirteen States as soldiers during 
the Revolution. 

97. Negroes in Massachusetts regiments during the Civil 
War. 

Kidnapping Free Negroes. 

98. Instances of free negroes kidnapped into slavery in one 
of the following States. — (a) New York. — (6) Pennsylvania. 
— (c) Ohio. — (rf) Indiana. — (e) Illinois. 

99. Measures taken by the State authorities in relation to 
the abduction of slaves in New York, 1846-1865. 

Neguo and Indian Slave-holders. 

100. Relations between Indians and slaves in the United 
States. 

101. Instances of Indians holding slaves in the Northwest 

102. Slaves of the Seminoles. 



134c, 134dJ FREE NEGROES 345 

103. Instances of slaves held by Indians in the Southwest. 

104. Instances of slaves held by Indians in the far West. 

105. Negro slave-holders. 

Neoro Colonies. 

106. An account of the American Colonization Society. 

107. Conteniporar}' feeling in regard to the founding of the 
American (."olonization S()(;iety. 

108. Number of negroes sent to Africa for colonization, 
1815-1861. 

109. Account of experiences of a party of colonists in 
Liberia. 

110. Instances of slaves deported to Africa, after manu- 
mission. 

111. Contemporary accounts of Liberia. 

Enslavement of Free Persons. 

112. Cases of sale of negroes for jail fees in the District of 
Columbia. 

113. Re-enslavement of the North Carolina slaves in 1798. 

114. Free negroes sold into slavery in the slave States for jail 
fees. 

115. Instances of free negroes sold into slavery (communi- 
cable to their descendants) as a penalty for crime. 

§ i34d. Property in Slaves. 

Private Ownership. 

116. Instances of the giving of slaves as presents. 

117. Instances of a man owning his brother. 

118. Instances of joint ownership of a slave. 

119. Slaves held by officials in government posts, light- 
houses, etc. 



346 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

120. Slaves held by officers on board United States men- 
of-war. 

121. Were slaves legally real estate or chattels? 

122. Slaves hiring their own time. 

123. Hiring out of slaves by their masters. 

Public Ownership. 

124. Southern State taxes on slaves. 

125. Instances of slaves taken by the State and sold for 
taxes. 

126. Federal taxes on slaves. 

127. Slaves taken by the Federal government in execution. 

128. Instances of slaves held as the property of a vState. 

129. Instances of slaves owned by a municipality or county 
government. 

Slaves buying their Freedom. 

130. Slaves buying their freedom in instalments. 

131. Free negroes buying slave kindred. 

132. Instances of fathers buying their own children to free 
them. 

133. Instances of negroes owning their own families. 

Sale of Slaves. 

134. Southern opinion of slave dealers. 

135. Advertisements of slave dealers. 

136. Sj'stem of slave pens or barracoons in American cities. 

137. Advertisement of slave auctions. 

138. Instances of the separation of families by sale. 

139. Methods and places in which slaves were sold in one 
of the large cities. 

140. Private sales of slaves. 

141. Sale of surplus slaves by border States to cotton States. 

142. Slave markets and auctions in Northern States. 



134(1, 134e] PROPERTY 347 

143. Instances of slaves purchased to set them free. 

144. Reasons for the sale of slaves. — (a) lutractableness. — 
(h) Division of inherited propert}'. — (c) As a punishment. — 
id) To pay debts. 

145. Slaves turned over to pay gambling debts. 

146. Instance of a master selling his own children. 

147. Prices of slaves in one of the following periods. — (a) 
1619-1689. — (6) 1689-1775. —(c) 1775-1800. — (d) 1800- 
1830.— (e) 1830-1840.— (/) 1840-1850. — (</) 1850-1860. 

148. Ver}^ high prices of slaves. 

149. Very low prices of slaves. 

Manumission. 

150. Instances of slave manumission in one of the thirteen 
colonies. 

151. Slaves who expressed a desire to be free. 

152. Laws requiring manumitted slaves to leave the State. 

153. Instances of manumission for public services. 

154. John Randolph's slaves and manumission. 

155. Manumission by will. 

156. Manumission, other than by will. 

157. Instances of refusals to accept freedom. 

158. Methods and practice of manumission in one of the 
sixteen slave States. 

159. Manumission of Washington's slaves. 

160. The Custis slaves. 

§ i34e. Slave Life. 

Number op Slaves. 

161. Number of slaves in one of the sixteen slave States, 
compared with the total population, 1790-1860. 

162. Total number of slaves compar(>d with total population, 
1790-1861. 



348 SLAVERY REPORTS [§ 

163. Proportion of slaves, of free negroes, and of total ne- 
groes to the total population of the slave-holding States taken 
together, 1790-1860. 

1 64. Communities in which the slaves outnumbered the whites. 

Negro Races in Slavery. 

165. Different African races in America. 

166. The Guinea negro. 

167. Instances of native Africans in the South after 1840. 

168. Instances of slaves having some Indian blood. 

169. Instances of whites held as slaves. 

170. Instances of slaves who were almost white. 

Traits of Slave Character. 

171. Good traits in negro character. 

172. Highly gifted slaves. 

173. Instances of highly trusted slaves. 

174. The most notable act of heroism by a slave of which 
you can find record. 

175. Negroes in charge of white children. 

176. Attachment of slaves to whites. 

177. Instances of petted slaves. 

178. Instances of faithfulness of slaves. 

179. Instances of provident slaves. 

180. Slaves trusted as overseers. 

181. Instances of attachment between master and man slave. 

182. Negro improvidence. 

183. Instances of discontented slaves. 

184. Negro dullness. 

185. Improvidence and wastefulness of slaves. 

186. Instances of slaves unfaithful to their masters during 
the Civil War. 

187. Negro dishonesty. 

188. Instances of bad-tempered slaves. 



134e] SLAVE LIFE 349 

Intellectual Life of Negroes. 

189. Veritable instances of negro dialect in slavery times. 

190. Instances of highly educated slaves. 

191. Instances of slaves who could write. 

192. Letters written by slaves. 

193. Literary work of slaves and ex-slaves. 

194. Instances of slaves who had travelled abroad. 

195. Instances of very musical slaves. 

196. Negro character as illustrated by one of the following 
persons. — (a) Phillis Wheatley. — (b) Sojourner Truth. — 
(c) Frederick Douglass. — (d) Henry Box Brown. 

197. Slave traits in Joel Chandler Harris' stories. 

Religious Life op Slaves. 

198. Slaves in Boston church organizations. 

199. Religious meetings of slaves. 

200. Negro churches. 

201. Slave preachers. 

202. Laws in relation to religious instruction of slaves. 

203. Instances of very religious slaves. 

Surroundings of Slaves. 

204. Names of slaves. 

205. Ordinary dress of slaves. 

206. Slave cabins. 

207. Instances of remarkably handsome slaves. 

208. Instances of remarkal)ly unattractive slaves. 

209. Instances of insubordinate slaves. 

210. Negro life in cities in slavery times. 

Slave Family Life. 

211. Slave marriages. 

212. Instances of elaborate slave weddings. 



350 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

213. Slave divorce. 

214. Instances of slave-breeding establishments. 

215. Raising slave children on large })lantatious. 

216. Instances of very aged slaves. 

217. Treatment of aged slaves. 

218. Accounts of the death-beds of slaves. 

219. Slave funerals. 

220. Worn-out slaves in the South. 

221. Plantation hospitals. 

222. Accounts of the death and burial customs of slaves. 

223. Slave diseases. 

224. Mortality among slaves. 

Slaves at Plat. 

225. Special slave festivals in New England in slavery times. 

226. Slave festivals in the Southern States after the Revolu- 
tion. 

227. 'Possum and coon hunts by slaves. 

228. Instances of slaves visiting each other. 

229. Slave holidays. 

230. Sundays on the plantation. 

231. Music among slaves. 

232. Unlawful assemblage of slaves. 

233. Slaves as athletes. 

234. Christmas on a plantation. 

RKiiiTs OF Slaves. 

235. Could slaves hold property? 

236. Did slaves have a right to sue? 

237. Unlawful religious instruction of slaves. 

238. Unlawful trading with slaves. 

239. Legal regulations in protection of slaves. 

240. Trials for the murder of slaves. 



I34c, i;34f] SLAVE LIFE 351 

241. Public reprobation of cruel usage of slaves. 

242- Instances of gifts by masters to slaves. 

24o. Instances of colonial slaves worked in large gangs in 
one of the following colonies. — («) New York. — (1)) Rhode 
Island. — (c) Maryland. — (d) Virginia. — (e) South Carolina. 

§ i34f. Control of Slaves. 

Treatment of Slaves. 

244. Incidents of slave life in one of the slave States. 

245. Bright side of slaverv in one of the slave States. 

246. Instances of friendly relations between masters and 
slaves in one of the slave States. 

247. Slavery in the border States, compared with slavery in 
the Gulf States. 

248. Management of lai'ge slave plantations in one of the 
slave States. 

249. Treatment of slaves in one of the slave States. 

250. Reminiscences of slavery by ex-slaves still living. 

251. Reminiscences of slavery by white people still living. 

Employment op Slaves. 

252. Slave life on one of the following kinds of plantation. — 
{a) Sugar plantation. — (b) Cotton plantation. — (c) Rice plan- 
tation. — (d) Tobacco plantation. 

253. Slaves employed in one of the following callings. 
— {a) Cooks. — (6) Turpentine makers. — (c) Coachmen. — 
(d) Servants in hotels. — {e) House servants. — (/) Miners. — 
{g) Fishermen. — {It) Roustabouts. 

254. Status of house slaves. 

255. Instances of slaves used in factories. 

256. Instances of slaves serving as sailors. 



352 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

Tasks of Slaves. 

257. Slaves employed at one of the following trades. — (a) 
Ship carpenters. — (&) Masous. — (c) House carpenters. — 
(d) Machinists. 

258. Usual daily tasks of slaves. 

259. How much work did negroes perform in comparison 
with white men? 

260. Negro slave-drivers, 

261. Overworked slaves. 

262. Hours of labor for slaveSo 

263. Cases of slaves worked to death. 

264. Instances of slaves worked on Sunday. 

Pdnishment of Slave Offences. 

265. Instances of judicial trial of slaves. 

266. System of sending slaves to the calaboose to be whipped 
in behalf of the owners. 

267. Usual punishments of slaves. 

268. Unusual punishments of slaves. 

269. Instances of killing of slaves by masters. 

270. The Slave Code of one of the slave States. 

271. Lynchings of slaves. 

272. Instances of slaves burned for crimes or offences. 

273. Instances of special tribunals for the trial of slaves. 

274. Special tribunals for offences by free negroes in the 
slave-holding States. 

275. Instances of compensation to masters for execution of 
slaves. 

276. Theft by slaves. 

277. The patrol systems in one of the slave States. 

278. Passes for slaves. 



134f, I34g] CONTROL OF SLAVES 353 

Slave Insurrections. 

279. An account of one of the following slave insurrec- 
tions. — (a) Northern Neck, 1687. — (6) Negro Plot of 1712. 
— (c) New York, 1741. — (d) Gabriel, 1800. —(e) Denmark 
Vesey, 1822. — (/) Nat Turner, 1831. 

280. Slave insurrections in one of the English colonies. 

281. Southern fears of insurrections of slaves. 

282. Contemporary accounts of the Nat Turner insurrection. 

283. Southern references to Nat Turner insurrection after 
1835. 

284. Number of slaves engaged in the Negro Plots of 1712 
and 1741 in New York. 

285. How far were white persons accomplices in the Negro 
Plot of 1741? 

286. Slave uprisings on shipboard. 

Offences against Slavery. 

287. Cases of "slave-stealing" in the South. 

288. Instances of slaves stolen to be sold with the slave's 
connivance. 

280. Laws forbidding the teaching of slaves to read. 

290. Prosecutions of whites for unlawfully assembling with 
slaves. 

291. Legal penalties for circulating abolition literature. 

292. Legal penalties for denying the validity of slavery. 

293. Trading with slaves and its penalties. 

§ i34g. Fugitive Slaves. 

Runaway Slaves. 

294. The best account of escape written by (or for) a 
fugitive. 

23 



354 SLAl'EIiY REPORTS [§ 

295. Habitual runaway slaves. 

296. Usual reasons for running away. 

297. Usual means of escape. 

298. Advertisements of runaway slaves. 

299. Instances of runaway slaves personating white people. 

300. Slaves protecting runaways. 

301. Masters killed by slaves while escaping. 

302. Instances of professional slave-catchers. 

303. Instances of the use of dogs in pursuing runaway 
slaves. 

304. Instances of slaves escaping during Sherman's March 
to the Sea. 

305. Account of one of the following escapes. — (a) Frederick 
Douglass. — (b) Crafts. — (c) Box Brown. — (d) Walker. — (e) 
Thompson. 

306. Estimates of aggregate escapes of fugitives. — (a) From 
1793 to 1850. — (b) From 1850 to 1860. 

Fugitive Slaves. 

307. Escapes from Texas into Mexico. 

308. Contemporary accounts of fugitives crossing the Ohio 
River. 

309. Instances of fugitives protected by United States mili- 
tary officers, 1861-1865. 

310. Fugitive slaves in one of the following Northern cities. 
— (a) Boston. — (&) New York. — (c) Syracuse. — (d) Phila- 
delphia. — (e) St. Louis. — (/) Chicago. — (g) Cincinnati. — 
(h) Oberlin. — (0 Columbus. — (j) Buffalo. — (k) Pittsburg. 

311. Instances of fugitive slaves in one of the Northern 
States. 

312. Underground railroad in one of the Northern States. 



134g] FUGITIVE 'SLAVES 355 

Noted Fugitive Cases. 

313. A typical case of a fugitive slave returued by judicial 
process. 

314. Fugitive slave cases in one of the Northern free States. 

315. Attitude of one of the following public men on fugitive 
slaves. — (a) Salmon P. Chase. — (b) Richard H. Dana. — (c) 
Daniel Webster. 

316. One of the following fugitive slave cases. — (a) 
Gorsuch. — (6) Ottoman. — (c) Drayton. — (rf) Anderson. 

317. Trial of rescuers in one of the following cases. — {a) 
McHenry. — (b) Van Zandt. — (c) Burns. — (d) Shadrach. — 
(e) Oberlin- Wellington. — (/) Pearl. — {g) Walker. — (]i) 
Hanway. 

318. Inside history of one of the following fugitive slave 
incidents. — {a) Burns. — {b) Shadrach. — (c) Christiana. — 
(cZ) Garner. 

319. Incidents of one of the following rescues of fugitive 
slaves. — (a) Thompson. — (b) Latimer. — (c) Van Zandt. — 
(d) Sims. — (e) Burns. — (/) Shadrach. — (g) Oberlin-Welling- 
ton. — {h) Jerry Loguen. — (*') Christiana. — (_y) Chickasaw. 

— {Tc) Philadelphia, 1838. — (/) Glover. 

320.. Fugitive slaves sent across the St. Lawrence. 

LiFK OF Escaped Slaves. 

321. Fugitives living in the neighborhood of one of the fol- 
lowing places. — (a) Boston. — {b) Philadelphia. — (c) Oberlin. 

— (d) Cincinnati. 

322. Estimates of number of fugitive slaves resident in — 
(a) Massachusetts. — ib) Pennsylvania. — (c) Ohio. 

323. Instances of esca[)ed slaves voluntarily returning to 
slavery. 

324. Fugitive slaves in the Provinces. 

325. The Dismal Swamp settlement. 



356 SLAVERY REPORTS [| 

§ i34h. National Status of Slavery. 

Anti-Slavkry IK Congress. 

326. Criticism of slavery in Congress. — (a) From 1775 to 
1788. —(&) From 1789 to 1808. —(c) From 1808 to 1831.— 
(cl) From 1831 to 1837. — (e) From 1837 to 1843. — (/) From 
1843 to 1846. — (g) From 1846 to 1853. — (h) From 1853 to 
1857. — (>■) From 1857 to 1860. — (J) From 1860 to 1862. — 
(k) From 1862 to 1864. 

327. Contemporary abolition criticisms of one of the fol- 
lowing statesmen. — (o) S. A. Douglas. — (b) Franklin Pierce. 
— (e) Jefferson Davis (to 1860). — (d) James Buchanan. — (e) 
Roger B. Taney. — (/) Lewis Cass. 

328. Anti-slavery attacks in the House of Representatives 

by — (a) J. R. Giddings. — (b) William vSlade. — (c) Owen 

Lovejoy. 

Territorial Slavery. 

329. Had Congress power to prohibit slavery in the whole 
Louisiana cession ? 

330. The Indiana petitions for the establishment of slavery, 
1802-1816. 

331. Status of the slaves in Missouri before the admission 
of the State. 

332. Declaration that Texas should be annexed for the 
benefit of slavery. 

333. The effect of Mexican laws on slaves in Texas prior to 
1836. 

334. The best statement of the advantages to slavery from 
the annexation of Texas. 

335. Was slavery legal in Utah in 1849? 

336. Instances of slaves in Utah. 

337. Slavery in California. 

338. Webster's 7th of March speech, and its effect upon New 
England. 



!34h] NATIONAL STATUS 357 

339. Abolitionist criticisms of the 7th of March speech. 

340. Actual condition of slavery in New Mexico, 1850- 
1861. 

341. Jefferson Davis' argument that Congi-ess must aflirni- 
atively protect slavery in the territories. 

342. Opinion on territorial slavery of one of the following 
statesmen. — (a) J. C. Calhoun. — (b) Henry Clay. — (c) 
Zachary Taylor. — {d) S. P. Chase. — (e) Charles Sumner. 
— (/) W. H. Seward. — (g) S. A. Douglas. — (li) A. H. 
Stephens. — (i) B. F. Wade. (.;) J. P. Hale. 

Kansas Episode. 

343. Contemporary expressions of opinion in Missouri on 
the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

344. Southern criticisms on the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

345. A criticism of Douglas' arguments on the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill. 

346. The arguments against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

347. Contemporary defences of the " Border Ruffian " move- 
ment. 

348. Organizations for pro-slavery emigration to Kansas. 

349. Overland emigrations to Kansas. 

350. Account of a meeting to protest against the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill. 

351. Contemporary accounts of the first Kansas territorial 
legislature. 

352. Instances of slaves held in Kansas. 

353. Instances of slaves freed by force in Kansas or Mis- 
souri to 1861. 

354. An account of the Kansas investigating committee of 
1856. 

355. Question of slavery in the dol)ate on l^unn's bill, 1856. 

356. Loss of life on each side in the Kansas civil war. 

357. Kansas admission act, 1861. 



858 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

Free Speech. 

358. Contemporary accounts of the " INIemorable Secession" 
of 1837. 

359. Contemporary criticism of the gag-resohitions. 

360. John C. Calhoun and the anti-shivery petitions. 

361. Censure of John Quiney Adams in 1837. 

362. Censure of John Quiney Adams in 1842. 

363. Censure of Joshua R. Giddings in 1842. 

The Mails. 

364. Contemporary accounts of the seizure of mails in 
Charleston, 1835. 

365. Character of the mails stopped in Charleston about 
1835. 

366. Contemporary constitutional arguments on the mail. 

367. Attitude of Jackson on the abolition mails. 

Negro Citizenship and Dred Scott Decision. 

368. Life and character of Dred Scott (not including trial). 

369. Did the framers of the Constitution mean that a negra 
might be a citizen of the United States ? 

370. Anti-slavery arguments before the Supreme Court, 
1S29-1861. 

371. Discussions of slavery by the courts before the Dred 
Scott case. 

372. Decisions of the Supreme Court involving slavery before 
1.S57. 

.")73. liuier history of the Dred Scott case. 

374. Lincoln's view of the Dred Scott decision. 

375. Contemporary expressions of approval of the Dred Scott 
decision. 

376. Defences of the Dred Scott decision by the judges. 



134h, I34i] INTERSTATE STATUS 359 

377. Contemporary unfavorable criticisms of the Dred Scott 
decision. 

378. Contemporary Nortliern approval of Dred Scott decision. 

379. Supreme Court eases involving slavery, 1858-1865. 

§ 1341. Interstate Status of Slavery. 
Interstate Slave-tkade. 

380. Domestic slave-trade by rivers. 

381. Contemporary accounts of the slave-trade from one 
United States port to another. 

382. Domestic slave-trade overland (not by sea or rivers). 

383. Interstate slave-trade by the Ohio River. 

384. Interstate slave-trade by sea. 

385. State laws prohibiting interstate slave-trade. 

386. Statistics of slave exportatious from the slave-breeding 

States. 

Questions of Residence. 

387. Effect of residence of slaves in free States. 

388. Masters " sojourning " with their slaves in free States. 

389. Instances of slaves held in free States by temporary 
Southern visitors. 

390. Slaves released in transit through free States. 

391. The Passmore Williamson case. 

392. The negro seaman controversy. 

393. The Samuel Hoar mission to Charleston. 

394. Contemporary criticisms of the South Carolina negro 
seaman act. 

Fugitive Slave Laws. 

395. Southern State fugitive slave laws. 

396. Violations of fugitive slave law of 1793. 

397. Anti-slavery criticisms of the fugitive slave law of 1850. 

398. Contemporary Southern opinions of the fugitive slave 
act of 1850. 



360 SLAVERY BE PORTS [§§ 

399. Were alleged fugitives constitutionally entitled to atrial 
by jury? 

400. Act repealing fugitive slave law, June 28, 1864. 

401. Inner history of the case of Ablenian v. Booth. 

402. Appeal of the Ableman v. Booth case. 

403. Feelings and movement in one of the free States against 
the fugitive slave law. 

Personal Liberty Laws. 

404. Personal liberty laws of owe of the free States. 

405. Repeals of personal liberty laws. 

406. Instances of the application of personal liberty laws. 

407. Northern admissions that the personal liberty laws 
were unadvisable. 

408. Southern denunciations of the personal liberty laws. 

Extradition . 

409. History of the Prigg case. 

410. The Williams extradition case. 

411. Isaac Gansey extradition case. 

412. P^xtraditiou in the " Boston " case. 

§ 134J. International Status of Slavery, 
General Questions. 

413. The question of the negroes carried away by the British, 
1783-1800. 

414. Question of negroes carried away by the British in 
1814-1815. 

415. The international question of returning fugitives. 

416. Status of slaves of American envoys to foreign countries. 

417. Origin of the phrase " contraband of war " applied to 
fugitive slaves. 



134i, 134JJ INTERNATIONAL STATUS 361 

Vessels in Foreign Ports. 

418. One of the following cases of slave vessels in British 
ports. — (a) Enterprise. — (&) Encomium. — (c) Hermosa. — 
{d) Comet. — (e) Creole. 

419. Contemporary' accounts of L'Amistad case. 

420. Contemporary opinion on the Creole case. 

Foreign Slave-trade. 

421. The Middle Passage. 

422. Average loss of life in slave-trade. 

423. Profits of the slave-trade. 

424. Northern slave-traders. 

425. Number of illegal slave importations. 

426. Instances of slaves imported from Africa between 1820 
and 1861. 

427. Instances of convictions for slave-trading after 1820. 

428. Methods of capture of slaves. 

429. Slave-trade acts of 1794-1800. 

430. Slave-trade act of 1808. 

431. Slave-trade act of 1819. 

432. The activity of one of the following ports as a place for 
fitting out slavers. — (a) Boston. — (b) New York. — (c) Bristol, 
R. I. — (d) Newport. 

433. Was the slave-trade piracy? 

434. An account of a slave- trading voyage after 1836. 

435. Accounts of voyages of white men in slavers. 

436. Cruising convention, 1842. 

437. Instances of captures of slavers by United States cruisers 
under the cruising convention of 1842. 

438. Propositions for reviving the slave-trade, 1850-1861. 



362 SLAVERY REPORTS [§ 

§ 134k. The Arguments for and against Slavery. 
Assailants of Slavery. 

439. The best narrative of slavery by a slave. 

440. The best account of slavery by a Northern observer. 

441. The best account of slavery by a woman that you can 
find. 

442. The best arraignment of slavery by a minister. 

443. Lincoln's reasons for disliking slavery. 

444. Was " Uncle Tom's Cabin " exaggerated? 

445. A summary of Frances Kemble's experiences of slavery. 

446. Unfavorable opinions of foreign travelers on slavery. — 
(a) 1750-1775.— (J) 1775-1790. - (c) 1790-1815. — (d) 1815- 
1830. _(e) 1830-1845. — (/) 1845-1860. — (gf) 1860-1865. 

447. Resolutions of State legislatures against slavery before 
1861. 

448. Admission by slave-holders that slavery was wrong, 
after 1840. 

449. Southern denunciations of slavery after 1830. 

450. The best book against slavery. 

451. The best statement that you can find of the evils of 
slavery. 

452. An examination of Northern and foreign criticism of 
slavery as it existed in New Orleans. 

Defenders of Slavery. 

453. Favorable opinions of slavery by foreign travelers. — 
(a) 1750-1790. — ^ij 1790-1820.— (c) 1820-1840. — (d) 1840- 
1860. 

454. The best defence of slavery that you can find by a 
Southern writer. 

455. Instances of Northern pro-slavery men. 

456. The best book in defence of slavery. 



134k] ARGUMENTS ON SLAVERY 363 

457. The best defence of slavery that you can find made by 
a minister. 

458. A summary of the best pro-shxvery speech that you 
can find. 

459. Defences of slavery by Northern ministers. 

460. Opinions on slavery of clergymen who knew the South. 

461. Opinion of slaves held by Northern women who had 
lived in the South. 

462. Defence of slavery in Congress by J. C. Calhoun. 

463. Defences of slavery in Congress. — (a) 1775-1788. — 
(6) 1789-1807. — (c) 1807-1829. —((^ 1829-1837.— (e) 1837- 
1845. — (/) 1845-1851. — ((/) 1851-1857.— (/i) 1857-1861. 

464. Pro-slavery utterances of Georgia oflflcials or legisla- 
tures. 

Classified Criticisms of. Slavery. 

465. Argument of economic disadvantages of slavery. 

466. Argument that slavery required ignorance. 

467. Argument that slavery was unchristian. 

468. Argument of economic wastefulness of slavery. 

469. The argument of natural rights. 

470. Argument of ill effect on whites. 

471. Argument of barbarity. 

Cla.ssified Defences of Slavery. 

472. Argument for slavery from phj'sical inferiority. 

473. Mental inferiority as a defence of slavery. 

474. Argument that slavery elevated the negro. 

475. Argument that slavery was for the good of the negro. 

476. Argument that slavery christianized the negro. 

477. Argument of the economic advantages of slavery. 

478. Argument that slavery increased production. 

479. Argument that slavery was bad, but could not be 
removed. 



364 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

480. Defence of slavery from ancient precedent. 

481. Analysis of the biblical arguments in defence of slavery. 

482. The defence of slavery from the example of the He- 
brew patriarchs. 

483. Defence of slavery from New Testament sanction. 

484. Argument that slavery needed new land. 

485. Argument that slavery could not be abolished without 
disrupting society. 

48G. Argument of the danger of slave insurrections. 

487. Argument that slavery was " a positive good." 

488. Argument that slaves were necessary as a basis for 
white republican government. 

489. Argument that the Northern people had no concern 
with slavery. 

490. Argument that no public criticism of slavery should be 
allowed. 

491. Statements that slavery ought to be introduced into 
free States, 1855-1860. 

492. Argument for slavery from the example of Hayti. 

§ 134I. Effects of Slavery. 

Social Effects of Slavery. 

493. Effect of slavery on the character of the whites. 

494. Effect of slavery on young white men. 

495. Effects of slavery on Southern white women. 

496. Kind mistresses of slaves. 

497. Instances of very rich planters. 

498. Instances of impoverished slave-holders. 

499. City life in the South in slave times. 

500. Ante-bellum schools in the South. 

501. Examples of Southern poetry, 1830-1861. 

502. Life in Southern colleges in slavery times. 

503. Effect of slavery on education. 



134k, 1341] EFFECTS 365 

Economic Effects. 

504. Southern wealth. 

505. Southern banks in slavery times. 

506. Did slavery pay the large planters? 

507. Plantation buildings. 

508. Process of agriculture in the South. 

509. Wearing out of lands by slavery. 

510. Worked-out lands in the South. 

511. Instances of abandoned plantations. 

512. Foreign immigration to the South. 

513. Instances of importation of food for slaves from other 
States. 

514. Annual expense of maintaining a slave. — (a) 1830- 
1850. — (6) 1850-1860. 

515. The waste of slave labor. 

516. Usual profit on large cotton plantations. 

517. Probable profit from cotton planting. 

518. Estimate of the profit from one hundred slaves. 

519. Southern contemporary statements of opinion that 
slavery did not pay. 

520. Was slavery more profitable to the planters than free 
labor would have been? , 

Travel in the South. 

521. Southern country hotels in slavery times. 

522. City hotels in the South in slavery times. 

523. Staging in slavery times. 

524. Life on river steamers in slavery times. 

525. Southern highways in slavery times. 

526. Travel on Southern railroads in slavery times. 

527. Southern roads in slavery times. 

528. Southern travel by wagon-roads in slavery times. 



366 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

529. DeBow and his Review : its aims and influence before 
1860. 

.'jSO. Southern criticisms of F. L. Olmsted's book on South- 
ern travel. 

Industries. 

531. Contemporary discussions of the effect on slavery of 
the invention of the cotton gin. 

532. The importance of cotton as an export in slave times. 

533. How far did the South raise its own food? 

534. Southern factories. 

535. Southern ship-building. 

536. Southern fisheries. 

537. Instances of the raising of slaves as a business. 

§ 134m. Public Emancipation of Slaves. 

NouTHEKN States. 

538. Number of slaves in one of the following communities 
after the gradual emancipation act. — (a) Rhode Island. — (h) 
Connecticut. — (r) New York. — ((/) New Jersey. — {e) Penus^'l- 
vania. — (/) Northwest Territory. — {g) Illinois. 

539. Instances of slaves in one of the following communities 
after abolition. — (a) Vermont. — {b) New Hampshire. — (c) 
Massachusetts. — (d) Ohio. — (e) Illinois. — (/) Indiana. 

540. Account of the emancipation act of one of the follow- 
ing communities. — (a) Rhode Island. — (h) Connecticut. — (r) 
New York. — {d) New Jersey. — (e) Pennsylvania. — (/) Illinois. 

541. The prohibition of slavery in the Illinois constitution. 

542. The last slaves in one of the following communities. — 
(a) Massachusetts. — {b) Rhode Island. — (c) Connecticut. — 
(d) New York. — (e) New Jersey. — (/) Pennsylvania. — {g) 
District of Columbia. — (h) Indiana. — (i) Illinois. 

543. Sale of slaves out of one of the following communities 



1341, 13411)] PUBLIC EMANCIPATION 367 

after the emancipation act. — (a) New York. — (h) New Jersey. 
— (c) Pennsylvania. — (il) Rhode Island. — (e) Northwest 
Territory. 

544. Methods in which slaves obtained their freedom in 
New York, with instances. 

545. Action of the convention of 1820-1822 in New York 
relative to slavery. 

546. Abolition of slavery in one of the following commu- 
nities. — (a) ^Maryland. — {b) Missouri. — (c) West Virginia. — 
id) District of Columbia. — (e) Tennessee. 

Territories. 

547. Instances of slaves in one of the following territories. — 
(a) Utah. • — (6) New Mexico. — (c) California. 

548. Contemporary California opinions on slaver}', before 
September, 1850. 

549. An account of the State convention of 1849 in Cali- 
fornia. 

550. Attitude of California toward free negroes. 

Civil War, 1861-1862. 

551. Contemporary Southern opinion of A. H. Stephens' 
" corner-stone speech." 

552. Why did the number of slaves decrease in the District 
of Columbia from 1840 to 1865? 

553. The amount of compensation for slaves in the District 
of Columbia, 1862-1863. 

554. Carrying out of the District of Columbia emancipation 
act of 1862. 

555. Results of emancipation in the District of Columbia. 
1862-1875. 

556. Reminiscences of slavery in the District of Columbia. 

557. Confiscation of slaves under acts of 1861, 1862. 



368 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

558. Account of the act of 1862 prohibiting slavery in the 
territories. 

559. Workings of the act of 1862 prohibiting slavery in 
the territories. 

560. General Butler's " contraband " doctrine. 

561. Proposals of compensated emancipation. 

562. Cases of emancipation in Kentucky, 1861-1865. 

563. Account of Fremont's emancipation proclamation. 

564. Account of Hunter's emancipation proclamation. 

Lincoln's Proclamation. 

565. Southern contemporary opinions of Lincoln. 

566. Reception of the Emancipation Proclamation by the 
negroes. 

567. Reception of the P^mancipation Proclamation by the 
South. 

568. Did the Emancipation Proclamation annul slavery 
clauses in State constitutions? 

569. What districts were excepted from the P'.mancipation 
Proclamation ? 

570. Attitude of the abolitionists to the Emancipation Proc- 
lamation. 

571. The use of slaves to aid the military operations of 
the Confederacy. 

572. Suggestions of negro regiments by Lee and Davis in 

1865. 

Thirteenth Amendment. 

573. Last slaves in one of the former seceded States. 

574. Emancipation acts by one of the following connnu- 
nities. — (a) Virginia. — (b) North Carolina. — (c) South Carolina. 
— (d) Alabama. — (e) Georgia. — ( /) Mississippi. — (g) Louisi- 
ana. — (h) Texas. — (i) Arkansas. — (,/) Florida. 

575. Instances of slaves held after 1865 through their own 
ignorance. 



134111, 134ii] ABOLITIONISTS 369 

§ 13411. Abolition and Abolitionists. 
Abolition Lp:aders. 

576. First-hand knowledge of slavery by one of the follow- 
ing abolitionists. — (a) John Brown. — (&) William Lloyd Gar- 
rison. — (c) Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. — (d) S. P. Chase. — 
{e) James G. Birney. — (/) Levi Coffin. 

577. Anti-slavery career of one of the following colonial 
agitators. — (a) Samuel Sewall. — (6) Anthony Benezet. — 
(c) John AVoodman. — {d) Samuel Hopkins. — (e) Benjamin 
Franklin. 

578. Abolitionists in one of the Northern States. 

579. Abolitionists in the Western Reserve. 

580. An account of the reasons why one of the following 
agitators became an abolitionist. — (a) Wendell Phillips. — (6) 
Charles Sumner. — (c) James Russell Lowell. — (d) Salmon P. 
Chase. — (e) Horace Greeley. 

58 L Anti-slavery career of one of the following abolitionists. 

— ^a) William Lloyd Garrison. — (6) James Russell Lowell. — 
(c) Henry Ward Beecher. — {d) Abraham Lincoln. — (e) Benja- 
min Lundy. — (/) S. P. Chase. — {g) Charles Sumner. — Qi) 
Gerritt Smith.— (0 William Jay. — (J) Wendell Phillips.— 
(A;) John P. Hale. — (/) John G. Whittier. — (m) Arthur Tappan. 

— (w) Edmund Quincy. — (0) Levi Coffin. — (p) Frederick 
Douglass. — {q) T. W. Higginson. 

582. Prominent women abolitionists. 

583. Instances of anti-slavery German- Americans. 

584. Anti-slavery career of Karl Follen. 

585. Criticism of slave holders by one of the following men. 

— («) John P. Hale. — Qj) B. F. Wade. — (c) Joshua R. Gid- 
dings. — (d) John Brown. — (e) James G. Birney. 

586. Quaker abolitionists. 

587. Was John Quincy Adams an abolitionist? 
24 



370 SLAVERY REPORTS [§ 

588. Anti-slavery sentiment in one of the following places. — 
(a) Boston. — (b) New Haven. — (c) New York. — (d) Philadel- 
phia. — (e) Pittsburg. — (/) Cleveland. — (g) Cincinnati. — (/t) 

• Chicago. — (i) Syracuse. — (./) Rochester. 

589. Foreign anti-slavery agitators in America. 

John Brown's Raid. 

590. The United States League of Gileadites. 

591. John Brown in Kansas as a free-State fighter. 

592. John Brown's assistance to fugitives iu Kansas and 
]\Iissouri. 

593. Southern opinion of John Brown. 

594. Contemporary approval of John Brown, 1859. 

595. Bracts of John Brown's attack on Harper's Ferry. 

596. Was John Brown a murderer? 

597. The political otfect of John Brown's raid. 

598. Governor Andrew's connection with John Brown. 

599. Total number of slaves aided to liberty by Jphn Brown. 

Southern Anti-Slavkry. 

600. Instances of Southern abolitionists. 

601. Anti-slaver}' men in one of the following Southern States. 
— [a) Virginia. — {b) Maryland. — (c) Kentucky. — (<7) Dela- 
ware. — (e) Tennessee. — (/") Missouri. 

G02. The feeling in East Tennessee toward slavery. 

603. Assertions of the undesirability of slavery by Southern 
planters, after 1830. 

604. Southern anti-slavery societies before 1831. 

Abolition Organization. 

605. Abolition societies in one of the Northern States. 

606. Number of members of the American Anti-Slavery 
Societv. 



134n] ABOLITION AND ABOLITIONISTS 371 

607. Reasons for the split in the American Auti-Shivery 
Society, 1840. 

608. Account of the American and Foreign Anti-Shivery 
Society. 

60D. Contemporary feeling in the North about tlie found- 
ing of the anti-slavery societies. 

610. Anti-slavery meetings in one of the following places. 

— (a) Newburyport. — (h) Boston. — (c) Salem. — {d) Worces- 
ter. — (e) Syracuse. — (/) New Haven. — {g) Providence. 

— (Ji) Philadelphia. — {i) Cleveland. — {j) Cincinnati. — ik) 
Chicago. — (I) Detroit. — (m) Utica. 

611. Account of a national anti-slavery meeting. 

612. Account of an abolitionist local convention in New 
England. 

613. Description of an abolitionist convention in New York 
City. 

614. A typical anti-slavery petition presented to Congress. 

615. An account of the anti-slavery movement in Southern 
Illinois. 

616. Who supplied money for the anti-slavery movement in 
Philadelphia? 

Abolition Propaganda. 

617. An account of one of the following aVtolition papers. — 
(a) Genius of Universal Emancipation. — {b) Liberator. — (c) 
Emancipator. — (<T) National Era. 

618. A criticism of the Liberator (from a personal study of 
the files). 

619. The circulation of the Liberator. 

620. William Lloyd Garrison's attitude on the Federal gov- 
ernment and constitution. 

621. Did abolitionists attempt to stir up slave insurrections? 

622. Had the abolitionists any responsibility for the Nat 
Turner insurrection? 



372 SLAVERY REPORTS [§§ 

623. Were severer laws passed against negroes in the South 
as a result of the abolition movement? 

624. Abolitionist statements of the guilt of slave-holders. 

625. " Incendiary publications" by abolition societies. 

626. Instances of circulation of abolition literature among 
Southern negroes before 1861. 

627. Anti-slavery influence of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

628. Instances of abolitionists who had actually seen slavery 
as it was. 

629. The best anti-slavery poem that you can find. 

630. The anti-slavery poets. 

631. John G. Whittier as an anti-slavery politician. 

632. Enumerations of the principle of the " higher law " by 
abolitionists. 

633. Declarations of abolitionists that they would not vote. 

634. The breach in Lane Seminary. 

635. A summary of the best abolition speech that you can 
find. 

636. Anti-slavery opinions on amalgamation. 

637. An account of the anti-slavery almanacs. 

638. Instances of anti-slavery meetings interrupted by mobs. 

639. Women in anti-slavery meetings. 

§ 1340. Contemporary Judgment of Abolition. 
Attitude of Public Men. 

640. Attitude on slavery and abolition of one of the follow- 
ing New England public men. — (a) Fisher Ames. — (&) Edward 
Everett. — (c) Caleb Cushing. — (d) John Adams. — (e) Robert 
C. Winthrop. — (/) Daniel Webster. — {g) Levi Woodbury. — 
(/t) Josiah Quincy. 

641. Opinions on slavery and abolition of one of the follow- 
ing New Englanders. — (a) W. E. Channing. — (h) R. W. Emer- 
son. — (c) Oliver Ellsworth. — id) Rufus Choate. — (e) Anson 



134U, I34o] CONTEMPORARY JUDGMENT 373 

Burliugame. — (/) W. P. Fessenden, — (g) C. F. Adams. 8r. 

— {h) R. H. Dana. 

642. Attitude on abolition of one of the following jjublic 
men. — (a) Martin Van Buren. — (6) George B. MeClellau. — 
(c) David Wilmot. — (rf) Albert Gallatin. — (e) John A. Dix, — 
(/) Thurlovv Weed. — [g) W. H. Seward. — {h) Edwin M. 
Stanton. — {i) John Jay. — (J) Millard Fillmore. 

643. Opinion of slavery of one of the following public men. 

— (0) J. R. Giddings. — {b) B. F. Wade. — (c) Schuyler Col- 
fax. — (d) Thomas Corwin. — (e) Lewis Cass. — (/) William H. 
Harrison. — {g) W. T. Sherman. — (h) John Sherman. 

644. Opinion of abolition held by one of the following 
public men. — (a) Thomas H. Benton. — {b) Andrew Johnson. 

— (c) James K. Polk. — {d) J. C Breckinridge. — (e) Henry 
Clay. — (/) Andrew Jackson. — (g) J. J. Crittenden. 

645. Opinion of abolition held by one of the following 
Southern statesmen. — (a) J. C. Calhoun. — (h) R. M. T. Hunter. 

— (c) W. L. Yancey. — {d) Jefferson Davis. — (e) Robert 
Toombs. — (/) Henry A. Wise. — (g) Alexander H. Stephens. 

— ill) George McDuffie. — (j) Judah P. Benjamin. 

Northern Opposition. 

646. Public opinion adverse to the abolitionist agitation in 
one of the following places. — (a) Salem. — (6) Boston. — (c) 
Harvard College. — (d) Newport. — (e) New Haven. — (/) 
Hartford. 

647. Murder of Lovejoy. 

648. Is it true that Lovejoy was the only person to lose his 
life by pro-slavery mobs ? 

649. The Birney riot in Cincinnati. 

600. Riots in New York City growing out of anti-slavery 
movement. 



374 DIPLOMATIC REPORTS [§§ 

651. Contemporary accounts of the Pennsylvania Hall 
riots. 

652. The destruction of New Haven College. 

653. Destruction of the Canaan (N. H.) College. 

654. The separation of Professor Follen from Harvard. 

655. The attitude of Harvard students towards abolition, 
1830-1860. 

656. Contemporary New England opinion of the abolition- 
ists. 

(■)57. Account of the Garrison Mob of 1835 (from con- 
temporaries). 

658. The case of Prudence Crandall. 

659. Contemporary opinion of the Liberator. 

660. Douglas' opinion of abolition. 

Southern Opposition. 

661. Rewards offered for abolitionists. 

662. Contemporary Southern opinion of William Lloyd Gar- 
rison. 

663. Appeals by the South to the North to suppress aboli- 
tion agitation. 

664. Instances of suppression of discussion about slavery in 
Southern places. 

665. Instances of men mobbed in the South as abolitionists. 

666. The Amos Dresser episode. 

Attitude of the CnrRCHES. 

667. Attitude of one of the following denominations to 
slavery. — (a) Episcopal. — {h) Catholic. — (c) Methodist. — (d) 
Congregational. — (e) Baptist. — (/) Disciple. — {g) Presby- 
terian. — (/i) Quaker. 

668. Split of the Methodist Church over slavery. 

669. Split of the Presbyterian Church over slavery. 



1340, 135] GENERAL DIRECTIONS 375 

670. Influence of the Quakers as a denomination against 
slavery. 

671. Attitude of missionary societies toward slaves. 

672. The relation of the church to slavery in the South. 

673. Opinions on slavery of one of the following Northern 
divines. — (a) Moses Stuart. — (h) Bishop Hopkins. — (c) Nehe- 
miah Adams. 

§ 135. General Directions for Special Reports in 
History 14. 

The smaller size of the class and the presumable experience 
of the students in written work make unnecessary many of 
the fixed rules required for like work in the narrative course. 
Students are expected to travel their own road, though the 
instructor will always be ready in his conference hours to give 
advice and assistance. 

Assignment. From the list of lectures (Handbook, § 20), 
from the list of subjects for special reports {Handbook, §§ 136, 
137), and from their previous knowledge of such studies, students 
may select or suggest subjects ; and they are invited to make 
their preferences known. Some of the subjects call for simple 
narrative treatment; but nearly all involve some contested or 
doubtful question which students are expected to elucidate. 

AuTHOKiTiEs. The bibliographical guide for the course is 
Foundations of American Foreign Policy, ch. viii, which is 
a classified list witii brief comments. At the desk of the Read- 
ing Room of the Library' will be found a copy of this bibliogra- 
phy, with library numbers in the margin. Other bibliographical 
aids are enumerated in Fou7idah'o>is. § 77 ; and in Handbook, 
§ 12. Some classified references will be found in the list of 
lectures {Handbook, § 20), and in the materials for weekly 
papers {Handbook, §§ 62-92). Besides the Harvard College 
Library other near-by collections will be found serviceable by 



376 DIPLOMATIC REPORTS [§§ 

investigators (see Handbook, § 8). The Harvard Law School 
Library is rich in treatises, collections of cases, statutes, etc. 
The Boston Athenieum has a special fund for books on inter- 
national law and diplomacy. The Boston Public Library has 
a vast general collection. On many of the subjects the Con- 
gressional Documents will be necessarJ^ (See Guide, § 30; 
Foundations, § 796.) 

Methods. No fixed system for collecting materials, deciding 
on conclusions, and stating the results can be recommended. 
In the Guide, § 12, are some suggestions on the subject. The 
main thing must always be to take notes on separate slips of 
paper or cards or sheets, which may be classified and brought 
together in new combinations. Care should also be taken to 
note specific references, and to insert in the report such as are 
most to the point. Brief quotations are often very helpful. 
Compare the Directions for Reports in History 13 {Handbool:, 
§ 128). Students may at any time examine reports prepared in 
previous years, so as to see how other people have reached and 
recorded their results under like circumstances. 

§ 136. Special Reports in Pre-Constitutional Diplo- 
macy. 

In the first half-year the class will be at work on the founda- 
tion building of American diplomacy, and the reports will 
correspond. The elaborate secondary works, the older sets of 
treaties, the Revolutionar}' and Confederation correspondence, 
will be found especially serviceable {Handbook, § 135). The 
following is a list of a few possible subjects, on some of which 
reports have been prepared by students in this course in former 
years. 

§ 136a. Discovery and Title (see Handbook, §§ 20a, 206, 
63, 65). 

1. Rights of English merchants in Spain up to 1585. 



135-136b] COLONIAL PERIOD 2>11 

2. Spanish merchauts in England up to 1585. 

3. International law of privateering previous to 1600. 

4. Official basis of the French claims to America. 

5. Official basis of the Spanish claims to America. 

6. Territories disputed between England and France (1689- 
1754, illustrated with map). 

7. Official claims of the English to America. 

8. Official claims of the Portuguese to America. 

9. Official claims of the Dutch to America. 

10. Doctrine of title by prime discovery as set forth up to 
1700. 

11. Doctrine of title by exploration as set forth up to 1700. 

12. Doctrine of title by occupation as set forth up to 1700. 

13. Doctrine of title by permanent colonization as set forth 
up to 1700. 

14. Doctrine of papal control over the disposition of new 
territory (1689-1775). 

15. Treaties between England and Spain (1492-1604). 

16. English-Spanish diplomacy as to America (1604-1689). 



§ 136b. Trade and Sea-faring (see Handbook, §§ 20c, 
66-68). 

17. Contemporary accounts of colonial piracy. 

18. Instances of legal convictions of pirates up to 1775. 

19. Contemporary accounts of privateering (1689-1763). 

20. Reaction in Spanish colonial policy (1763-1793). 

21. Basis of the French claims west of the Alleghenies. 

22. Basis of the English claims west of the Alleghenies. 

23. Spanish claims to Georgia up to 1795. 

24. Southern boundary of the Hudson Bay region. 

25. Contemporary complaints of the English Navigation Acts 
(1689-1763). 



378 DIPLOMATIC REPORTS [§§ 

26. Instances of foreign vessels received in colonial ports, 
contrary to the Navigation Acts. 

27. Instances of colonial smuggling in American vessels. 

28. Spanish complaints of illegal traclhig by the English in 
the Spanish colonies. 

29. Instances of colonial trade with Spanish colonies before 
1775. 

30. Instances of English colonists trading with the enemy 
(1689-1763). 

31. Correspondence and treaties relating to Belize (to 1789). 

32. Origin and application of the Rule of 1756 (to 1763). 

33. Captures of merchantmen by official cruisers in time of 
peace (1689-1763). 

§ 136c. Revolutionary Diplomacy (see Handbook, §§ 20d, 
69-71). 

34. Franklin's diplomatic services. 

35. John Adams' diplomatic services. 

36. The foreign office of the United States (1775-1781). 

37. The foreign office of the United States (1781-1788). 

38. American privateers in the Revolution. 

39. Prize questions in the Revolution. 

40. Negotiations as to the boundaries of the United States 
(1779-1783). 

41. Unofficial negotiations with Great Britain (1775-1779). 

42. Indian negotiations and treaties (1775-1783). 

43. British privateering during the Revolution. 

44. Intercourse between the British and American armies 
during the Revolution. 

45. Capture of Paul Jones' prizes in Norway. 

46. Were the American envoys justified in avoiding Ver- 
gennes in the negotiations of 1782? 

47. Detailed account of the first treatv with Holland. 



136b-137a] REVOLUTIONARY DIPLOMACY 379 

§ i36d. Diplomacy of the Confederation (see Hand- 
book, § 20d). 

48. Diplomacy of the Armed Neutrality (1779-1783). 

49. Tlie retention of the frontier posts by Great Britain 
(1783-1796, with map;. 

50. Restrictions on American vessels in English ports 
(1783-1793). 

51. The facts and the diplomatic discussions as to carrying 
away negroes by the British in 1783. 

52. Actual discrimination made by England against American 
shipping (1783-1794). 

53. The effect of the French Consular Convention of 1788. 

54. Jefferson's mission (1786-1789). 

55. R. R. Livingston as Superintendent of Foreign Affairs. 

56. John Jay as Superintendent of Foreign Affairs. 

§ 137. Special Reports in Federal Diplomacy. 

For the period of Federal diplomacy the principal sources 
will be the correspondence of various kinds — United States 
official ; foreign official ; works of statesmen ; memoirs ; etc. — 
and the official debates of various congresses and various 
parliaments (see Handbook, §^135 ; Guide, §§ 28, 30-35). The 
subjects will include some question disputed at the time, and 
perhaps uncertain even now. 

§ 137a. First Period of the Napoleonic Wars (see 
Handbook, §§ 19(7, 20e, 72-74, 132m, 151). 

1. Could a better treaty than Jay's have been obtained in 
1794? 

2. The doctrine of continuous voyages (1793-1806). 

3. Instances of the capture of persons in neutral vessels 
before 1815. 

4. Instances of impressments (1793-1799). 



380 DIPLOMATIC REPORTS [§§ 

5. Application of the Rule of 1756 (1793-1806). 

6. lustances of illegal captures of American merchantmen 
by English (1793-1 7'JG). 

7. The question of the right of deposit on the Mississippi 
(1795-1803). 

8. A conspectus of the various French decrees affecting 
American commerce (1793-1815). 

§ 137b. Second Napoleonic Period (see Handbook, §§ 19e, 
20e, 75-77). 

9. Precise claims and grievances of Americans as to im- 
pressment. 

10. The change in British admiralty decisions (1800-1800). 

11. Diplomatic relations with Spain (1803-1815). 

12. Instances of unfair decisions by British prize and ad- 
miralty courts (1803-1815). 

13. Was West Florida part of Louisiana? 

14. Joint occupation of Oregon (1805-1829). 

15. Did the War of 1812 affect our fishery rights? 

16. Questions of the navigation of the Mississippi by the 
British. 

17. The fisheries question (1812-1818). 

18. Piracy and its suppression (1789-1829). 

19. Account of the Leopard-Chesapeake affair, and the con- 
sequent diplomacy. 

§ 137c. Monroe Doctrine (see Handbook, §§ 19/, 20/, 46, 
78, 79). 

20. Proposed annexations by the United States south of 
Mexico. 

21. OflScial assertions of a special interest of the United 
States in Cuba. 

22. Contemporary expositions of the Monroe Doctrine 
(1820-1830). 



137a-1.37e] ANTE-BELLUM 381 

23. Was it desirable for the United States to send delegates 
to the Panama Congress ? 

24. Recognition of the Latin-American powers (1815-1825). 



§ i37d. Diplomacy from 1829 to 1861 (see Handbook, 
§§ 19(/, 19/<, 20(/, 80-84). 

25. Bi-^itish diplomacy in the Isthmus from 1820 to 1845. 

26. Relations with New Granada (1815-1846). 

27. Difliculties in the interpretation of the Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty (1851-1901). 

28. The Canadian reciprocity treaty of 1854. 

29. The United States and the Paris Declaration of 1856. 

30. Japanese treaties (1848-1861). 

31. Chinese treaties (1840-1861). 

32. The Paraguay episode (1855-1861). 

33. Negotiation of the peace of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 

34. Slidell's mission to Mexico in 1846. 

§ 1376. Diplomacy of the Civil War (see Handbook, 
§§ 19t, 207i, 85, 86). 

35. How far did the Confederate commerce-destroyers re- 
ceive undue privileges in colonial ports of England, Holland, 
France, and Spain? 

36. Secrotury Chase's share in the foreign relations of the 
United States. 

37. The issues of the Geneva Arbitration. 

38. Recognition of the belligerency of the Confederate States 
by France and England. 

39. Attempts to treat the officers and crews of the Con- 
federate commerce-destroyers as pirates. 

40. Contemporary criticisms of the United States prize 
decisions (1861-1868). 



382 DIPLOMATIC REPORTS [§§ 

41. Regulation of the trade across the lines during the Civil 
War. 

42. Attitude of the United States on the French Empire in 
Mexico. 

43. Captures of vessels by the United States blockaders. 

44. Doctrine of continuous voyages as applied in the Civil 

AVar. 

45. Confederate diplomatic agents during the Civil War. 

§ i37f. Post-bellum Diplomacy (see Handbook., § 20i, 
87-i)0). 

46. Controversies with Germany over American meat pro- 
ducts, 

47. The Japanese indemnity. 

48. The removal of American ministers since I860. 

49. Negotiations on the Danish Islands (1865-1871). 

50. The proposed joint intervention in Cuba (1870-1877). 

51. The proposed annexation of Santo Domingo under Pres- 
ident Grant. 

52. The question of making Bering Sea a closed sea. 

53. The relation of the United States to the Congo Free 
State. 

54. Question of the intervention of tlie United States in 
Chile or Peru. 

55. The diplomacy of Chinese immigration. 

56. Doctrine of the right of asylum in American embassies. 

57. Controversies with Mexico since 1877. 

58. Instances of difficulties arising under the expatriation 
treaties. 

59. The issues in the controversy with Chile. 

60. The issues in the Samoan controversies. 

61. Pan-American Congress of 1890. 

62. Canal negotiations with Nicaragua (1865-1901). 

63. Canal negotiations with Colombia (1865-1901). 



137e-138] POST-BELLUM 383 

§ i37g. Diplomacy of the Spanish War (see Handbook, 
§§ 20j, 91). 

64. The annexation of Hawaii. 

65. The issues in the war with Spain in 1898. 
60. The issues in the Venezuelan controversy. 

67. Instances of jurisdiction asserted by the United States 
over our merchant vessels in foreign ports. 

68. Relations of the United States and the Philippines 
before the war of 1898. 

69. Captures of Spanish merchantmen in the war of 1898. 

70. Vahie of prizes captured during tlie Spanish AVar. 

§ i37h. Diplomacy in the Orient (see Handbook, §§ 20/, 
92). 

71. The United States and China (1895-1901). 

72. The United States and Japan (1890-1901). 

73. The United States and Siain. 

74. Assertions of the polic}' of the Open Door. 

75. Treaty rights of Americans in China. 

§ 138. General Directions for Special Reports in 
Government 12. 

Since in this graduate course in government students are ex- 
pected already to have acquired methods of research and abil- 
ity to state results clear!}', the reports will lead to an intimate 
knowledge of the sources and will give practice in investigating 
the actual working of institutions. 

Assignment. Tlie whole set of eight reports will ])e assigned 
to each student at the beginning of the year, and will, in 
many cases, have a relation with each other. The student's 
own interests and opportunities for inside knowledge of parts 
of the American system of government will receive special at- 
tention ; and whenever possible reports will be assigned which 



384 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

will lead a student to make use of personal investigation into 
public affairs. 

Authorities. The reserved books on government are first 
to be exhausted. After that, students are expected to draw 
from available libraries, and to supplement their work, wher- 
ever it is necessary, by correspondence and personal inquiry. 

The bibliographical aid which corresponds most closely in 
plan with this course is Actual Government, which contains a 
general bibliography and classified special bibliographies ; W. 
E. Foster, References on the Constitution, is useful ; and foot- 
notes to the treatises on constitutional law and government 
will be helpful. For general suggestions, Handbook, §§ 13, 21, 
93, 127, 128, 139-153. 

Form. It is always desirable to put the references in a 
column parallel with the text of the report, and to set off the 
dates in a separate column. Students are not expected to write 
elaborate theses. 

Return of the Report. In order to keep the work up, it 
is essential that reports be handed in promptl}^ at the time in- 
dicated in Handbook, § 127. In the case of mature graduate 
students, who wish to have control of their time so as to do 
their work in long stretches, special arrangements may be made 
with the instructor. 

§ 139. Special Reports on Political Theory. 

Object. These reports are intended to lead students to the 
sources in the study of political doctrines, and to state the 
result in analytical form. 

Scope. Each assignment will be a political principle upon 
which the opinions of a designated body of writers are to be 
gathered and clearly set forth, with suitable extracts and 
references. 

Care should be taken to refer to exact editions where a book 
has been several times revised or edited. 



138, 139] GENERAL AND POLITICAL 385 

Authorities. The general books enumerated in Handbook, 
§§ 21, 95, 96; Actual Government, ch, i; Guide, § 32. The 
treatises on government in general and on the nature of the 
State will also be found useful, such as Francis Lieber, Hermen- 
eutics ; Montesquieu, Esprit cles Lots; John Austin, Jurispru- 
dence; W. W. Willoughby, Nature of the State. Students will 
be expected to exhaust the material on their specific subject in 
the College Library. 

Subjects. The following are a few topics which suggest the 
line of work. 

(a) Criticisms of American Government (see Handhool:, 
§§ 21a, 31, 95, 96, 132a). 

1. Opinions of American government by one of the follow- 
ing English writers. — (a) Lyell. — (6) Sydney Smith. — (c) Sir 
Henry Maine. — (rf) Lecky. — (e) Percy Greg. — (/) Glad- 
stone. — ig) Carlyle. — (Ji) John Bright. — {%) George Canning. 

2. Montesquieu's view of the three departments. 

3. How far did American public men in 1775 know the writ- 
ings of one of the following publicists. — (a) Montesquieu. — 
(6) Grotius. — (c) Locke. — (d) Hobbes. — (e) Vattell. 

4. Notions of American government by one of the following 
French writers. — (a) Brissot de Warville. — (ft) Mably. — 
(c) Carlier. — (c?) Tocqueville. — (e) Boutmy. — (/) Chevalier. 

5. Strictures on American government by one of the follow- 
ing German writers. — (a) Schlief. — (6) Von Mohl. — (c) Von 
Hoist. 

6. American defences against Tocqueville's strictures. 

7. Opinion of American government by one of the following 
American writers. — (a) John Adams. — (6) Thomas Jefferson. 
— (c) Tucker's Blackstone. — id) J. C. Calhoun. — (e) Daniel 
Webster. — (/) Abraham Lincoln. 

25 



386 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

§ 140. Special Reports on Citizenship and Funda- 
mental Rights. 

Or..n<:cT. The purpose of this report is to aid students in 
forming clear ideas us to tlie relation of individuals to the 
State. 

Scope. A study of opinions on, or the practice regarding, 
some form of personal rights. 

Authorities. The regular constitutional treatises {Hand- 
book^ § 316), especially in their discussions of the constitutional 
amendments ; J. W. Burgess, Political Science ; autliorities listed 
in Hiindbook, §§ 216, 40, 52, 55, GO, 74, 80, 87, 95-98 ; Actual 
Government^ chs. ii, iii. 

(a) Citizenship. 

1. Instances of old American families on Cape Cod. 

2. Conferring of citizenship by special legislative acts. 

3. Instances of citizens of Chinese blood. 

4. Instances of protection of American citizens abroad. 

5. Instances of Indians becoming citizens. 

6. A study of naturalization proceedings in Boston. 

7. The actual method of naturalization in New York City. 

(b) Race Elements. 

8. Character of race elements in one of the following States 
of the Union. — (a) Calfornia. — {b) Illinois. — (c) Minnesota. — 
(d) AVisconsin. — (e) Michigan. — (/) Missouri. — {g) Massa- 
chusetts. — {h) Connecticut. — {i) Rhode Island. 

9. Character of the foreign-born voters in one of the follow- 
ing cities. — (a) Chicago. — {h) Cleveland. — (e) Minneapolis. 
— (d) St. Louis. — (e) New Orleans.— (/) Fall River. — {g) 
Cambridge. 

10. Meaning of " race, color, and previous condition of ser- 
vitude " in the Fourteenth Amendment. 



140] CITIZENSHIP 387 

11. System of "protections" giveD by the Uuited States 
diplomatic and consular officials in semi-civilized countries. 

(c) Per.^onal Liberty 

12. Instances of persons held by others in permanent illegal 
confinement. 

13. Instances of permanent loss of civil rights as a punish- 
ment for crime. 

14. The driving away of negroes from Illinois. 

15. Prevention of negro emigration to Kansas, 

1(5. Instances of the banishment of American citizens from 
a State. 

17. Instances of the sale of convicts to private persons 
during the term of their sentence. 

18. Instances of the sale of convicts to contractors, to be 
employed in gangs away from tlie State prison. 

19. Instances of the sale of the services of convicts to con- 
tractors, the work to be done in the prison. 

20. Transportation of paupers against their will from one 
State to another. 

21. Account of the system of imprisonment for debt in the 
United States since 1789. 

22. Account of imprisonment for debts due to the United 
States. 

23. Instances of persons now confined for debt. 

(d) Aliens and Naturalization. 

24. State restriction on the holding of real estate by aliens. 

25. Instances of aliens held liable for military service. 
2G. Status of children of aliens born in the United States. 

27. Cases of claims for protection in foreign countries by 
persons not citizens of the United States. 

28. Instances where foreigners domiciled in the United 



388 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

States have been claimed by foreign governments while visit- 
ing in their native country. 

29. State limitations in naturalization proceedings. 

(e) Privileges. 

30. Equality of man as stated in State constitutions. 

31. United States laws and practice for regulating the press. 

32. Authorizations by law to search houses at night. 

33. Instances of expatriation of citizens of the United States 
at their own desire. 

34. Usual laws punishing offences of the press. 

35. Practice of the States with reference to forbidding the 
carrying of concealed weapons. 

36. State practice as to the waiving of jury trials. 

37. Suggestions that a decision of less than the whole of a 
jury ought to be accepted. 

§ 141. Special Reports on Constitution Making. 

Object. To bring out the actual working of the system of 
making and amending constitutions in the United States, and 
to familiarize students with the records of constitutional con- 
ventions and the secondary literature of the subject. 

Scope. An examination into some special phase of consti- 
tutional amendment, State or national. 

Authorities. Handbook, %% 21c, 32, 36, 61, 99, 113; Actual 
Government, ch. iv; H. V. Ames, Constitutional Amendments 
(Amer. Hist. Assoc, Annual Report for 1896, II). General 
books are: Charles Borgeaud, Constitutional Amendments; 
J. A. Jameson, Constitutional Conventions ; F. N. Thorpe, Con- 
stitutional History of the American People. Records of the 
Federal convention ; proceedings of State conventions, usually 
published in extenso : State statutes ; contemporary news- 
papers. A good set of materials on State constitutions may 
be found in the Massachusetts State Library. 



140, 141] CONSTITUTION MAKING 389 

(a) Subjects on Written Constitutions. 

1. Origin of the idea of conveutions assembled solely to 
frame a constitution. 

2. Attempts to limit the scope of the work of a constitu- 
tional convention. 

3. An account of the formation of the first constitution of 
one of the sixteen States admitted into the Union before 17U7 
(see Guide ^ § 143). 

4. A brief history of the written constitntion of one of the 
following States in the Union. — (a) Wisconsin. — {b) New 
Hampshire. — (c) Virginia. — (d) Ohio. 

5. Workings of the system of amendment by which two suc- 
cessive legislatures must submit the same amendment. 

6. Tabulation of popular votes on constitutional amend- 
ments in the States (1895-1900). 

7. The records of constitutional conventions. 

8. An account of a recent State constitutional convention. 

9. State draft constitutions which have failed of ratification 
when submitted to popular vote. 

10. Examples of State constitutions set in force without the 
sanction of the popular vote. 

11. Instances of special legislation embodied in (State) con- 
stitutional amendments. 

12. Traces of the social compact theory in State con- 
stitutions. 

13. Tendency to increase the length of State constitutions. 

14. Early State constitutional conventions in one of the fol- 
lowing States. — (a) Massachusetts. — {b) New York. — (e) 
Pennsylvania. — (d) North Carolina. 

15. Changes brought about by the last New York consti- 
tution. 

16. An account of the South Carolina constitutional con- 
vention of 1899. 



390 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

17. Instances of unwise restrictions on legislation in State 
constitutions. 

18. Suffrage amendments to State constitutions. 

19. Account of amendments proposed to the Articles of 
Confederation. 

20. Contemporary theories as to who ratified the Federal 
constitution. 

21. History of one of the groups of amendments to the 
Federal constitution.— (a) I-X. — (&) XI, XII. — (c) XIII.— 
{d) XIV. — (e) XV. 

§ 142. Special Reports on Political Methods. 

Object. The purpose of this report is to familiarize stu- 
dents with the manner in which the oliicers of government are 
chosen and the policy of administrators and legislators is de- 
termined, and to make them acquainted with the literature. 

Scope. Each report calls for a discussion of a characteristic 
political institution, usually such as are not created by law, but 
have become the practice of officials or political organizations. 

Authorities. The general authorities upon these subjects 
are listed in Handbook, §§ 13, 21d, 100, 101 ; Actual Gorern- 
menf, chs. v-vii. Much information is to be found in periodical 
literature (use the special indexes) ; and much may be learned 
by personal consultation or correspondence with men actually 
engaged in politics. 

Form. Reports should be clear and well arranged ; they may 
include copies of letters and of printed constitutions, rules, 
accounts of political organizations, etc. 

(a) Principles of Popular Government. 

1. Doctrine of equality of man in political writers of the 
eighteenth century. 

2. Doctrine of the social compact before the Revolution. 



141,142] SUFFRAGE 391 

3. European writers on the social compact since 1788. 

4. Divine right in English writers to 1775. 

5. Doctrine of checks and balances since 1775. 

6. Doctrine of sovereignty of the people before 1775. 

7. Doctrine of sovereignty of the people since 1775. 

8. Present status of the referendum in the United States. 

(b) Suffrage. 

9. The suffrage in the English colonies. 

1(*. Enlargement of the suffrage in State constitutions 
(1789-1829). 

11. The present provisions of Southern constitutions with 
regard to negro suffrage. 

12. Workings of the. educational qualification in one of the 
following States. — («) Massachusetts. — {b) Connecticut. — 
(c) Mississippi. 

13. Workings of the Mississippi suffrage system under the 
new constitution. 

14. Present property qualifications for voters in the United 
States. 

15. Were the restrictions on voting in colonial Massachu- 
setts enforced? 

16. Account of limitations of municipal suffrage to tax payers. 
, 17. Conditions of suffrage in Rhode Island (1G42-1896). 

18. Property qualifications in one of the New England 
States. 

19. Present educational suffrage qualifications in the United 
States. 

20. Comparison of votes with voters in one of the follow- 
ing cities. — (a) Boston. — (b) Philadelphia. — (c) New York. 
— (rf) Chicago. 

21. Workings of women suffrage in Colorado. 



392 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

(c) Nominating Machinery. 

22. Account of the primary in Minnesota. 

23. Workings of tiie registration system in some one 
State. 

24. Membership in political caucuses in New York City. 

25. Organization of national conventions. 

26. Early political conventions (1783-1800). 

27. Early State nominating conventions in Massachusetts. 

28. Political caucuses in one of the following cities. — (a) 
New York. — {b) Boston. — (c) San Francisco. 

29. Workings of the IVIassachusetts caucus acts. 

30. The Congressional caucus (1789-1815). 

31. Instances of bought nominations. 

32. System of " notification " of nominations to candidates. 

33. An account of a State convention in: — (a) Indiana. — 
(&) New York. — (c) Massaciuisetts. — {d) Louisiana. 

34. An account of the Massachusetts Democratic Conven- 
tion of 1896. 

35. How do the bosses get control of rural politics in New 
York ? 

(d) Campaigns. 

36. A description of the political committees in some one 
State. 

37. The authority of a State committee. 

38. A description of a National Committee. 

39. The organization of national political clubs. 

40. An account of the Federation of College Republican 
Clubs. 

41. Party funds for campaigns. 

42. Instances of assessments on office holders for campaign 
funds. 

43. Campaign literature. 



142] POLITICAL MACHINERY 393 

(e) Voting. 

44. Gerrymanders in one particular State. 

45. Workings of minority representation in Illinois. 

46. Why is the vote so small in Southern elections ? 

47. Origin of the idea of equal electoral districts. 

48. Comparison of votes and population in one of the follow- 
ing groups. — (a) Indiana and Alabama. — (h) Iowa and Ken- 
tucky. — (c) Connecticut and South Carolina. 

49. The " German vote " in Ohio. 

50. Workings of the registration system in one of the follow- 
ing States. — (a) New York. — (&) Pennsylvania. — (c) Illinois. 

51. Workings of the Rhode Island requirement of an absolute 
majority since 1861. 

52. Instances of viva voce elections. 

53. Workings of former United States act for supervising 
elections. 

(f) Elections. 

54. Comparison of the majorities received by members of 
Congress at any election. 

55. Early instances of fraud in elections (1781-1829). 

56. Influence of corporations on elections. 

57. Corrupt practices acts in the States. 

58. Protection of the ballot (including count) in Xew York 
State. 

59. Electoral bribery in one of the following States. — (a) 
New Hampshire. — (h) Massachusetts. — (c) New York. — (c?) 
Illinois. 

60. Electoral frauds in one of the following States. — {a) 
Illinois. — (&) Pennsylvania. — (c) New Hampshire. — (d) New 
York. — (e) South Carolina. 

61. An account of an election in: — (a) St. Louis. — (&) 
Philadelphia. — (c) Boston. — (d) New York. — (e) Baltimore. 



394 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

62. Election riots in : — (a) Colorado. — (b) Baltimore. — (c) 
Troy. 

63. Regulation of count and recount of votes in: — (a) 
Massachusetts. — (h) New York. 

(g) Bosses. 

64. Reason for the popularity of — («) Matthew Quay. — 
(b) Richard Croker. — (c) Carter Harrison. — (d) A. P. Gorman. 
— (e) Hugh McLaughlin. — (/) S. H. Ashbridge. 

65. Political organization in one of the following States. — 
(a") Pennsylvania. — (6) Connecticut. — (c) California. — (d) 
Iowa. 

66o Boss rule in one of the following cities. — (a) Buffalo. — 
(6) Cleveland. — (c) Detroit. — (d) Chicago. — (e) Philadel- 
phia. — (/) Jersey City. — {g) Pittsburg. 

§ 143. Special Reports on State Government. 

Object. This set of reports is intended to bring out ques- 
tions of practice rather than questions of powers or of constitu- 
tional interpretation, and thus to make the student acquainted 
with the actual spirit of State government. 

Authorities. The specific literature on State government is 
still very small. Some material may be found through Hand- 
book, §§ 21e, 33, 34, 43, 44, 57, 61, 102, 103, 122, 123; Actual 
Gorermnent, chs. viii-x. On questions of detail the students 
must use the constitutional treatises, especially those which, 
like Wharton and Bateman and Von Hoist, include State law 
{Handbook, § 316). The reports of State executive officers and 
of investigating committees are often useful. The Secretary of 
State in each State is the usual medium of official information. 



142,143] STATE GOVERNMENT 395 

(a) Status of States. 

1. Account of the admissiou of one of the following States 
to the Union. ^ («) Ohio. — (h) Iowa. — (c) California. — {d) 
Kansas. — (e) Colorado. — (/) North Dakota. 

2. Account of the setting off of Vermont from New York. 

3. Acts of Congi-ess declaring State statutes void. 

4. Action of Presidents on rival State governments. 

5. Principles of Virginia coupon cases. 

6. Conditions imposed on States at entrance. 

7. Instances of rival State governments in : — (a) Louisiana. 
— (6) South Carolina. — (c) Kansas. 

(b) State Legislatures. 

8. Change from town to proportional representation in the 
Massachusetts legislature. 

9. Number of members in New England legislatures. 

10. Workings of the system of town representation in Con- 
necticut. 

11. Instances of long service in State legislatures. 

12. The size of State legislatures in the West. 

13. Instances of unfit members of legislatures. 

14. Instances of bribery of members of State legislatures. 

15. Likelihood that members of State legislatures will be 
re-elected. 

16. Instances of members of legislatures "owned" by cor- 
porations or individuals. 

17. Character of the legislature of one of the following 
States. — (a) Rhode Island. — (h) New York. — (c) New 
Jersey. — (d) Ohio. — (e) Tennessee. 

18. Instances of dead-locks between the two houses of State 
legislatures. 

19. Prohibitions in State constitutions against private legis- 
lation. 



396 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

20. System of " strikes " in State legislatures. 

21. A day in the Massachusetts legislature. 

22. Powers of State senates over appointments. 

23. Powers of the Speakers in State legislative bodies. 

24. An historical account of the legislature of a State. 

25. Instances of a single house in State legislatures. 

26. Limitations on the length of sessions of legislatures. 

27. Number of State statutes passed (in the last obtainable 
year) . 

28. A typical day's proceedings in a legislature. 

29. Instances of iniquitous private acts in the States. 

30. Vagaries of legislation in one of the following States. — 
(a) Missouri. — (&) Wyoming. — (c) North Carolina. — (d) 
Arkansas. — (e) Colorado. 

31. Instances of private legislation by States. 

(c) State Governoks. 

32. Governorship of States placed in commission. 

33. Salary and emoluments of Governors. 

34. Instances of Governors repeatedly re-elected. 

35. Status of the Lieutenant-Governor. 

36. Governor's term in New England. 

37. Appointing power of the Governor of Ohio. 

38. Instances of State Governors who have served more 
than three terms. 

39. Use of the Governor's veto in one of the following 
States. — (a) New Hampshire. — (6) Massachusetts. — (c) New 
York. — (d) Minnesota. — (e) Montana. 

40. Status of the Governor of Ohio. 

41. Examples of important State vetoes. 

42. Social functions of Governors (speech-making, etc.). 

43. Workings of legislation without a gubernatorial veto in 
Ohio. 

44. Status of the Governor of Pennsylvania. 



143] STATE GOVERNMENT 397 

(d) State Executive Officers. 

45. Status of the Secretary of State in the various States. 

46. The executive department in the Pennsylvania State 
government. 

47. Defalcations in State treasuries. 

48. Attempts to introduce the Cabinet system in the States. 

49. Vagaries of State commissions in Massachusetts. 

50. Impeachment of State executive officials. 

51. Executive boards in one of the following States. — (a) 
Minnesota. — (h) Massachusetts. — (c) Illinois. 

52. The functions of the State Treasurer in the States. 

53. Instances of removal of executive officials by the Gov- 
ernor. 

54. Defects in the executive system in States. 

55. An estimate of the number of persons holding State 
office in Maine. 

56. Relation of the Wisconsin State Historical Society to 
the State. 

57. Instances of State executive officials many times re- 
elected. 

(e) State Judiciary. 

58. Present methods of selecting judges in the States. 

59. Workings of the elective judiciary in Vermont. 

60. Instances of unfit State judges. 

61. Instances of packing a State Supreme Court. 

62. Recent change in the judiciary system of the State of 
New York. 

63. Instances of corrupt judges in New York. 

64. A description of the judiciary system of Massachusetts. 

65. Historical sketch of the growth of the elective judiciary. 

66. A day in the Massachusetts courts. 



398 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

67. Instances of judges failing of re-election on account of 
a judicial decision. 

68. Some account of cases appealed from the Supreme Court 
of California to United States Supreme Court. 

69. The courts aud judges of Colorado. 

70. Principles of change of venue in criminal cases. 

71. Cases of mandamus directed to State officials. 

72. Instances of mandamus of State courts on State exec- 
utive officers. 

73. Supervisory powers of State officials over local officers. 

74. Instances of acts held unconstitutional by the courts of 
one of the States. 



§ 144. Special Reports on Local Government. 

Object. These reports correspond very closely to those on 
State government (Handbook, § 143). 

Authorities. Lists in Handbook, §§ 13, 21/, 94, 104, 10"), 
106, 118; Actual Government, chs. xii-xiv. There are some 
special bibliographies, especially Municipal Affairs, JNIarch, 
1901 ; notes to George E. Howard, Local Constitutioncd His- 
tory. The materials are more abundant tluin on previously 
described subjects. Aid may often be had from the treatises 
on municipal government, as J. F. Dillon, Mtinicipal Corjwra- 
tions ; and from the reports of city officials aud departments. 
Local histories are enumerated in the Guide, § 23. 

(a) Supervision of Local Governments, 

1, Supervisory powers of State officials over municipalities. 

2, Supervision of township government by county officials 
iu some one Western State, 

3. Supervisory power of State officials over locality officers. 

4. Functions performed for the States by local governments. 



143, 144] LOCALITY GOVERNMENT 399 

5. Instances of control of local oflicials in their exercise of 
local functions. 

G. Relation between the Governor of New York and muni- 
cipal governments. 

(b) Local Subdivisions. 

7. Workings of the school district system. 

8. Incorporated village government. 

9. Borough government. 

10. The Louisiana system of police juries. 

(c) New England Towns. 

11. Town meetings in some New England town. 

12. Cambridge town meeting (1789-1846). 

13. Oddities of the colonial town meetings of some one New 
England town. 

14. Boston town meeting (1800-1823). 

15. Functions of selectmen in some one New England town. 

16. Defects of the town-meeting system. 

(d) Middle and Western Towns. 

17. Defects in the township-county system. 

18. Defects of New York town government. 

19. Town government in one of the following States. — 
(a) California. — (b) Utah. — (c) Wisconsin. — (d) Nebraska. 
— (e) Indiana. 

20. Option system of towns in : — (a) Minnesota. — (6) Ne- 
braska. 

21. Town meetings in: — (a) Ohio. — (h) Michigan. — 
(c) Nebraska. 

22. Rural government in Minnesota. 



400 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

(e) County Government. 

23. Number of counties in the States compared. 

24. Preseut county government in one of the following 
States. — (a) South Carolina. — (V) North Carolina. — (c) Lou- 
isiana. — (d) Virginia. — (e) Georgia. 

25. Defects of the count^'-preeinct system. 

26. Criticism of tlie government of a particular county in — 
(a) New York. — (6) Pennsylvania. — (c) Ohio. — {d) Kentucky. 

27. Workings of county government in Pennsylvania. 

28. County boards in New York. 

29. Did Jones County, Mississippi, secede? 

30. County jails in Minnesota. 

31. County commissioners of Norfolk County, Massachu- 
setts. 

(f) Form and AYorkings of Cities. 

32. History of the charter of — («) New York. — (h) Buffalo. 

— (c) Albany. — {d) Phihidelphia. — (e) Baltimore. 

33. Instances of reform cliarters (1894-1901).. 

34. Defects and remedies in the government of one of the 
following cities. — (a) Cambridge. — (b) Somerville. — (c) Co- 
lumbus. — {d) Atlanta. — (e) Milwaukee. 

35. Defects in the government of one of the following cities. 

— («) Cleveland. — {b) Chicago. — (c) Detroit. — id) San Fran- 
cisco. — (e) St. Louis. — (/) Utica. — (g) Pittsburg. 

36. Defects of the Greater New York charter. 

37. Degree of success of city governments in small cities in 
Massachusetts. 

38. "Ripper Acts" of 1900 for Pennsylvania city govern- 
ments. 

39. Instances of illegal assumption of power by cities. 

40. Corrupt grants of franchises in New York City. 

41. Municipal courts in Massachusetts. 



144] CITIES 401 

42. Instances of the exercise of judicial functions by local 
executive officers. 



(g) Administration in Cities. 

43. Duties performed for the State by municipal officials. 

44. Relations of heads of city departments to each other. 

45. Relations of heads of departments to the mayor in Cam- 
bridge. 

46. Salaries of members of municipal legislature. 

47. Single chambers in municipal government. 

48. Working of the second chamber system in city govern- 
ment. 

49. Legislative body of Boston since 1823. 

oO. The " Cabinet system " in city government. 

51. City documents. 

52. Usual salaries of the principal city officials. 

53. System of appointive city boards liaving power to make 
appropriations. 

54. Administration of a city fire department. 

55. The workings of the Boston fire commission. 

56. Tlie number of persons employed by the city of: — 
(a) Boston. — (p) New York. — (c) Philadelphia. — (d) Chicago. 
— (e) Cleveland. 

57. Municipal departments of public buildings. 

58. The Park Commission in some one city. 

59. Administration of a city police department. 

60. Administration of a city health department. 

61. System of paving and repairs of pavement in large cities. 

62. Administration of paving departments in cities. 

63. Application of civil service reform in one of the following- 
cities. — (a) Boston. — {h) New York. — (c) Chicago. 

64. The Water Commission in some one city. 
26 



402 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

65. Character and workings of the Chicago Board of 
Education. 

66. Government of schools in Lynn. 

67- The Gas Commission in some one city. 

§ 145. Special Reports on the National Legislature. 

Object. To give a clear idea of the real forces at work in 
Congress. 

Scope. Inquiries into the practical workings of Congress 
and the two Houses, and the relations between Congress and 
the executive. 

Authorities. Lists in Handbook^ §§ 13, 21/i, 35, 37, 38, 
109-111; Actual Government, chs. xv, xvi; notes to M. P. 
Follett, The Speaker ; records of Congress (Guide, § 306) ; 
reminiscences of members of Congress {Guide, § 33) ; contem- 
porary newspapers, especially since 1865 ; The Nation and 
the regular Washington correspondents of the great dailies 
often relate interesting matters. Senators and Representa- 
tives will usually answer letters of inquiry from constituents 
on such questions. Among special works about Congress and 
its procedure are the biennial Manuals of the House and 
Senate ; T. H. McKee, Red Book ; W. Wilson, Congressional 
Government; M. P. Follett, The Speaker ; E. C. Mason, Veto 
Power ; etc. 

(a) Members of Congress. 

1. Instances of Senators who did not reside in the States 
from which they were elected. 

2. Instances of members of the House of Representatives 
not residing in their districts. 

3. Previous education of Representatives elect. 

4. Educatio)! and services of Senators when first elected. 

5. Administration of mileaae for Congressmen. 



144, 145] CONGRESS 403 

6. An account of a contested election controversy in Congress. 

7. House members unseated: — (a) 1789-1820. — (h) 1.S21- 
1840. — (c) 1841-1860. — (c?) 1861-1880. — (e) 1881-1')00. 

8. Senators unseated : — (a) 1789-1830. —(6) 1831-1870.— 
(c) 1871-1900. 

9. Length of service of members of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

10. Instances of privilege claimed by members of Congress 
to prevent arrest. 

(b) Oroaxizatiox of Congress. 

11. Instances of corruption in Congress. 

12. Instances of members of Congress who have served 
twenty years or more. 

13. " Bigger man than old Grant." 

14. Franking privilege. 

15. The assignment of seats in the House of Representatives. 

16. The clerical force of Congress. 

17. Foreign commendations of the Senate. 

18. Instances of instructions of United States Senators by 
State legislatures. 

19. The President of the Senate. 

(c) Congressional Committees. 

20. Manner in which the Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives api)oints to committees. 

21. Appointment of committees in the Senate. 

22. Instances of appointment of House committees by ballot. 

23. Influences in the appointment of committees by the 
Speaker at the begiiniing of some particular Congress. 

24. Procedure of Congressional committees in session. 

25. Instances of open hearings held by committees of 
Congress. 



404 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

26. Hearings before Congressional committees. 

27. Correspondence between heads of departments and 
chairmen of committees in Congress. 

28. Instances of arguments made by heads of departments 
before committees of Congress. 

29. Workings of Congressional conference committees. 

oO. Can bills be brought before the House of Representatives 
for consideration except in the report of a committee ? 

31. Committee on rules. 

32. The " Steering Committee " in Congress. 

33. Foreign criticisms of the "Congressional system." 

34. Attempts of committees to get the floor for their busi- 
ness. 

35. Number of written reports made by committees. 

(d) Congress in Session. 

36. Protests against secret sessions of the Senate. 

37. Instances of disorder in Congress. 

38. Instances of disorderly sessions of Congress. 

39. Instances of long speeches in the Senate, intended to 
obstruct. 

40. Instances of very long debates in Congress. 

41. Instances of long-continued tilibustering in the House 
of Representatives. 

42. Methods of stopping filibustering. 

43. Influence of Senators on private bills. 

44. System of vacant days in sessions of Congress. 

45. Instances of Congressmen imperiling their seats by 
voting against the opinion of their constituents. 

46. The workings of the previous question in Congress. 

47. Suspension of the rules of the House. 

48. '" Bringing in a rule " in the House of Representatives. 

49. The closing days of sessions of Congress. 



145.146] NATIONAL LEGISLATION 405 

(e) Legislative Oitput. 

50. Number of bills introduced, reported, discussed, passed 
one House, passed the second House, enrolled, sent to the 
President, signed, vetoed, became law by ten days' rule, and 
pocketed, in any one Congress since 1829. 

51. Instances of appearance of Cabinet ministers in Congress. 

52. Instances of bills drafted by Cabinet officers. 

53. Instances of the President's affecting legislation Ijy 
patronage. 

54. Instances of the President's attempting to influence legis- 
lation pending in Congress. 

55. Instances of use of the Vice-President's casting vote. 

56. The system of engrossing bills in Congress. 

57. Instances of errors in the engrossment of bills. 

58. Legislative activity : — (a) 1789-1800. — (b) 1801-1820. 
— (c) 1821-1840. — ((Z) 1841-1860. — (e) 1861-1870. — (/) 
1871-1880. — (^7) 1881-1890. —(A) 1891-1900. 

59. Incidents of the President's signing bills. 

60. Number of statutes passed in the United States, State 
and I^ederal : — (a) 1801-1810. — C^-) 1857-1860. — (c) 1901- 
1902. 

61. Cases of discretionary powers of legislation bestowed 
on Presidents'. 

62. Acts which have become laws by the ten days rule. 

63. Pocketed bills. 

§ 146. Special Reports on the National Executive. 

Scope. The practice of the President, of heads of depart- 
ments, of subordinates, especially in cases not distinctly covered 
hy the Constitution or statutes. 

Authorities. Handbook^ §§ 13, 2\g, 32, 37, 41, 48, 49, 
59, 60, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 107, 108; Actual Government, 
chs. xvii, xviii ; notes to E. C. Mason, Veto Poioer ; L. M. 



406 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

Salmon, Appointing Poiver. The formal side of the President's 
power is set forth in the constitutional treatises. Official au- 
thorities are: J. Richardson, Messages of the Presidents ; con- 
stitutional treatises ; debates on bills affecting the executive ; 
Congressional documents, especially the reports of the depart- 
ments ; report of the Senate Committee in 1888 on the execu- 
tive departments {Senate Reports, 50 Cong., 1 sess.. No. 507) ; 
report of the Joint ("Docker}'") Committee of 1893 {House 
Reports, 53 Cong., 1 sess., II) ; literature of civil service re- 
form {Handbook, §§ 49, 108). See also the lives of Presi- 
dents and Cabinet officers, and contemporary newspapers. Two 
ex-Presidents, Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland, have 
published books or articles on their personal experiences while 
in office. 

(a) The President. 

1. Previous education of Presidents. 

2. How is the question of the disability of the President 
decided ? 

3. Instances of Vice-Presidents in confidential relations 
with Presidents. 

4. Instances of ex-Presidents or Vice-Presidents re-entering 
public life. 

5. Presidential tours. 

6- Administration of the White House. 

7. Presidents' wives. 

8. The social life of the White House. 

9. Instances of ex-Presidents in confidential relations with 
Presidents. 

(b) The Departments. 

10. The Belknap impeachment proceedings. 

11. An account of Congressional investigation of an exec- 
utive office]-. 



146] NATIONAL EXECUTIVE 407 

12. Instances where the President has overruled the head 
of a department. 

13. Forced resignations of Cabinet officers. 

14. Instances of unwilling resignations of Cabinet officers. 

15. An account of the Bureau of Education. 

16. The Secretary to the President. 

17. The workings of a government bureau in Washington. 

18. The Government Printing Office. 

19. Proposals to establish a Department of Commerce. 

20. Have executive regulations for government employees 
the force of law? 

21. An account of the workings of the Bureau of Immigra- 
tion. 

22. Instances of conflict of jurisdiction between heads of 
departments. 

23. Results of the " Dockery" investigation. 

24. Results of the " Cockrell " investigation. 



(c) Appointments and Removals. 

25. Tabulation of officers of the United States who have a 
four j'ears tenure. 

26. Additions to list of officials having four years tenure : — 
(a) 1821-1840. — (7>) 1841-1860.— (c) 1861-1880. —(rf) 1881- 
1900. 

27. Instances of important nominations which failed of con- 
firmation by the Senate. 

28. Instances of appointment of Senators to executive 
offices. 

29. Instances of "senatorial courtesy" to secure nomina- 
tions. 

30. Instances of " senatorial courtesy " used to defeat 
iHniiinations. 



408 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

31. Instances of forced resignation of army and navy 
officers. 

32. Number of removals of United States officials: — (a) 
1867-1877. — (&) 1877-1885. — (c) 1885-1889.— (d) 1889- 
1893. — (e) 1893-1897. — (/) 1897-1901. 

33. Instances of officers appointed witliout their office hav- 
ing been acknowledged by Congress. 

34. Instances of dismissals of important United States of- 
ficers (not Cabinet ministers) for cause. 

35. Women office-holders in the Federal service. 

36. Appointments by heads of departments. 

(d) Civil Service Reform. 

37. Status of the Civil Service Commission. 

38. Instances of violation of the civil service rules, 

39. Present number of persons in the classified service. 

40. Account of the attitude of Congress toward the first 
Civil Service Commission (1869-1875). 

41. Account of attacks on the Civil Service Commission 
since 1883, and the results. 

42. Preference to soldiers in appointments. 

§ 147. Special Reports on the National Judiciary. 

Scope. Questions relating to the status of judges and other 
judicial officers, to the transaction of judicial business, and to 
the character of the cases. In many instances a tabulation of 
results should appear as a part of the report. 

Authorities. Handbook^ §§ 13, 21i, 32, 43, 44, 55, 61, 112, 
113, 123; Actual Government^ ch. xix. On the formal side the 
constitutional treatises and descriptive works ; reports of cases 
{Handbook, § 32c) ; Congressional documents (Guide, § 30") for 
debates on bills affecting the judiciary. For special books on 
legal procedure and on the courts, see C. C. Soule, Lawyer's 



146,147] NATIONAL JUDICIARY 409 

Reference Manual ; for accounts of the courts, H. L. Carson, 
Supreme Court; W. W. Willoughby, Supreme Court; biogra- 
phies of judges {Guide, § 25) ; periodicals (see L. A. Jones, 
Index to Legal Periodicals) ; The Nation. 

(aj Judges and Courts, 

1. Instances of appointments of Federal judges with refer- 
ence to their opinions in pending judicial questions. 

2. Usual length of service of United States judges. 

3. Instances of resignation of United States judges {not 
retirement) . 

4. Workings of the retirement system for United States 
judges. 

5. The novelties in the Judiciary Acts. — -{a) 1789. — (h) 1801. 
— (c) 1802. 

6. Power of appointment by United States judges. 

7. Annual expenses of the United States for judicial salaries 
(tabulate) . 

8. Comparative table of United States judicial salaries 
(1789-1889). 

9. Impeachments of judges. 

10. Foreign commendations of the Supreme Court. 

11. The legal decisions of the Commissioners of Public 
Lands. 

12. Workings of the Circuit Courts of Appeals. 

(b) Suits (see Handbook, § 32c). 

13. Instances of long protracted suits before United States 
courts. 

14. Number of cases decided by Supreme Court annually 
(1789-1900). 

15. Important decisions of the Circuit Courts of Appeals. 



410 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

16. Instances of suits by a foreign government before the 
Supreme Court. 

17. Instances of refusal of United States courts to consider 
''political cases." 

18. Is a decision of the Supreme Court binding on Con- 
gress? 

19. Process of "removal" of suits from State courts to 
United States courts. 

20. Instances of convictions for piracy. 

21. Cases of obiter dicta by United States judges (other 
than Supreme Court). 

22. Instances of obiter dicta by Supreme Court justices. 

23. Cases dismissed by United States courts as not bona- 
fide. 

24. Clerk's records of a United States court. 

25. Practice of the United States courts as to postponing 
cases. 

(c) Writs and Appeals. 

26. Distinction between " appeal " and " writ of error" in 
the practice of the United States Supreme Court. 

27. Important habeas corpus cases before United States 
courts. 

28. Instances of refusal by Federal military officers to obey 
habeas corjjxs writs. 

29. Instances of mandamus by Federal courts on Federal 
officials. 

30. Practice of State courts with regard to habeas corpus on 
persons held under the authority of Federal courts. 

31. Practice of Federal courts with regard to habeas corpiis 
on persons held under the authority of State courts. 

32. Practice as to the suspension of habeas corpus. 



147, 148] NATIONAL JUDICIARY 411 

(d) Declaring Acts Void (see Handbook^ § 113). 

33. Cases in which the laws of one of the following States 
have been declared void by United States courts. — (a) Kansas. 
— (6) Pennsylvania. — (c) Texas. — {d) Ohio. — (e) New York. 

34. Instances of United States acts declared unconstitu- 
tional by State courts. 

35. Proportion of reversals of decisions of lower United 
States courts by Supreme Court. 

36. Instances of State tax laws held void by the United 
States courts. 

37. Foreign comments on the system of declaring acts void 
by courts. 

§ 148. Special Reports on Territorial Functions. 

Scope. Inquiries into the practice of various authorities, 
national, State, and local, with reference to boundaries, juris- 
diction, lands, dependencies, etc. The question to be decided 
is, not what may legally be done, but what is actually done. 

Authorities. Handbook, §§ 17, 21J, 42, 46, 54, 61, 63-65, 
69, 71, 75, 77, 79, 82, 90, 91, 114, 115; Actual Government, 
chs. xx-xxii. Discussions may be found in the treatises and 
descriptive works on the Constitution ; in treatises on inter- 
national law (sections on territorial powers); national and State 
statutes ; national, State, and local reports (Guide, §§ 29, 30) ; 
travels {Guide, §24); periodicals {Guide, §§ 26, 27); Max 
Farrand, Government of Territories ; maps and geographical 
material {Handbook, §17; Guide, § 21). 

(a) Private Land Holding. 

1. The great ranches in the cattle country. 

2. Great estates in California. 

3. Great landed estates in Texas. 

4. Common property rights on Cape Cod. 



412 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

(b) Boundaries and Outlying Jurisdictions. 

5. Practice of the courts as to questions involving disputed 
exterior boundaries. 

6. Coaling station of the United States at Samana. 

7. Coaling station of the United States at Chiriqui Bay. 

8. Status of Pearl Harbor before annexation. 

(c) State and Local Real Estate. 

9. Construction of City Halls. 

10. An historical account of the Capitols of one of the fol- 
lowing States. — (a) Massachusetts. — (h) Rhode Island. — (c) 
Connecticut. — {d) New Hampshire. — (e) New York. — (/) 
New Jersey. — {g) Pennsylvania. — (Ji) Maryland. — (i) Virginia. 

11. An historical account of the capitol at Albany. 

12. State public land in — (a) Maine. — (6) Texas. 

13. The public property of one of the following cities. — 
(a) Cambridge. — (b) Boston. — (c) New York. — {d) Phila- 
delphia. 

14. The municipal ownership of the Cincinnati Southern 
Railroad. 

15. An account of the purchase of Fisher's Hill by the 
City of Boston. 

(d) State and City Parks and Forests. 

16. Present status of State forests in one of the following 
States. — (a) New Hampshire. — {b) Massachusetts. — (c) New 
York. — (d) Michigan. — (e) Washington. 

17. Account of " saving the Palisades." 

18. State parks or reservations in one of the following 
States. — (a) Wisconsin. — {h) Massacliusetts. — (c) New York. 

19. Workings of the Massachusetts Metropolitan Park 
system. 



148], TERRITORIAL FUNCTIONS 413 

20. Administration of city parks in one of the following 
cities. — (a) Chicago. — (6) Minneapolis. — (c) Cleveland. — 
(d) Washington. — (e) New York. 

(e) Water Jurisdiction. 

21. Map of the water boundary of the United States. 

22. A list of waters claimed by the United States outside a 
three-mile line. 

23. Cases where the seashore below high-water mark is 
public property. 

24. Control of the United States over foreign merchantmen 
in United States ports. 

25. Instances where the United States has claimed invio- 
lability for American merchant ships in foreign ports. 

26. Cases of aggression by foreign cruisers within the ter- 
ritorial waters of the United States. 

27. Instances of trials of persons belonging to foreign 
merchant ships for crimes committed in American harbors. 

28. Instances of crimes committed on board foreign men-of- 
war in United States waters. 

29. Tribunal for offences committed by civilians on United 
States ships of war on the high seas. 

30. Assertions by the United States of the right to refuse 
search of American merchantmen in a foreign harbor by the 
local authorities. 

31. Instances of jurisdiction claimed by the United States 
in enclosed bays. 

32. Jurisdiction over Amei'ican fishing vessels at sea. 

33. Status of guano islands under United States protection. 

(f) District of Columbia. 

31. The selection of the site and laying out of the city of 
Washin<rton. 



414 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

35. Approximate value of government property in the 
District of Columbia. 

36. Charitable institutions supported by Congress. 

37. Account of the recession of Alexandria County to 
Virginia. 

38. Workings of the District government in the District of 
Columbia. 

(g) Posts and Sites. 

39. Cost of the ten largest post-office buildings. 

40. Approximate value of the real estate occupied by the 
United States for public business. 

41. Number and value of arsenals. 

42. Number and value of custom4iouses. 

43. Number and value of post-office buildings. 

44. Number and value of military posts. 

45. Number and value of lighthouses. 

(h) Unorganized Territories. 

46. Account of provisional territorial governments in one 
of the following territories. — (a) Florida (1819-1822). — 
(6) Louisiana (1803-1805). — (c) New Mexico (1848-1850). — 
{d) California (1848-1850). — (e) Alaska (1867-1900). — 
(/) Hawaii (1898-1900). 

47. The effect of annexation on the pre-existing laws of the 
annexed region. 

48. Status of the government of the Indian Territory. 

49. Special tariffs for unorganized territory. 

50. The process of ceding lands by States to the United 
States for public purposes (illustrate by specific examples). 

51. An account of the purchase of a piece of land and 
cession of jurisdiction to the United States. 

52. .Turisdiction over offences committed in government 
buildino:s. 



148] TERRITORIAL FUNCTIONS 415 

(i) Organized Territories. 

53. Instances of territorial statutes annulled by Congress. 

54. Instances of the relegation of organized territory to the 
unorganized status. 

55. Character of the Governors of the territories. 

56. Question of appointment of residents of territories to 
territorial offices. 

57. The present government of Porto Rico. 

58. Cost of organized territorial governments to the United 
States. 

59. Difficulties in the Hawaiian territorial government. 

60. Government of the Northwest Territory up to 1802. 

61. Instances of corrupt territorial governments. 

62. Organization of Oklahoma (1890-1900). 

63. Territorial government of Arizona. 

(j) Public Lands. 

64. Workings of the tree-claim system. 

65. Present status of the pre-emption system. 

66. Working of the desert-land system. 

67. Grants of land to States for the construction of public 
buildings. 

68. Status of the severalty system for Indiana. 

69. Instances of mineral lands leased by the United States. 

70. Income from sales of public lands (1890-1900). 

71. Disposition of the public lands (1889-1901). 

72. Disposition of lands granted to States to found univer- 
sities. 

78. Principles governing the taking up of mining claims 
under United States law. 



416 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

(k) National Parks and Forests. 

74. Status of Yellowstone Park. 

75. Management of government reservations in California. 

76. Status of national parks. 

77. United States forest reserves. 

(1) Indians. 

78. Ownership of real estate in Indian Territory. 

79. Administration of Indian trust funds. 

80. Government control of Indian reservations. 

81. Workings of the Carlisle Indian School. 

82. Religious questions in Indian schools. 

83. Account of life in an Indian reservation. 

84. Use of Indians as United States soldiers. 

85. Account of a negotiation and treaty with Indians since 
1865. 

86. Our constitutional relation with the Indians as a prec- 
edent for control of the Filipinos. 

§ 149. Special Reports on Financial Functions. 

Object. To learn something of the principles and results of 
the financial policy of the nation, States, and localities. 

Scope. The reports call for investigation into very limited 
fields of financial administration, and should be exact within 
their limits; in some instances tabulations will be necessary. 

Authorities. Handbook, §§ *13, 21Ar, 35, *39, 116, 117, 
121, 122; Actual Government, chs. xxiii, xxiv ; Brookings and 
Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, Nos. 34-46 ; special financial 
treatises ; constitutional treatises and descriptive works ; reports 
of financial officers {Guide, §§29, 30), especially those of the 
Secretary of the Treasury and his subordinates; general histo- 
ries, in their treatment of financial discussions {Guide, § 20) ; 
debates on financial questions; periodicals {Guide, §§ 26, 27), 



148, 149] FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS 417 

especially The Nation, Bradstreet's, The Economist, Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, Political Science Quarterly^ Aimals of 
the American Academy of Social arid Political Science, Jour- 
nal of Political Economy ; financial discourses in the great 
dailies; monographic literature (Bowker and lies, Reader's 
Guide, 66-73). 

(a) Financial Administration. 

1. Who decides whether a payment of money is according 
to an appropriation? 

2. Statement of long standing unsettled accounts due the 
United States by individuals. 

3. Receipts and expenditures of New York State (1840- 
189-2). 

4. Budget of the forty- five States for the last year ob- 
tainable. 

5. Indemnity of State property from national taxation. 

6. Inspectoral service of the Treasury Department. 

7. "Workings of the Treasury secret service. 

8. Power of the auditors of the Federal Treasury over pay- 
ments of money. 

9. Massachusetts claims against the Federal government 
(1781-1889). 

10. Has the United States the right to take State property 
for public use ? 

11. Instances of accounts held up by the auditors of the 
Treasury. 

12. Instances of appropriations in lump sums to be expended 
by heads of departments. 

13. Annual cost of the government of Massachusetts (ex- 
cluding permanent improvements). 

14. Financial control of State correctional and charitable 
institutions. 

27 



418 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

15. The budget of Pennsylvania (for the last ascertainable 
full year). 

16. Expense of the New York State government (1881-1896). 

17. Receipts of the State of Massachusetts (1881-1896). 

18. Plnancial control of State institutions. 

(b) Taxation. 

19. Rates of local taxation compared. 

20. System of assessment for taxes in Chicago. 

21. System of delinquent taxes in Philadelphia. 

22. Personal taxes in Wisconsin. 

23. An account of the " Conscience Fund." 

24. An account of the United States taxes on bank checks. 

25. Control of municipal taxation by State ofHcials. 

26. Comparative rates of taxation in Rhode Island towns as 
compared with Rhode Island cities. 

27. History of the whisky tax. 

28. History of the first United States income tax. 

29. Instances of State income taxes. 

30. Instances of State tax laws held void by the State Su- 
preme Court. 

31. Tax-dodging in ^Massachusetts. 

32. Workings of the Ohio tax-discover}^ system. 

33. Personal taxes in Pennsylvania. 

34. Succession and legacy taxes in the States. 

35. Workings of the Federal succession duty. 

36. Application of the Federal oleomargarine law. 

37. An account of the income tax of 1894. 

38. The Chicago system of assessing taxes. 

39. Personal taxes in New York City. 

40. Instances of taxation of ecclesiastical property. 

41. Instances of taxation of institutions of learning. 

42. Taxes on street railroads in New Y''ork. 



149] TAXATION 419 

43. lustances of State excises. 

44. High liquor license taxes. 

45. Application of State oleomargarine laws. 

46. Franchise taxes in Chicago. 

47. License taxes (other than liquor licenses) in the States. 

48. Instances of double taxation on mortgaged laud. 

49. An account of the tax on proprietary^ articles. 

50. Assessment of taxes in Cambridge. 

51. Account of the income tax case (1894). 

52. Instances of State tax laws held void by the United 
States Supreme Court. 

53. Account of '• moonshine whisky." 

54. State taxes on railroads. 

55. The Boston system of assessing taxes. 

56. Taxation of corporations in California. 

57. Defects in the financial system of Brookline. 

58. Rates of taxation for locality purposes. 

59. System of taxes on corporations and other stock in 
Massachusetts. 

60. The systems of "betterment assessments." 

61. Defects in methods of tax-assessments. 

62. Defective assessment in Philadelphia. 

63. An account of State taxes on telephone companies. 

64. Comparison of local taxation in the ten largest cities. 

65. Comparative rates of taxation in cities and country 
towns in Massachusetts. 

(c) Customs Duties. 

66. Instances of Treasury decisions overruled by the courts. 

67. Present methods of examining passengers' baggage at 
entrance ports. 

68. Disposition of unclaimed goods at the custom-house. 

69. The duties on gloves (1789-1900). 



420 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

70. Instances of undervaluation of imported goods. 

71. Detective service of tlie Treasury Department. 

72. Account of the office of general appraiser. 

73. The " surveyor." 

74. Instances of very small annual receipts from custom- 
houses. 

75. Duties on passengers' baggage and their enforcement. 

76. Decisions of collectors of customs overruled by the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

77. Instances of large profits to informers of custom-house 
irregularities. 

78. Instances of bribery of custom-house officials. 

79. Value of goods admitted free of duty (1865-1900). 

80. Law and practice of ascertaining cost of goods entered 
for duty. 

81. What is properly understood by ' ' average rate of duty " ? 

82. Law and practice of ascertaining the value of goods for 
assessment of duties. 

83. An account of the " naval officer " of the New York 
Custom-House. 

84. Law and practice of ascertaining cost of packages for 
duties (1789-1902). 

85. Law and practice of drawbacks (1789-1902). 

86. Law and practice of consular verifications of invoices 
(1789-1902). 

87. Proceeds of duties on millinery (1861-1902). 

88. Law and practice of minimum duties (1789-1880). 

89. Law and practice of minimum duties (1881-1902). 

90. History of duties on passengers' baggage. 

(d) Public Debt. 

91. Instances of sales of United States bonds on disadvan- 
tageous terms. 



149, 150] CUSTOMS AND DEBT 421 

92. Increase (or decrease) of total State debts in the United 
States. — (a) 1789-1829. — (&) 1830-1860. — (c) 1861-1880.— 
{d) 1881-1900. 

93. Repudiations of State debts. 

94. Rate of interest on State debts (1789-1890). 

95. Increase (or decrease) of total municipal debts in the 
United States. 

96. Limitations on State debts by constitutions or statutes. 

97. Aggregate of State indebtedness in the last obtainable 
year. 

98. The city debt of New York City. 

§ 150. Special Reports on Commercial Functions. 

Object and Scope. Similar to that of the financial reports 
{Handbook, § 149). 

Authorities. Handbook, §§ *13, 2U, 33, 38, 43, *44, 45, 
*66, 67, 68, 71, 76, 85, 86, *92, *119, *149 ; Actual Oovern- 
ment, ch. xxv ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate, 
Nos. 26-28, 38-44, 47-52, 55-57, 63 ; Bowker and lies, Read- 
ers' Guide, 45-65, 83, 112. On questions of foreign commerce, 
see treatises on international law, monographs on foreign trade, 
statistical abstracts, Consular Reports. On internal commerce 
and private commerce relations, see the treatises on transpor- 
tation, and the Reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission 
and Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance (very rich in 
such materials). 

(a) Corporations and Trusts. 

1. Charters of corporations by Congress for other than 
national purposes. 

2. Instances of convictions of oflicers of trusts under State 
anti-trust laws. 

3. Ohio (Monett) suits against the Standard Oil Company. 



422 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

4. Instances of the bankruptcy of trusts. 

5. Reasons for taking out New Jersey charters for corpora- 
tions. 

6. Massachusetts system for creating corporations. 

7. State anti-trust legislation. 

8. State regulation of life insurance. 

9. Workings of United States anti-trust legislation. 

(b) Interstate Commerce. 

10. May Congress prohibit any kind of commerce between 
States? 

1 1 . Instances of regulation by the United States of commerce 
wholly within a State. 

12. Attempts of States to tax (not prohibit) some form of 
interstate commerce. 

13. Transit " in bond " across United States territory. 

14. Interstate Commerce Act (Feb. 4, 1887). 

15. Present status of the Interstate Commerce Commission. 

16. A typical case before the Interstate Commerce Commis- 
sion. 

17. Amount of business done by the Interstate Commerce 
Commission. 

18. National statutes authorizing the bridging of navigable 
waters. 

19. Connection of the United States with irrigation. 

(c) Foreign Commerce. 

20. National health and quarantine system. 

21. State regulation of quarantine. 

22. State regulation of pilotage. 

23. Present status of subsidies to American steamers. 

24. Acquirement of an American register by a foreign built 
vessel. 



150] COMMERCIAL FUNCTIONS , 423 

25. Quantity of American sliipping engaged in the foreign 
trade. 

26. Administration of tlie life-saving service. 

27. Enrolment of yachts. 

28. Administration of lighthouses. 

29. Rates of ocean freight on grain exports. 

(d) Immigration (see Handbook^ § 119). 

30. Question of prohibiting the immigration of illiterates. 

31. Instances of persons excluded under laws against con- 
vict immigrants. 

32. How far do immigrants return permanently to their own 
country ? 

33. Instances of persons turned back from United States 
ports because contract laborers. 

34. Control by the United States of the conditions of 
emigrant ships. 

35. Instances of exclusion of immigrants because unable to 
support themselves. 

36. State restrictions on the coming in of persons from 
other States or territories. 

37. United States limitations in immigration. 

38. Immigration across the Canadian border. 

39. Rates of steerage passage since 1860. 

40. Japanese immigration. 

41. Actual Chinese immigration. 

(e) Internal Improvements. 

42. Instances of river and harbor appropriations in lump to 
be expended at the discretion of the Secretary of AYar. 

43. Proportion of amounts appropriated by river and harbor 
bills actually spent by the War l)ei)artment. 



424 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

44. Effect of the goverument works on the Mississippi 
River. 

45. Present status of the imi)roveinents of the Missouri 
River. 

46. Account of the Sandy Bay harbor of refuge. 

47. Instances of worthless river and harbor improvements. 

48. Account of the Oberlin H. Carter frauds in harbor 
contracts. 

49. The Mussels Shoals river improvement. 

50. Total cost of the New York State canals. 

51. Administration of the P^rie Canal. 

52. Instances of abandoned canals. 

53. Account of State canals in one of the following States. — 
(a) Pennsylvania. — (b) Ohio. — (c) Indiana. — (rf) Illinois. 

54. The Cumberland Road. 

55. Southern system of toll-pikes. 

56. State aid to wagon-roads in one of the following 
States. — (a) Indiana. — (b) Massachusetts. — (c) New Jersey. 

(f) Transmission of Intelligence. 

57. Lotteries and the post office. 

58. Workings of the Boston post office. 

59. Question of carrying serials in the mail. 

60. Workings of the dead-letter office. 

61. History of the franking privilege. 

62. Present control of the telegraph systems. 

63. State regulation of telephone rates. 

64. Workings of the copyright registration system. 

65. Status of the Census Bureau. 

66. Defects in the patent system. 

(g) Banks and Currency. 

67. Failures of national banks. 



150] COMMERCIAL FUNCTIONS 425 

68. Comparative statistics of the national banks in 1865, 
1875, 1885, and 1895. 

69. Amount of notes of national banks gone out of business 
not presented for redemption. 

70. An account of tlie " trade-dollar." 

71. Amount of fractional currency not presented for re- 
demption. 

72. Probable amount of legal tender notes destroyed in the 
hands of the holders. 

73. Present regulation of State incorporated banks in one 
of the following States. — (a) Indiana. — (6) New York. — 
(c) Louisiana. 

(h) Railroads. 

74. Instances of long railroad lines held on lease instead of 
by outright ownership. 

75. Instances of abandoned railroads. 

76. Practice of receivership of bankrupt railroads. 

77. Political status of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

78. State regulation of railroads in one of the following 
States. — (a) California. — (b) Ohio. — (c) Massachusetts. — 
id) Georgia. 

79. Instances of railroads built by States (not aided simply). 

80. Present State-owned railroads. 

81. State grants of money to railroads. 

82. State railroad commissions. 

83. Regulation of sleeping cars by State statutes. 

84. " Granger" legislation and decisions on railroad rates. 

85. Degree of regulation of railroad rates by the Interstate 
Commerce Commission. 

86. Amount of money subsidies to railroads. 

87. System of interchange of freiglit cars by railroads. 

88. Account of United States car-coupler legislation and its 
results. 



426 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

(i) PuHLic Industries. 

89. Sale of liquor under State supervision. 

90. Prisou-inude goods on State account. 

91. Instances of manufacturing carried on by municipalities 
(excluding gas and water). 

92. Instances of street railways owned by municipalities. 

93. Instances of State lotteries. 

94. Instances of State mines. 

95. The " public account" prison labor system. 

96. Workings of the South Carolina system for State sale of 
liquors. 

97. Instances of municipal gas works. 
9^!. The United States as a publisher. 

99. Administration of city water works. 

100. Instances where the United States has held stock in 
corporations. 

101. Examples of real estate business carried on by cities. 

§ 151. Special Reports on Foreign Relations. 

Scope. The practical workings of negotiations and treaty- 
making ; the protection of commerce, and of citizens abroad ; 
and like questions. 

Authorities. Bibliography in Handbook, §§ *12, *20, 
*2lm, 35, 42, *46, *62, *72, 75, *79, 89, 92, *120; Actual 
Gorernment, ch. xxvi; Foundations of American Foreign 
Policy,, ch. viii ; Brookings and Ringwalt, Briefs for Debate^ Nos. 
23-25; F. Wharton, Digest of American International Law ; 
J. B. Moore, American Foreign Policy. Discussions in the 
treatises on the Constitution and on international law, in both 
cases with many specific instances. Official materials include 
Congressional documents, especially Foreign Relations; J. D. 
Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presidents ; debates 
of Congress; Treaties and Conventions; Senate Executive 



150,151] FOREIGN RELATIONS 427 

Journals. Contemporary newspaper and periodical discussions 
{Guide, §§ 26, 27), especially Niles's Eegister, The Nation, 
Political Science Quarterly. Maps and geographical mate- 
rials {Handbook, § 17 ; Guide, § 21). 

(a) Diplomatic Representation. 

1. Instances of recognition of foreign powers by the United 
States. 

2. Instances where the President has conducted negotiations 
in person. 

3. Instances of unfit foreign ministers of the United States. 

4. Censures of United States diplomatic agents (not re- 
movals) . 

5. Instances of the recall of American ministers abroad. 

6. Instances of our foreign ministers (not consuls) dismissed 
from office for cause. 

7. Instances of the employment of naval officers as diplo- 
mats. 

8. Instances of diplomatic negotiations carried on by mili- 
tary officers. 

9. Instances of the withdrawal of ministers to the United 
States by foreign governments. 

10. Instances of American neutrality. 

(b) Consuls. 

11. Instances of unfit consuls. 

12. Instances of the revocation of consular exequaturs by 
the President. 

13. "Workings of consular courts. 

14. Description of the system of consular reports. 

15. Significant extracts from consular reports (especially 
Three Rivers episode). 

16. Amenities of the consular system. 



428 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

(c) Treaties. 

17. Instances of consideration of treaties by the Senate 
before negotiation. 

18. Instances of treaties not submitted to the Senate by the 
President. 

19. Instances of treaties which failed because tlie Senate 
did not act in time. 

20. Instances of treaties withheld from the Senate by the 
President. 

21. Instances of treaties to which the Senate refused ratifi- 
cation. 

22. Instances of amendments to treaties by the Senate. 

23. Instances of treaties abrogated by the United States 
without consent of the other party. 

24. Instances of arbitration to which the United States was 
a party. 

25. Instances of the refusal by the House to appropriate 
money to carry out a treaty. 

§ 152. Special Reports on War Powers. 

Object and Scope. To learn something of the actual ex- 
perience of army and navy life and administration. 

Authorities. Bibliography in Handbook, §§ *13, 21m, *58, 
60, 61, *81, 82, 85, *91, 121 ; Actual Government, ch. xxvii; 
Bowker and lies. Readers' Guide, 113; Brookings and Ring- 
wait, Briefs for Debate, Nos. 29, 30; treatises on the Consti- 
tution, and on international and military law; military and 
naval histories {Guide, § 22) ; reports of the War and Navy 
Departments ; general histories {Guide, § 20) on the wars of 
the United States ; maps may be found through Handbook, § 
17, and Guide, § 21. 



151,152] WAR POWERS 429 

(a) Officers. 

1. Appointment of officers from civil life. 

2. Successive rates of pay of army officers (1789-1902). 

3. Pa}' and allowance of navy officers. 

4. Detail of army officers to be military attaches. 

5. Principles of promotion in the navy. 

6. Instances of the appointment of army officers to civil 
office under the United States. 

7. Principle of promotion of army officers. 

8. Assignment of officers by political favor. — (a) Naval. — 
(6) Army. 

9. Resignations of army officers. 

10. Instances of the appointment of army officers as mili- 
tary governors. 

1 1 . Removal of officers of the army or navy otherwise than 
by court martial. 

12. Authority of the civil courts over persons in military and 
naval service. 

13. Retiring system for the army and navy officers. 

14. Number of army and navy officers drawing retired 
allowances. 

15. Distinguished former army officers in civil life. 

(b) Military Education. 

16. Education at Annapolis Naval Academy. 

1 7. Cost of educating a "West Point cadet. 

18. West Point system of education. 

19. The War College at Newport. 

(c) Soldiers and Sailors. 

20. Methods of enlisting regular soldiers. 

21. Methods of recruiting for the United States service. — 
(a) Army. — (6) Navy. 



430 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§§ 

22. Character and nationality of the crews in the navy. 

23. Training ships for the navy. 

24. The military prisons of the United States. 

25. Relations of volunteers to regular service. 

26. Account of the naval militia. 

27. Medals granted by Congress for distinguished services. 

28. Desertions from the United States army. 

29. Humors of army life. 

(d) Organization of the Army. 

30. P^inctions of the Adjutant General of the United States. 

31. Organization of staff corps in the United States army. 

32. Workings of details of army officers to instruct in 
colleges. 

33. Instances of army officers also performing civil functions. 

34. Assignments to shore-duty in the navy. 

35. Method of accounting for military stores. 

36. The disposition of condemned and used-up military and 
naval property of the United States. 

37. Instance of denial of habeas corpus by United States 
military officers. 

38. Instances of vessels of the navy detailed to convey dis- 
tinguished persons. 

39. Life on a frontier army post. 

40. A cruise in a naval vessel in time of peace. 

(e) Capture and Prize. 

41. Status of the United States as regards privateering. 

42. Cases of contested capture of merchantmen by United 
States cruisers (18G1-1865). 

43. The General Armstrong privateering case. 

44. Account of a privateering cruise under letters of marque 
from the United States. 



152,153] WAR POWERS 431 

45. Administration of prize courts on board ship. 

46. Value of the prizes taken by the blockading squadrons 
in the Civil War. 

(f) Pensions. 

47. An analysis of pension vetoes. 

48. Instances of long-continued pensions. 

49. Causes for which a pension may now be claimed. 

50. Instances of fraudulent pensions. 

51. Administration of Soldiers' Homes. 

52. Instances of undeserved pensions. 

53. Instances of remarkably high pensions. 

54. Instances of pensions granted but refused by the 
grantee. 

§ 153' Special Reports on General Welfare. 

Scope. These reports apply principally to functions of the 
States and localities, including education, religion, health, and 
the police power in general. 

Authorities. Bibliography in Handbook, §§ 13, *2ln, 38, 
*44, 112, *122, *r23; Actual Government, chs. xxviii, xxix ; 
Brookings and Ringwalt, Brief a for Debate, Nos. 53, 54, 58-60, 
62-69 ; C. D. Wright, Practical Sociology. Discussions in 
constitutional treatises and special works on the police power, 
as: T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations ; C. G. Tiedeman, 
The Police Potver. Reports of the States and localities on all 
matters included within the subject ; articles in the Political 
Science Quarterly; Annals of the American Academy of 
Political and Social Science ; treatises and monographs on 
sociology. 

(a) Labor. 

1. Attitude of courts to labor legislation in one of the follow- 
ing States. — (a) California. — (6) Ohio. — (c) Massachusetts. 
— (fZ) Pennsylvania. 



432 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [% 

2. State regulation of hours of labor in one of the follow- 
ing States. — (a) Massachusetts. — (h) New York. — (c) 
Illinois. — {d) Missouri. 

3. State regulation of interference with laborers by other 
laborers. 

4. State regulation of accidents to laborers. 

5. History of the United States eight-hour system. 

6. State boards of conciliation or arbitration in labor 
troubles. 

(b) Religion. 

7. Statistical comparison of the Catholic and Methodist 
Churches in the United States. 

8. Appropriations by cities for sectarian institutions. 

9. Peculiar religious sects in the United States. 

10. Instances of State-supported churches since 1800. 

11. Taxation of church property. 

12. Legislation of Congress against the Mormon Church. 

13. Religious tests for State office-holders since 1789. 

(c) Public Health and Morals. 

14. National control over public health. 

15. Inspection of cattle for tuberculosis. 

16. Account of the anti-lottery legislation of Congress. 

17. Administration of street cleaning. 

18. Legislation on street noises. 

19. Public inspection of tenement houses. 

20. State legislation requiring the teaching of temperance. 

21. Compulsory vaccination. 

22. Regulation of bakeries. 

(d) Charities and Corrections. 

23. Instances of Congressional grants for charity. 

24. Charitable institutions supported by the United States. 



153] GENERAL WELFARE 433 

25. Local management of the poor in some particular State 
of the Union. 

26. Proportions of persons receiving poor-relief to total 
populations of States. 

27. Prison population of the Union. 

28. Insane persons in the United States. 

29. The Southern convict lease sj^stem. 

30. Methods of safeguarding the commitment of persons 
supposed to be insane. 

(e) Education. 

31. The Philippine school system. 

32. United States aids to education in one of the following 
States. — (a) Washington. — {h) Connecticut. — (c) Florida. 
— (f?) Wisconsin. 

33. How far does the United States expend money for edu- 
cation except in West Point, Annapolis, and the District of 
Columbia? 

34. Aids by Congress to State educational and scientific 
instruction. 

35. United States grants for education in any one financial 
year. 

36. State superintendents of education. 

37. Annual cost of the State universities in the Union. 

38. Reforms in the New York City school system, 

39. Present workings of Chicago school administration. 

40. Annual number of SB. degrees in the United States. 

41. Annual number of A.B. degrees in the United States. 

42. Money grants by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 
in aid of Harvard from 1636 to 1902. 

43. Comparative expenditure of Nebraska and Arkansas 

for schools. 

28 

J. 



434 GOVERNMENT REPORTS [§ 

44. Church schools in the United States. 

45. The power of the State over education in cities in one 
of the following States. — (a) Massachusetts. — (h) New York. 

— (c) Illinois. — (fZ) Minnesota. 

4G. Special permanent State taxes for schools. 

47. Workings of the school committee in : — (a) Boston. — 
(6) Cambridge. — (c) Worcester. — {d) Pittsfield. 

48. State experiment stations. 

49. Total high schools and high school pupils in the United 
States. 

50. State traveling schools of agriculture. 

51. State normal schools. 

52. State teachers' examinations. 

53. State supervision of rural schools in one of the follow- 
ing States. — {a) Pennsylvania. — {h) Connecticut. — (c i Ohio. 

— (d) Alabama. 

54. Workings of the State school fund in one of the follow- 
ing States. — (a) Connecticut. — (h) Ohio. — (c) Kentucky. — 
((?) Colorado. — (e) Washington. 

55. Annual expenditure for education by the forty-five States. 

(f) Enforcement. 

56. Instances of riots quelled solely by the State militia. 

57. Instances of United States troops sent on the call of a 
State to preserve order. 

58. Instances of use of United States troops to quell riots 
without the call of a State. 

59. Troops used as a " posse comitatus." 

60. Use of United States troops to put down strikes. 

61. Armed conflicts between United States revenue officers 
and moonshiners. 



*53] GENERAL WELFARE 



435 



(g) General Welfare. 
^2. Aids given by the United States to a^nculture. 

63. Workings of seed-distribution by the United States 

64. Municipal provision of music and amusements for the 
people. 

^■^. The Gypsy Moth Commission of Massachusetts. 
&Q. Municipal restrictions on building. 



Pakt VII 
EXAMINATIONS • 

§ 154. Purposes and Methods of Examinations. 

In courses in which there is abundant written work, exam- 
inations are necessary not so much to test the faithfulness of 
students as to find out how far they are able to apply what 
they have learned, without referring again to books. The 
examinations also test the ability of the student to select the 
most important things in the lectures and in his reading, and 
to remember them when called upon. 

There will be no regular hour examinations in any of the 
courses. 

The mid-year examination in History 13 will be set so 
as to test the parallel reading of the student. In History 
14 it will cover the whole half-year's work. In Government 
12 it will cover the whole half-year's work. The final ex- 
amination in History 13 will test the cumulative knowledge 
of the whole year, though dwelling less on the details of 
the first half-year's work. In History 14 and Government 
12 the examinations will cover only the ground of the second 
half-year's work, except in so far as questions have arisen 
in the course since the mid-years which require reference to 
earlier work. There will be geographical questions in all 
papers, both narrative and descriptive (Handbook, § 17). 

Special notice will be taken of ability in examination books 
to show the relation and connection between facts which have 
not been linked together in the courses. Perhaps the best 
method to prepare for an examination, after due reading, is 

436 



[§154] METHODS OF EXAMINATION 437 

to discuss the principal questions of the course with fellow- 
students. 

A set of specimen papers follows (§§ 155-160). 

For the examination room the following suggestions may be 
found useful : 

1. Come into the examination fresh and able to think clearly. 

2. Read the paper through before beginning to write, and 
decide which of the alternative questions you will choose, if 
such are offered. 

3. If you are doubtful of the meaning of a question, apply 
to the instructor in charge. 

4. Write legibly ; ink is much preferred. 

5. Write in a straightforward narrative style; make your 
meaning clear. 

6. Arrange and paragraph your work neatly and systemat- 
icall}'. 

7. Indicate subdivisions of logical argument in such a way 
as readily to catch the eye. 

8. Full answers to a part of the questions may be better 
than insufficent answers to the whole. 

9. Less stress will be laid on dates and details than on an 
ability to distinguish the significant points in the work gone 
over, and to understand their relations ; a good general com- 
prehension can, however, be based only on a previous study of 
details. 

10. Have an opinion of your own, and express it. If it 
differs materially from the views taken in the lectures, be able 
to state the grounds for dissent, but stand to it. 

11. After working an hour, rest four or five minutes; and 
do the same at the end of the second hour. 

12. Just before the examination books are called in, take 
time to revise and correct what you have written, even though 
you have not finished the paper. 



438 EXAMINATIONS [§ 

§ 155. Specimen Mid-year Papers in History 13. 
Of the two following papers the first was set to be answered 
in one hour; for the second, three hours were allowed. 

HISTORY 13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

[One hour will be allowed for this examination. Choose one question out 
of each of the three groups.] 

la. The influence of the West on the growth of national 
spirit. 

\h. The public services of Thomas Jefferson. 

2a. The contemporary arguments in favor of the Federal 
Constitution. 

26. Expansion of national territory from 1775 to 1829. 

3a. The main questions involving foreign relations, from 
1815 to 1827. 

36. History of the Missouri Compromise. 

HISTORY 13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
UNITED STATES (1781-1829). 

Read the paper through before beginning to write, and 
observe carefully the following directions. 

[Take all the questions in Group A ; take four questions in Group B. Fold 
maps twice, and put your name upon the face of each.] 

Group A. [To test knowledge of events.] 
[All required.] 
1. What are the principal authorities (both secondary and 
sources) on the Federal Convention? 



155] SPECIMEN MID-YEAR PAPERS 439 

2. Briefly sketch the organization of the government and its 
internal workings, during the period of the Confederation. 
Mention the principal men connected with it ; describe the 
various organs of government; and point out the defects in 
the governmental machinery. 

3. The public services of John Adams : bring out distinctly 
in wliat periods and in what controversies he deserved well of 
the republic. 

4. Describe the issues involved in the INIissouri Compromise 
debate, and show how each one was adjusted. 

5. The career of Andrew Jackson up to his inauguration as 
President. 

Group B. [To test knowledge of principles.] 

[Clioose three.] 

6. What territory was added to the United States between 
1789 and 1829? Explain the process in each case, and show 
on the outline map the approximate boundaries of each 
accession. 

7. Give an account of one of the following Presidential 
elections : 

(a) 1800-1801. 
{h) 1828. 

8. May Congress constitutionally take over and operate all 
the railroads in the country? State the constitutional arguments 
for and against such a scheme, referring to clauses in the text 
of the Constitution ; and illustrating, so far as you can, from 
the actual practice of Congress. 

9. Trace the history of the tariff from 1816 to 1828. 

10. What were the principal controversies with England 
between 1783 and 1829? How was each adjusted? 



440 EXAMTXATfOXS [§§ 

§ 156. Specimen Mid-year Paper in Diplomacy. 

HISTORY 14. 

HISTORY OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY. 

Group A. 
[Omit one question.] 

1. Upon what principles or theories of international law 
did European nations base a right to establish colonies in 
America ? 

2. Describe and illustrate on the outline map the growth of 
British territory in America, as sanctioned by the great treaties 
between 1697 and 1763. 

3. Compare the Spanish and English systems of restriction 
of colonial trade. 

4. Give an account of the negotiations of the Treaty of 
Paris, up to the signing of the preliminary articles in 1782. 

5. Describe the negotiations for commercial treaties from 
1779 to 1795. What advantages did the United States seek in 
these treaties, and what concessions was the United States 
willing to make? 

Group B. 

[Omit one question.] 

6. Describe the aggressions on American commerce from 
1793 to 1803. What remedies did our government seek? 

7. Give an account of the negotiations for the peace of 
Ghent. 

8. Give an account of the negotiations with Great Britain 
on commercial questions from 1815 to 1830. 

9. Sketch the relations of the United vStates with the Latin- 
American States from 1815 to 1823 (not including the Monroe 
Doctrine). 



156,157] SPECIMEN MID-YEAR PAPERS 441 

lU. Select some one American diplomat and sketch his 
career and diplomatic services to his country. 

§ 157. Specimen Mid-year Paper in Government. 
GOVERNMENT 12. 

THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM. 

Read the paper through before beginning to write, and 
observe carefully the following directions. 

[Take all the questions in Group A ; take four questions in Group B ; 
having answered nine questions, you are encouraged to try some of the 
optionals in (jiroup C. Arrange your answers in the order of the questions. 
Number the answers plainly with Arabic numerals. Students may use the 
text of the Constitution and the outline map of the United States.] 

Group A. [To test the knowledge of principles.] 

[All required.] 

1. Criticise James Bryce's treatment of American govern- 
ment ; showing any reason for approving his book, and point- 
ing out any defects in it. 

2, 3. What would be the probable effects on American 
government of introducing the following reforms into the 
electoral system? 

(a) Prohibiting the holding of local. State, and national elec- 
tions on the same da3's. 

(6) Allowing only native-born Americans to vote. 

(c) Disqualifying persons w'ho have not voted in auy of the 
two previous elections (with reasonable exceptions for illness, 
necessary absence, etc.). 

(d) Compelling each district to choose as its representatives 
to local assemblies, State legislatures, and Congress, persons 
not residents of the district. 



44 2 EXA MINA Tl ONS [§ § 

4. "Would it be an improvement to permit the passage of 
measures over the vetoes of Governors and Presidents, by a 
simple majority vote of both Houses ? 

5. Can you suggest any means of applying the general prin- 
ciples of the Civil Service Reform Act to postmasters of the 
better paid grades ? 

Group B. [To test independent reading.] 

[Choose four questions.] 

6. Usual methods of nominating candidates in the United 
States. 

7. The present condition of town government in New 
England. 

8. Possible improvements in city government. 

9. Filibustering in Congress, and possible remedies for it. 

10. The character of Senators. Would it be improved by 
electing Senators by popular vote ? 

11. The internal organization of the executive departments 
at Washington. 

Group C. 

[Optional.] 

[_Not to he .substituted for any previons questions, hitended 
for students u-ho hare satisfactorily ansioered nine questions.] 

12. The Colonial Governor. 

13. An account of the present government of some large city 
in the United States. 

14. The place, duties, and dignity of the Secretary of State. 



157, 158] SPECIMEN FINAL PAPERS 443 

§ 158. Specimen Final Paper in History 13. 
HISTORY 13. 

CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED 
STATES (1781-1868). 

Read the paper through before beginning to write, and 
observe carefully the following directions. 

^Take four questious in Group A ; take all the questions in Group B ; 
having answered eight questions, you are encouraged to try some of the 
optionals in Group C] 

Group A. [To test parallel reading.] 
[Choose one out of questions 1—3 ; and three out of questions 4-8.] 

1. Draw up a brief set of suggestions such as would, in your 
judgment, be helpful to a person unacquainted with American 
liistory who wished to find out why Jackson was elected Presi- 
dent. Discuss materials and methods, not events. 

2. Give some account of the public career of one of the fol- 
lowing statesmen : — 

(a) John Jay. 
(&) John Adams. 
(c) James Madison. 

3. An account of the tariff from 1816 to 1828. 



4. The principles and methods of the abolition movement. 

5. An argument in defence of one of tlie following legislative 
acts : 

(a) Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas. 
(6) Kansas-Nebraska Act. 
(c) Englisli Bill. 

6. The Presidential election of 1840. 

7. The policy of the United States toward Cuba from 1848 
to 1861. 



444 EXAMINATIONS [§ 

8. The various theories of reconstructiou, autl the manner in 
which a process of reconstruction was finally selected. 

Group B. [To test the application of principles.] 

[All required.] 

9. Supposing Congress to have established a Government 
Express Office, upon what constitutional grounds could the 
following details be sustained or attacked : 

(a) The Office to have the monopoly of carrying all packages 
of less than ten pounds in weight. 

(6) All common carriers to be bound to carry the express 
matter for the government at rates fixed by the Office. 

10. Consider carefully the following hypothetical statement; 
and illustrate your answer on the outline map : 

(a) Joseph Jenkins was born of a slave mother in Boston in 
1780. 

(h) In 1786 he was taken by his mother's owner, Alexander 
Ward, to the southern shore of Lake Erie. 

(c) In 1801 he was taken by AVard to Jersey City. 

(d) In 1806 he was taken to Des Moines (now in Iowa). 

(e) In 1822 he was sold to Thomas Allen, and by him taken 
to Galveston. 

(/) In 1837 he ran away to Santa Fe. 
{g) In 1849 he went to San Francisco. 
(li) In 1853 he went to Leavenworth. 

{i) In 1857 he was seized as a fugitive there by Allen, and 
held as a slave. 

(j) In 1865 Allen sold him to a planter living in Kentucky. 
How did each of these changes of residence affect his status? 

11. How far do you think the following extract (from Bu- 
chanan's message of Dec. 3, 1860) agrees with the facts of 
United States history? 



158] SPECIMEN FINAL PAPERS 445 

All or any of these evils might have been endured by the South 
without danger to the Union (as others have been), in the hope that 
time and reflection might apply the remedy. The immediate peril 
arises, not so much from these causes, as from the fact that the inces- 
sant and violent agitation of the Slavery question throughout the 
North for the last quarter of a century has at length pi'oduced its 
malign influence on the slaves, and inspired them with vague notions 
of freedom. Hence, a sense of security no longer exists around the 
family altar. This feeling of peace at home has given place to appre- 
hensions of servile insurrection. Many a matron throughout the 
South retires at night in dread of what may befall herself and her 
children before the morning. Should this apprehension of domestic 
danger, whether real or imaginary, extend and intensify itself until it 
shall pervade the masses of the Southern people, then disunion will 
become inevitable. Self-preservation is the 6rst law of nature, and 
has been implanted in the heart of man by his Creator for the wisest 
purpose ; and no political union, however fraught with blessings and 
benefits in all other respects, can long continue, if the necessary con- 
sequence be to render the homes and the firesides of nearly half the 
parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure. Sooner or later, the 
bonds of such a union must be severed. It is my conviction that this 
fatal period has not yet arrived ; and my prayer to God is, that He 
would preserve the Constitution and the Union throughout all 
generations. 

12. What are the principal incidents in our foreign relations 
with Eno-laud. from 1816 to 1865 ? 



Group C. 

[All optional.] 
\_Not accepted for deficiencies in previous qxiestions ; intended 
only for students who have already satisfactorily ansiuered eight 
(luestions.~\ 

13. What was the ground of complaint against the Jay 
treaty ? 

14. L'Amistad Case. 

15. A defence of Stephen A. Douglas. 



446 EXAMINATIONS [§§ 

§ 159. Specimen Final Paper in Diplomacy. 

HISTORY 14. 

HISTORY OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY. 

[Use the outline maps freely in illustration of territorial tjuestions. Divide 
your time about equally between the two groups.] 

Group A. 
[Take four questions.] 

1. In what utterances of public men, made before 1826, 
rests the doctrine of non-interference in European affairs? 
What deviations from that doctrine can you mention since 
1826? How far is it a permanent doctrine? 

2. Briefly analyze and describe Jackson's foreign policy. 
How far does it seem to you to have been for the best interests 
of the nation ? 

3. What principles regulating international relations were 
established or strengthened by the American Civil War and the 
diplomacy resulting therefrom ? What principles, if any, were 
weakened ? 

4. What have been the principal controversies over the con- 
struction of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and how does each of 
these controversies stand at this time ? 

5. What American diplomat since 1829 seems to you to 
have been the greatest, and what were the services for which 
you think him admirable? 

Group B. 
[Take four questions.] 

6. Enumerate all the public announcements of foreign policy, 
by American diplomats, to which they gave the name " Mon- 
roe Doctrine," or in which they appealed to the " Monroe 
Doctrine " as justifying their policy. 



159, 160] SPECIMEN FINAL PAPERS 447 

7. Give an account of one of the following negotiations : 
(a) French spoliation claims. 

(6) Oregon treaty of 1846. 

(c) Treaty of Washington of 1871. 

{d) Treaty of Peace of 1898. 

8. The policy of commercial reciprocity since the Civil War. 

9. What would be a reasonable permanent settlement of the 
controversy over the Canadian fisheries? 

10. Was the United States responsible for the overthrow of 
monarchy in Hawaii? 

11. The Cuban diplomacy of the United States from 1879 
to 1895. 

12. Give an account of one of the following diplomatic 
episodes : 

(a) McLeod affair. 

(6) The Confederate rams. 

(c) Itata case. 

(d) Why the French left Mexico. 

(e) Fur seal arbitration. 

§ i6o. Specimen Final Paper in Government. 
GOVERNMENT 12. 

THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM. 

Read the paper through before beginning to write, and 

observe carefully the following directions. 

[Take four questions iu Group A ; take four questions in Group B. Stu- 
dents may use the text of the Constitution and the outline map of the United States,] 

Group A. 
[Take four questions.] 
1. How far is the principle of natural rights actually ob- 
served in American governments? 



448 EXAMINATIONS [§ 

2. Compare the powers of the President of the United States 
in time of peace, with the powers of the President in time of 
war. 

3. How far would it be desirable to transfer from the State 
governments to the national government the following func- 
tions : 

(a) The regulation of marriage and divorce. 
(&) The punishment of crime. 

(c) The regulation of all forms of transportation by common 
carrier. 

4. Discuss each of the following suggestions with regard to 
municipal debts, and point out how far each would or would 
not be an improvement on present conditions : 

(a) The submission of all propositions to create a local 
debt to a vote of the taxpayers. 

(6) The requirement that no municipal bonds shall be valid 
unless the State legislature votes that the State will guarantee 
them. 

(c) Debts to be incurred only by a Board of Finance, made 
up of the Mayor and the heads of the four most important 
city departments. 

{d) The division of large cities into debt districts, each to 
borrow for its own purposes. 

5. Enumerate the different kinds of territory over which the 
United States exercises jurisdiction? Under which of these 
categories would a Chinese port be most appropriately placed 
if it should be ceded to the United States ? 

Group B. [To test independent reading.] 
[Choose four questions.] 

6. How does the system of elective judiciary work in 
practice ? 



160] SPECIMEN FINAL PAPERS 449 

7. Discuss possible remedies for the present situatiou of 
the Indians. 

8. Discuss one of the following subjects : 
(a) The income tax in the United States, 
(ft) Evils in the administration of the tariff, 
(c) The national banks. 

9. An account of a nominating convention. 

10. State universities : how founded, supported, and con- 
trolled? 

11. How far has the Interstate Commerce Commission per- 
formed the service for which it was created ? 

12. What have been the main contributions of America to 
the science of actual government? 

13. How can local government in the United States be re- 
established in public confidence? 



29 



■VIAR 1 1902 



MAR 8 1902 

iCOPVWtL. TOCAT DIV. 
MAR. 10 1902 



>R, \2 ^9^2 



